Characteristics of a prototype CdZnTe detector

Cadmium zinc telluride(CZT)is a preferred material for X-ray and gamma-ray detector.Thanks to the relatively high atomic number,high density and wide band-gap,CZT detector possesses sharp energy resolution and high detection efficiency without cryogenic cooling.We have developed a CdZnTe detector with an energy resolution of 3.45%(FWHM)at 59.54 keV at room temperature,and it is used for X-ray fluorescence analysis.In this paper, leakage current,energy resolution and long term stability of the CZT detector are discussed.     

压水动力反应堆燃料元件安全性的监测与分析

为了对１座压水型动力反应堆作燃料元件破损的现场监测，计算了一些裂变产物的主要γ光子用７６．２ｍｍ×７６．２ｍｍＮａｌ探测器测量时产生的光电峰相对计数率随反应堆启动不同时间的变化，并作了监测中的干扰因素分析。计算和分析结果表明：在元件安全性监测中，最适合选择的γ光子能量是２２０．９ｋｅＶ（８９Ｋｒ）、４０２．７ｋｅＶ（８７Ｋｒ）、１９６．３ｋｅＶ（８８Ｋｒ）、５２９．８ｋｅＶ（１３３Ｉ）和８１ｋｅＶ（１３３ｘｅ）。在监测中存在的主要干扰因素是高能γ射线产生的湮没辐射、ｗａｌ探测器周围ｐｂ屏蔽上产生的７５ｋｅＶＸ射线及由１９Ｏ和１６Ｎ产生的γ射线。在１座反应堆２次事故排除的元件安全性监测中，分析方法成功地得到了应用。     

用于卫星探测X、γ射线的大灵敏面积CdZnTe探测器的研发

CdZnTe(CZT)探测器不需要低温制冷就可在30～600keV较宽的能量范围内得到较好的空间和能量分辨,已成为研究宇宙空间X、γ射线场重要的探测器。本工作研究将4个甄别级10mm×10mm×5mmCZT平面探测器进行改制,并将其并联拼接成20mm×20mm×5mm较大面积的CZT探测器。经测试,大面积CZT探测器对¹²⁵I、²⁴¹Am、⁵⁷Co、¹³³Ba、¹³⁷Cs具有较好的能量线性响应,对¹³⁷Cs的662keVγ射线有较好的能量分辨。     

Elongate X-ray detectors for application in security inspectionsystems

We have developed, manufactured, and investigated a novel type of long X-ray detector up to 1000 mm long with two exit windows. The sensitive element of the detector is an elongated polished rectangular plate of inorganic scintillator. The detector is highly sensitive to X-rays in the energy region 50-250 keV. The factors influencing the sensitivity and longitudinal uniformity of the detector response have been considered     

基于三维正交条形碲锌镉探测器的DOI-PET显像研究

为对511 keV伽马光子进行三维定位,提高PET显像性能,研制一种尺寸为16.4 mm×16.4 mm×5 mm正交条形碲锌镉（CZT）探测器,并测试其PET显像性能。在32个电极读出后均采用电荷灵敏前置放大器和滤波放大模块,输入高速模数转换器对数据进行采样,得到探测器中信号的全脉冲形状,并利用模拟数字转换器（ADC）内置可编程门列阵（FPGA）对信号进行在线处理,对信号完成寻峰、滤波等数字化处理。结果表明,该碲锌镉探测器对511 keV伽玛光子的能量分辨率为6.35%,通过对碲锌镉探测器的电极结构分析得出了一套伽马光子相互作用的三维位置坐标计算公式,可以达到亚毫米位置分辨率,实现了碲锌镉探测器三维显像功能。     

240Am半衰期的测量

²⁴⁰Am的半衰期对准确测量²⁴¹Am(n,2n)²⁴⁰Am反应截面具有重要作用,当前评价的数据50.8(3) h是对²⁴⁰Am的987.8 keV γ射线用Ge(Li)探测器跟踪测量6 d的结果,测量时间不到3个半衰期,使得测量结果的不确定度偏大。本文利用Geant4模拟软件建立了阱型HPGe探测器的测量模型,模拟计算了不同Pb吸收厚度下²⁴⁰Am高能γ射线的探测效率,确定使用阱型HPGe探测器配合吸收X射线和低能γ射线的Pb吸收体可有效提高²⁴⁰Am高能γ射线的探测效率。根据Geant4模拟计算的结果,Pb吸收体厚度为1 mm时,对²⁴⁰Am的888.8 keV和987.8 keV两条特征γ射线的探测效率分别为14.1%和13.3%。在中国原子能科学研究院的HI-13串列加速器上通过²⁴²Pu(p,3n)反应生产了²⁴⁰Am,制备了约700 Bq的²⁴⁰Am测量源,用上述方法跟踪测量²⁴⁰Am的888.8 keV和987.8 keV两条特征γ射线的强度,时间超过18 d,用最小二乘法拟合得到其半衰期为50.79(5) h,结果与评价结果一致,但减小了不确定度。     

External scanning micro-PIXE for the characterization of a polycapillary lens: Measurement of the collected X-ray intensity distribution

We developed a PIXE detection system for the analysis of medium-light elements which exploits a weakly focusing polycapillary lens for the transmission of the X-rays emitted from the target material to a Silicon Drift Detector. The polycapillary lens efficiently collects X-rays, while prevents back-scattered protons from impinging on the detector chip, thus avoiding electronics perturbation and consequent quality loss of PIXE spectra. The system is optimized for the detection of X-rays in the energy range 1–10 keV, when the emission from the target is induced by MeV proton beams with size of the order of a few hundreds of micrometers.This work reports the results of the lens characterization in terms of X-ray collection spot, i.e. the area of the sample actually “seen” by the lens, and its dependence on the X-ray energy. The lens properties have been measured using the external scanning microbeam facility of the Tandetron accelerator at LABEC-INFN in Florence. The detection system was used to detect X-rays from a set of pure elemental standards with an incident 3 MeV proton beam focused to a size of about 30 μm scanning an area of 1.9 × 1.6 mm². By measuring the spatial distribution of characteristic X-rays from each given material, the collection profile of the lens at the corresponding X-ray energy was obtained. Using several standards, the behaviour throughout the range 1–10 keV was examined. The sensitivity of the lens collection profile on the lens-sample out-of-focus distance was also investigated.     

Beta and X-ray spectrometer for monitoring of beta-radiating nuclides

The design and characteristics of the spectrometer for beta-particles and conversion electrons in the energy range from 15 to 3000 keV and X-ray radiation from 2 to 60 keV are presented. Radiation is detected by a 4.5-mm-thick SiLi detector with a sensitive area of 500 mm/sup 2/. The energy resolution for conversion electrons with the energy of 624 keV is 2.0 keV and, for X-rays with the energy of 5.9 keV, is 280 eV.     

电流型碲锌镉探测器伽马灵敏度性能优化

为验证亚禁带光照对电流型碲锌镉（CZT）探测器伽马灵敏度性能优化的可行性，利用钴源装置开展了亚禁带光照对CZT探测器伽马灵敏度影响规律研究。结果表明：在稳态γ射线辐照条件下，CZT探测器输出电流随时间的变化曲线（标定电流曲线）存在前沿过冲现象。这一现象主要与晶体内深能级陷阱对载流子的去俘获过程有关。利用亚禁带光照能调控晶体内深能级陷阱的占据份额，消除CZT探测器标定电流曲线的前沿过冲，实现探测器性能优化。当亚禁带光(850 nm)在CZT探测器中引入的光照电流为330 nA、工作电压为200 V时，CZT探测器对能量约125 MeV的γ射线的灵敏度为999×10-17 C·cm2，接近理论模拟给出的118×10-16 C·cm2。     

High resolution X-ray photon-counting detector with scintillator-deposited charge-coupled device

We report on a new photon-counting detector possessing unprecedented spatial resolution and moderate spectral resolution for 0.1-100 keV X-rays. It consists of an X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) and a scintillator. The scintillator is directly coupled to the back surface of the X-ray CCD. Low-energy X-rays below 10 keV can be directly detected by the CCD. The majority of hard X-rays above 10 keV pass through the CCD but can be absorbed by the scintillator, generating visible photons. We coupled needlelike CsI(Tl) on the front surface of the back-illuminated (BI) CCD. The high detection efficiency of BI CCDs in the visible band enables us to collect visible photons emitted from the CsI(Tl) efficiently, leading to the moderate spectral resolution of 28.4% at 22.1 keV and 25% at 59.5 keV. We also investigated the imaging capability of our device and demonstrated high resolution imaging with an accuracy of 10 /spl plusmn/3 /spl mu/m at 17.4 keV.     

CsI(Tl)晶体的APD前端读出特性研究

雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode,APD)体积小、探测效率高、内置增益、对磁场不敏感,但其内置增益、输出脉冲信号的信噪比受偏置电压与温度影响明显。将APD作为Cs I(Tl)闪烁晶体的光电读出器件,并配以低噪声的电荷灵敏前置放大器,组成闪烁探测器的探头。在不同的偏置电压与温度下,测试了该探头组成的闪烁探测器的能量分辨率。实测表明,偏置电压、温度将影响探测系统的能量分辨率,在室温且APD两端的偏置电压为370 V时,对能量为662 ke V的γ射线能量分辨率为4.98%;在-20-40oC内,能量分辨率随温度的降低而提高。     

New Developments in Gas-Filled Image Intensifier Detectors for X and Gamma Rays

In spark operation, with short-circuit electronics having a triggering delay of ? 40 ns and yielding a peak current of 15 amperes, the detector, which is filled with xenon (720Torr) and diethylamine (40 Torr) has a counting plateau equal to 4% of the mean operating voltage. The electronic short-circuit is more effective when diethylamine replaces methylal. It is shown that this vapour produces a delay in the triggering of the spark. The life is improved. Study of electron avalanches has shown that, in the case of detection of X-rays of a mean energy of 27 keV, the number of carriers which they contain may reach 108 and that the probability is then less than 10-4 for triggering sparks. These avalanches also make it possible to obtain completely proportional amplitude spectra of excellent resolution (9% for 27 keV). When the detector is used in avalanche operation, the light emitted by the latter enables an image of the X-ray emitting source to be recorded. The quantity of light emitted can be increased by increasing the number of carriers in the avalanche but at the risk of creating a spark. This risk is eliminated by a short-circuit system similar to that operating for spark conditions but with a triggering threshold corresponding to about 105 electrons. The possibility of using this detector for recording X-ray diffraction patterns on biological molecules is discussed.     

X-ray imaging sensor using CdTe crystals for dual energy X-rayabsorptiometry

The authors have designed and built a multi-channel cadmium telluride detector array to test its suitability as an X-ray imaging sensor for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The X-ray imaging sensor was constructed of 64 CdTe detector elements with high frequency current amplifiers, discriminators, and counters. The detector elements were operated in the photon counting mode and output pulses induced by the X-ray photons were separated into two energy levels according to their height. The energy resolution of the detector elements was 18.7% to 59.54 keV gamma-rays. In combination with a K-edge filter to produce dual energy X-rays, the X-ray imaging sensor was able to generate two energy X-ray images simultaneously over a short time. By applying a simple energy subtraction method to these images, bone phantoms were distinguished from the overlying tissue phantoms and their densities could be successfully measured. It was clearly demonstrated that this X-ray imaging sensor using CdTe crystals has good potential for high speed bone densitometry     

CCD探测器的相对探测效率标定

探测器的探测效率是表征探测器性能的一个重要参数,需对其进行标定。本次试验使用复旦大学EBIT设备,以其配有的高纯锗探测器为标准,对低能X射线望远镜的CCD探测器进行探测效率的相对标定,得到在6.7、8.3、9.1、9.7、10.4、11.9和13.3 keV七个能量点CCD探测器相对于高纯锗探测器的探测效率。其讨论使用的标定方法对今后的探测效率标定工作具有意义。     

超短脉冲激光与固体靶相互作用的硬X射线能谱

本实验使用高纯锗探测器，运用单光子法，对超短脉冲激光与固体铜靶相互作用产生的硬X射线能谱进行测量。实验结果表明：在激光强度I≈8×10¹⁶W/cm²的P极化光以45°入射角照射5 mm铜靶、探测立体角为4.5×10^－6的实验条件下，产生的硬X射线的能量主要集中在低于100keV能量范围内，超热电子温度分别为(7.4±0.7)keV和(19.5±1.6)keV。     

Hybrid direct conversion detectors for digital mammography

Hybrid pixel detector arrays that convert X-rays directly into charge signals are under development at NOVA for application to digital mammography. This technology also has wide application possibilities in other fields of radiology and in industrial imaging for applications in nondestructive evaluation and inspection. These detectors have potentially superior properties compared to either emulsion based film, which has nonlinear response to X-rays, or phosphor-based detectors in which there is an intermediate step of X-ray to light photon conversion. Potential advantages of direct conversion detectors are high quantum efficiencies (QE) of 98% or higher (for 0.3 mm thick CdZnTe detector with 20 keV X-rays), improved contrast, high sensitivity and low intrinsic noise. These factors are expected to contribute to high detective quantum efficiency (DQE). The prototype hybrid pixel detector developed has 50×50 microns pixel size, and is designed to have linear response to X-rays, and can support a dynamic range of 14 bits. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is measured on a l-mm silicon detector system where 10% or better modulations are obtained at 10 lp/mm spatial frequency. Preliminary DQE measurements of the same system yields a value of 55% at zero spatial frequency. Here, the authors report data of their first full size prototype readout ASIC chips hybridized with both silicon and CdZnTe detector arrays and present initial MTF and DQE measurement results as well as some test images     

测量放射性气体氙同位素的Si-PIN β探测器研制

大气中的放射性氙是全面禁止核试验条约组织重点关注的监测对象,提高放射性氙同位素的探测灵敏度和测量准确度是目前全面禁止核试验条约监测领域研究的前沿课题。本文研制了一种采用Si-PIN半导体制作的测量放射性气体氙同位素的β探测器,其对¹³¹Xe^m的129 keV内转换电子的能量分辨率达11.2%,远优于塑料闪烁体的能量分辨率;氙记忆效应非常小,仅为0.08%。Si-PIN β探测器的优异性能将提高氙样品测量分析的核素识别能力和测量准确度。     

WDX-PIXE analysis of low energy X-rays using a microbeam

A high-energy resolution PIXE system developed at a heavy ion microbeam line was used to analyze low energy X-rays below 1 keV. The system is equipped with a plane crystal spectrometer with a gas flow position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC), which enables high-energy resolution PIXE analysis using a microbeam. In order to improve the detection efficiency for the low energy X-rays, the X-ray entrance window of the PSPC was replaced with a thin polymer film supported by a metal grid. As the result, the detectable energy range was extended to carbon K X-rays and chemical effect in Fe and Cu L X-rays could be detected. A preliminary result of high-energy resolution PIXE mapping of Cu mesh (#500) showed that it is possible to obtain the Cu L mapping image using a 2 MeV proton microbeam with the size of 20 × 20 μm.     

一种监测低能X射线的Si探测器

低能(50keV以下)光子探测器广泛应用于外大气层核爆监测,天体物理现象研究。采用半导体探测单元试制了低能X射线探测器模块。说明了配置多探测器系统的方法,并介绍了探测单元模块的设计、主要试验和技术指标。室温下噪声等效输入光子能量为2.1keV。