Carrageenan,pectin and xanthan/locust bean gum gels. Trends in their food use

There are unlikely to be any completely new gelling agents, due to the high cost of proving them acceptable; exploitation of such agents as carrageenan and pectin is likely to be intensified.Both of these gelling materials, together with xanthan/locust bean gum gels are discussed in detail. Their values in food formulations are considered, with some estimate of their future development.food formulations are considered, with     

Cold pearl surfactant-based blends

Pearlizing agents have been used for many years in cosmetic formulations to add a pearlescent effect. Cold pearl surfactant-based blends are mixtures of glycol stearates and surfactants which can be blended in the cold into a wide range of personal-care formulations to create a pearlescent lustre effect. Under controlled manufacturing conditions constant viscosities and crystalline characteristics can be obtained. The development of these blends has been driven by efforts to improve the economics of adding solid pearlizing agents directly into a hot mix formulation. This paper summarizes the history of pearlizers, describes their advantages and physical chemistry of the manufacturing process. Finally some suggestions for applications are given. Les agents nacrants sont utilises depuis de nombreuses annees dans les formulations cosmetiques pour ajouter un effet nacre. Les melanges a froid a base de tensioactif nacre sont des melanges de stearates de glycol et de tensioactifs qui peuvent etre melanges a froid dans une large gamme de formulations d'hygiene personnelle pour creer un effet de lustre nacre. On peut obtenir des viscosites et des proprietes cristallines constantes avec des conditions de fabrication maitrisees. Le developpement de ces melanges a ete porte par les efforts pour ameliorer les couts de l'ajout d'agents nacrants solides directement dans une formulation melangee de l'ajout d'agents nacrants solides directement dans une formulation melangee a chaud. Cet article resume l'histoire des agents nacrants, decrit leurs avantages et al physico-chimie du procede de fabrication. On emet a la fin cetaines suggestions d'applications.     

表面活性剂的复合效应及其应用特性

研究了表面活性剂的化学结构与其性质、作用的关系，以及表面活性剂之间产生复合效应的机理，通过对萘磺酸钠的甲醛缩合物和甲酚磺酸钠／薛佛酸钠的甲醛缩合物在染料分散中的复合效应、王基酚聚氧乙烯醚和十二烷基苯硫酸钙在农药乳化中的复合效应以及脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠和十二烷基二甲基氧化胺在洗涤剂发泡、洗涤中的复合效应的研究和观察、测定，充分证明了表面活性剂之间的复合效应能够提高它们的使用性能，指出表面活性剂在复配时，需混合使用各种性能的表面活性剂，注意它们之间的相互影响，考虑复配组分的生物降解性、对人体及环境的影响因素等复配原则．     

新一代固体酒精的研制

介绍了以硬脂酸盐类为固化剂合成固体酒精的方法．用正交实验法研究了固化剂类型、固化剂用量以及硬脂酸与氢氧化钠溶液的配比等因素对固体酒精的合成及产品性能的影响，确定了制备固体酒精的最佳工艺条件和最佳配方     

CMC在颜料涂布中的应用

重点讨论ＣＭＣ在颜料涂布中的应用。介绍了ＣＭＣ在颜料涂布中的功能、含ＣＭＣ的涂料配方,讨论了ＣＭＣ在涂布纸板、低定量涂布纸、不含磨木浆涂布纸和计量薄膜涂布纸中的应用及效果。     

Effect of novel water-soluble polymeric forms of sorbic acid against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum

New controlled release water-soluble formulations of sorbic (2,4-hexadienoic) acid were prepared and their inhibitory activity on mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum was evaluated. The new products are epoxidized polymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing covalently bonded sorbic acid (polymeric esters of sorbic acid) and complexes of PVP with hydrogen bonded sorbic acid, characterized by controlled release of sorbic acid. It was shown that the polymeric complexes of sorbic acid with PVP were more effective fungicidal agents than sorbic acid polymeric esters. In all cases the activity of polymeric derivatives (esters and complexes) was increased by lowering the molecular weight of the polymeric carriers. Controlled release formulations of these polymeric derivatives are new promising products due to their low toxicity, wide range of efficient concentrations for application and ability to regulate lyophilicity. Our data contribute to the understanding of the action mechanism of various polymeric sorbic acid formulations and can result in products which are particularly suitable for food and feed protection applications.     

植物质防白蚁剂开发与应用前景

本文以文献综述的形式探讨了植物源白蚁防治药物的研究现状和应用前景。在楝科、樟科、卫矛科、马兜铃科等的许多杀白蚁植物中提取的物质或植物精油对白蚁有较好的毒杀和驱避效果,并已有一些商品化的产品上市。但由于植物质杀虫剂稳定性差、持效期短,开发缓释性制剂将是这类药剂的发展方向。另外,用于大田防治甘蔗白蚁的专用药剂几乎没有,一些常用的杀虫剂对白蚁有一定的兼治效果,但毒性较高,效果也不稳定,应重视和加强甘蔗白蚁防治药剂特别是高效、低毒、安全的植物质白蚁药剂的研究。     

彩色喷墨打印纸涂料配方与涂层性能研究

本实验是以多种颜料(Al2O3、SiO2、CaCO3)、胶粘剂(PVA)、阳离子抗水剂、分散剂及增白剂等助剂,制备数码彩色喷墨打印纸专用涂料.主要研究了不同颜料、胶粘剂、分散剂、增白剂和固色剂等对彩色喷墨打印纸白度及打印性能的影响.实验结果证明:三氧化二铝在添加了0.10%拜耳增白剂和PVA203胶粘剂时,可获得令人满意的打印性能.     

A review of shampoo surfactant technology: consumer benefits,raw materials and recent developments

Surfactants form the core of all shampoo formulations, and contribute to a wide range of different benefits, including cleansing, foaming, rheology control, skin mildness and the deposition of benefit agents to the hair and scalp. The purpose of this review was to assist the design of effective, modern, shampoo surfactant technologies. The mechanisms through which surfactants help deliver their effects are presented, along with the appraisal techniques through which surfactant options can be tested and screened for product development. The steps that should be taken to select the most appropriate blend of surfactants are described, and useful information on the most widely used surfactants is provided. The review concludes with an examination of recent developments in ‘greener’ surfactants, ‘sulphate‐free’ technologies and structured liquid phases for novel sensory properties and for suspending benefit agents.     

The role of primary alkanolamines in cosmetic formulation

Alkaline products are commonly used in cosmetic preparations as neutralizing agents for acid-functional raw materials. Primary alkanolamines can provide positive attributes in such cases. The properties of nitroparaffin-derived primary alkanolamines are compared here with the general requirements for cosmetic-type acid-neutralizing materials.
Acid-functional copolymers, used as hair fixatives in both aerosol and non-aerosol products, are efficiently solubilized by neutralization with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (amino-methylpropanol) in a variety of aqueous and non-aqueous systems. The effects of such neutralization on resultant film properties which influence product performance are discussed in detail.
Upon neutralization, crosslinked acrylic-acid polymers of varying molecular weights (carbomers) provide significant benefits when used as thickeners, gellants or emulsifiers in cosmetic products. New data are added to previous knowledge on the use of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tromethamine) as a neutralizing agent for three resins, especially in gelled formulations. Alcohol compatibility, pH behaviour, and viscosity characteristics of such formulations are described. In addition, toxicological considerations of primary alkanolamines are addressed.
Further to the above applications, nitroparaffin-derived primary alkanolamines can be effectively used as cosmetic emulsifiers (in the form of their fatty-acid soaps), dispersants or co-dispersants for particulate-containing products, and pH buffers/stabilizers.     

Natural lipid-lowering agents and their effects: an update

Hyperlipidemia is one of the main contributing factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The hunt for effective antihyperlipidemic drugs is still on with an intention of finding potent agents with meager adverse effects. For the past several decades, medicinal plants have been evaluated for lipid-lowering effects apart from synthetic approaches to develop newer antihyperlipidemic agents. This article highlights the work carried out on potential antihyperlipidemic agents from plant sources from 2006 till 2012 that were archived in Google Scholar and Science Direct database. Seventy-nine articles were included in the review after manual content curation. The review summarizes the investigations on medicinal plants, compounds and herbal formulations using various hyperlipidemic animal models or in humans, the research findings and possibility of chemotaxonomic occurrence of secondary metabolites responsible for the antihyperlipidemic activities within certain plant families.     

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEO)生态环保问题评估

根据欧盟2003／53／EC法规规定，从2005年1月17日开始在纺织品上限制使用烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚（APEO）。引起助剂界的严重关注．因为APEO广泛用于纺织助剂，包括前处理剂、染色、印花以及后整理剂，以APEO作为润湿、渗透、乳化、增溶和洗涤作用的重要原料．但是由于APEO的毒性、刺激性、生物降解性和对水生物的毒性而受到禁用和限用，各助剂厂也已推出无APEO的助剂。为了推广无APEO助剂，必须得到公平、公正的环保认证，并需了解它的取代品，本文作了详细阐述．     

Colour stability of lutein esters in liquid and spray dried delivery systems based on Quillaja saponins

Aim of the present study was to expand the existing knowledge on the functionality of Quillaja saponin extract by comparing micellar systems, nanoemulsions and the corresponding spray-dried formulations for the delivery of lutein esters as colouring agents to foods. A chemically well-defined saponin extract was used, and characterised by MALDI-TOF-MS and HPTLC-MALDI-TOF-MS. The composition of the extract comprised all major saponins described for Quillaja, but the relation between the individual constituents differed considerably from the literature. Colour intensity of lutein ester loaded systems was higher in nanoemulsions compared to micelles. Quillaja saponins provided good stability to lutein ester loaded systems during the process of microencapsulation by spray drying, as indicated by particle size analysis of the dispersed phases and colour determination. Colour stability upon storage was high in microencapsulated formulations. Results therefore prove the high functionality of Quillaja saponins for stabilisation of sensitive, natural food colourants.     

Development of formulations for reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free agar‐based fruit jellies

Because of the increasing consumer awareness of health‐related issues, there is a rising demand for noncariogenic, reduced‐energy confectionery products. This study was carried out to develop formulations for reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free, agar‐based jelly products. This was obtained by substituting sucrose and glucose syrup through a combination of sugar replacers, fibre, gelling agents and sweeteners. The application of a combination of polydextrose, oligofructose, sucralose and erythritol resulted in a sensory sweetness profile that was comparable to that of a sugar‐containing standard product. Concerning texture and sensory properties, reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free jellies processed using the respective formulations were comparable to the sugar‐containing standard products. Consumer evaluation using the Just‐about‐right technique exhibited satisfactory acceptance of the sugar‐free jellies.     

Charakterisierung von UF-Harzen bezüglich ihrer Formaldehydabgabe

Previous methods for the charactrization of UF resins hardly permit predictions of the formaldehyde emission of products containing UF resins. The proposed perforator method for cured UF resins with low formaldehyde contents shows a relationship between the perforator values of pure UF resins and those of respective laboratory particle boards. The recognizable influence of formaldehyde reduction agents, hardeners etc. allows, besides quality tests, development of UF resin formulations in the forefield of technological operations even for special adhesives for,gluing large areas.     

Vanillin biotechnology: the perspectives and future

The biotechnological production of fragrances is a recent trend that has expanded rapidly in the last two decades. Vanillin is the second most popular flavoring agent after saffron and is extensively used in various applications, e.g., as a food additive in food and beverages and as a masking agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. It is also considered a valuable product for other applications, such as metal plating and the production of other flavoring agents, herbicides, ripening agents, antifoaming agents, and personal and home-use products (such as in deodorants, air fresheners, and floor-polishing agents). In general, three types of vanillin, namely natural, biotechnological, and chemical/synthetic, are available on the market. However, only natural and nature-identical (biotechnologically produced from ferulic acid only) vanillins are considered as food-grade additives by most food-safety control authorities worldwide. In the present review, we summarize recent trends in fermentation technology for vanillin production and discuss the importance of the choice of raw materials for the economically viable production of vanillin. We also describe the key enzymes used in the biotechnological production of vanillin as well as their underlying genes. Research to advance our understanding of the molecular regulation of different pathways involved in vanillin production from ferulic acid is still ongoing. The enhanced knowledge is expected to offer new opportunities for the application of metabolic engineering to optimize the production of nature-identical vanillin. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

From dishwasher to tap? Xenobiotic substances benzotriazole and tolyltriazole in the environment

There is increasing evidence that the use of chemicals frequently results in widespread environmental contamination with little understanding of the toxicological implications. Benzotriazoles are used in, among other applications, dishwashing formulations for home use, and are a class of chemicals recently reported to be present in European waters. This study demonstrates their presence in UK wastewaters, rivers, and drinking water. It also estimates that their use as silver polishing agents in dishwasher tablets and powders may account for a significant proportion of inputs to wastewaters. The lack of a complete set of good quality (eco)toxicological data on possible chronic effects of these high use chemicals should caution against using them in a manner which may have contributed to such widespread environmental contamination.     

The key role alginates play in health

The role of alginates, widely utilised gelling agents in pharmaceutical and food applications, in human health has broadened recently with the recognition that they have a number of potentially beneficial physiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract. These include an effect on intestinal absorption and colonic health. Importantly, alginates have also been shown to moderate human appetite and energy intake. It has been proposed that, following ingestion, ionic gelation of alginate in stomach acid can modulate feeding behaviour through slowed gastric clearance, stimulation of gastric stretch receptors and attenuated nutrient uptake. It should be recognised however that these alginate formulations utilise gastric acid as the ‘trigger mechanism’ for gelation which can be unreliable because a number of factors may reduce gastric acidity. To address this concern, we have developed an alginate:calcium carbonate powder mix that when reconstituted with water and ingested, does not rely on stomach acid to ‘trigger’ ionic gelation. The formulation development process and a series of randomised, controlled trials to assess whether the novel alginate beverage could modulate feeding behaviour are discussed. The findings suggest a role for appropriately designed alginate formulations in the management of overweight and obesity.     

响应曲面法优化花生芽菜护色剂配方

以花生芽菜为原料,选取三种护色剂氯化钠、柠檬酸及抗坏血酸进行护色试验。单因素试验结果表明三种护色剂均对花生芽菜具有良好的护色效果。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应曲面法,以褐变抑制率为评价指标,分析不同护色剂配方对花生芽菜褐变抑制率的影响。结果表明:三种护色剂对花生芽菜褐变抑制率的影响顺序为抗坏血酸>氯化钠>柠檬酸,最佳配方为氯化钠0.31g/100mL、柠檬酸0.93g/100mL、抗坏血酸0.57g/100mL,在此条件下褐变抑制率为73.13%。     

Multiparticulate carriers for sun‐screening agents

Many molecular sunscreens penetrate into the skin causing photo‐allergic and photo‐toxic reactions as well as skin irritations establishing an urgent need for the development of a safer sunscreen formulation. The search for active substances, efficient combinations, and the design of novel vehicles or carriers has led to the implementation of new cosmetic systems in contrast to the classic forms such as creams or gels. Amongst various approaches utilized to improve performance of sunscreening agents, the use of multiparticulate delivery systems is gaining increasing attention amongst researchers. Multiparticulate delivery systems can be incorporated into gels, creams, liquids, powders or other formulations, and can release active agents depending on their temperature, moisture, friction, volatility of the entrapped ingredients or time. These systems also have the ability of scattering or reflecting incoming UV radiations and therefore can act as physical sunscreens on their own.