Producing high quality hardened parts using sequential hard turning and ball burnishing operations

This paper presents a novel sequential process which incorporates optionally CBN turning operations with (CHT) or without (HT) cryogenic pre-cooling of the workpiece and ball burnishing (B) operations. The main hypothesis tested concerns the fact that cryogenic pre-cooling slightly deteriorates surface finish but at the same time it enhances the mechanical and service properties of the subsurface layer without white layer. Moreover, it indicates how this complex process (cryogenic pre-cooling, hard turning and ball burnishing) should be performed to obtain satisfactory surface integrity and service properties. Investigations include 2D and 3D surface roughness, microstructure alterations by means of SEM/BSE techniques and microhardness distribution. The geometrical, mechanical and physical improvements of surface layer properties were revealed.     

Investigation of heat partition in dry turning assisted by heat pipe cooling

Dissipation of the cutting heat through the cutting tool assisted by the heat pipe is a new cooling method in metal cutting. However, as an important indicator to evaluate the cooling performance, the heat partition in the cutting process for the heat pipe cutter has not been reported in the previous publications. This investigation is concerned with the estimation of the amount of heat flowing into the heat pipe cutter and that dissipated by the heat pipe. The aim is to characterize the heat partition of the heat pipe cutter and thus evaluate its cooling performance. Experimental results are presented of temperature measurements at the accessible positions on the cutter during orthogonal cutting. With these measured temperatures, the finite different methods and an inverse procedure are utilized to solve the heat flux loaded on the tool–chip interface and the amount of heat flowing into each part of the heat pipe cutter. It is shown that the installation of the heat pipe increases the heat flowing into the tool; however, much greater amount of heat can be dissipated by the heat pipe; this results in the reduction of the temperature at tool–chip interface.     

Investigation of tool-chip interface temperature in dry turning assisted by heat pipe cooling

Aiming to effectively remove the cutting heat in machining process, the cutting tool with heat pipe cooling has been developed in recent years; however, there were few reports on the quantitative investigation of temperature at the tool-chip interface of this tool. In this work, a heat pipe cooling system was used to decrease the temperature of the cutter. The temperature at defined locations of the cutter in the dry turning of an AISI-1045 steel was obtained by the cutting test. The finite difference solution and an inverse procedure were used to determine the tool-chip interface temperature. It was found that with the increase of cutting speed, the tool-chip interface temperature and effective heat flux of the cutter will increase. The tool-chip interface temperature could be reduced by the heat pipe cooling. The temperature reduction was more obvious in higher cutting speed.     

车削加工中射流冷却方法的探讨

介绍了射流冷却的特点并进行了实验,给出了试验结果。     

独特的用于硬车削的可转位刀片

现在,车削淬硬零件的切削刀具及其应用方面的最新进展,正在将车削工艺提升到更高的效率水平.作为磨削工序的替换或补充工序,硬零件车削具有诸多优势,独特的新刀片概念令这种工序更具吸引力. 最近,两家制造商在淬硬零件加工的生产效率方面产生了立竿见影的效果:生产效率分别提高116％和322％.无需更换设备,也不用引入新的加工方法,只需改变数控车床上使用的可转位刀片的类型即可实现.与之前相比,一种新型的刀片能够使刀具的进给率较之前提高三倍.众所周知,进给决定了车削时所花费的切削时间.这样一来,每年就能节省相当多的生产时间,对成本而言也是如此.     

Tool selection optimisation for turning operations

This paper focuses on the combinatorial problems posed by tool selection for external turning operations. The problem of selecting the best set of tools to machine a component, according to a certain economic criterion, is here addressed as a binary programming problem and a specific branch-and-bound method for dealing with it is described. The results obtained show that this method solves the problem quickly and with little effort.     

油气冷却技术在车削加工中的应用研究

绿色加工技术是21世纪机械加工业的发展方向.通过采用双热电偶的接触式温度测量方法,测量刀具上两点的温度随切削深度和冷却方式的变化情况,推算刀尖温度的变化情况,比较不同的冷却方式对刀尖的冷却润滑效果.试验结果表明,油气冷却切削加工技术是一种绿色切削加工技术.研究油气润滑冷却切削加工技术,对提高切削加工件的表面质量,降低切削加工的成本等具有重要意义.     

Flank wear prediction of ceramic tools in hard turning

Due to technical and economical factors, hard turning is competing successfully with the grinding process in the industries. Many practical applications require components to be hardened in order to improve their wear behavior. Higher productivity and good surface quality are the requirements of the modern industries. However, tool wear is the major problem in hard turning. The tool wear models, used to assess the performance of hard turning process, play an important role in predicting the surface quality. So, in the present work, an attempt has been made to develop an analytical tool wear model for the mixed ceramic inserts during the hard turning of bearing steel incorporating abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion wear mechanisms. The new model developed can reliably be used to assess the wear of the mixed ceramic tools within the domain of the parameters. It has been observed that tool wear is increasing with the increase in cutting speed, feed, and effective rake angle. However, it has been found to be slightly decreasing with the increase in nose radius. The proposed model was validated by conducting experiments. It could be seen that the model was capable of predicting the flank wear using the cutting parameters and tool geometry.     

Modelling the effects of cutting parameters on residual stresses in hard turning of AISI H11 tool steel

In the present study, an attempt has been made to model the effect of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and nose radius) on residual stresses in hard turning of AISI H11 tool steel using ceramic tools. The machining experiments were conducted based on response surface methodology and using the Box–Behnken design of experiments. Residual stresses were determined using the X-ray diffraction technique, and the experimental results were investigated using analysis of variance. The results indicated that the feed and depth of cut are the main influencing factor on residual stresses whereas cutting speed and nose radius are having mild impact on residual stresses. The results show that it is possible to produce tailor-made residual stress levels by controlling the tool geometry and cutting parameters. The aim of this paper is to introduce an original approach for the prediction of residual stresses.     

Monitoring of hard turning using acoustic emission signal

Monitoring of tool wear during hard turning is essential. Many investigators have analyzed the acoustic emission (AE) signals generated during machining to understand the metal cutting process and for monitoring tool wear and failure. In the current study on hard turning, the skew and kurtosis parameters of the root mean square values of AE signal (AERMS) are used to monitor tool wear. The rubbing between the tool and the workpiece increases as the tool wear crosses a threshold, thereby shifting the mass of AERMS distribution to right, leading to a negative skew. The increased rubbing also led to a high kurtosis value in the AERMS distribution curve.     

Performance improvement of hard turning with solid lubricants

Product quality is one of the most important criteria for the assessment of hard turning process. However, in view of the high temperatures developed in hard turning process, the surface quality deteriorates due to the tool wear. Because of the strict environmental restrictions on the use of cutting fluids, new cutting techniques are required to be investigated to reduce the tool wear. In the present work, the use of solid lubricants during hard turning has been explored while machining bearing steel with mixed ceramic inserts at different cutting conditions and tool geometry. Results show considerable improvement in the surface finish with the use of solid lubricants. Due to the presence of solid lubricants, there is a decrease of surface roughness values from 8 to 15% as compared to dry hard turning.     

On the finite element modelling of high speed hard turning

The results reported in this paper pertain to the simulation of high speed hard turning when using the finite element method. In recent years high speed hard turning has emerged as a very advantageous machining process for cutting hardened steels. Among the advantages of this modern turning operation are final product quality, reduced machining time, lower cost and environmentally friendly characteristics. For the finite element modelling a commercial programme, namely the Third Wave Systems AdvantEdge, was used. This programme is specially designed for simulating cutting operations, offering to the user many designing and analysis tools. In the present analysis orthogonal cutting models are proposed, taking several processing parameters into account; the models are validated with experimental results from the relevant literature and discussed. Additionally, oblique cutting models of high speed hard turning are constructed and discussed. From the reported results useful conclusions may be drawn and it can be stated that the proposed models can be used for industrial application.     

Tool crater wear depth modeling in CBN hard turning

Hard turning has been receiving increased attention because it offers many possible benefits over grinding in machining hardened steel. The wear of cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools, which are commonly used in hard turning, is an important issue that needs to be better understood. For hard turning to be a viable replacement technology, the high cost of CBN cutting tools and the cost of down-time for tool changing must be minimized. In addition to progressive flank wear, microchipping and tool breakage (which lead to early tool failure) are prone to occur under aggressive machining conditions due to significant crater wear and weakening of the cutting edge. The objective of this study is to model the CBN tool crater wear depth (K_T) to guide the design of CBN tool geometry and to optimize cutting parameters in finish hard turning. First, the main wear mechanisms (abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion) in hard turning are discussed and the associated wear volume loss models are developed as functions of cutting temperature, stress, and other process information. Then, the crater wear depth is predicted in terms of tool/work material properties and process information. Finally, the proposed model is experimentally validated in finish turning of hardened 52100 bearing steel using a low CBN content tool. The comparison between model predictions and experimental results shows reasonable agreement, and the results suggest that adhesion is the dominant wear mechanism within the range of conditions that were investigated.     

Analysis of tool wear and surface finish in hard turning

Hard turning is a profitable alternative to finish grinding. The ultimate aim of hard turning is to remove work piece material in a single cut rather than a lengthy grinding operation in order to reduce processing time, production cost, surface roughness, and setup time, and to remain competitive. In recent years, interrupted hard turning, which is the process of turning hardened parts with areas of interrupted surfaces, has also been encouraged. The process of hard turning offers many potential benefits compared to the conventional grinding operation. Additionally, tool wear, tool life, quality of surface turned, and amount of material removed are also predicted. In this analysis, 18 different machining conditions, with three different grades of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN), cutting tool are considered. This paper describes the various characteristics in terms of component quality, tool life, tool wear, effects of individual parameters on tool life and material removal, and economics of operation. The newer solution, a hard turning operation, is performed on a lathe. In this study, the PCBN tool inserts are used with a WIDAX PT GNR 2525 M16 tool holder. The hardened material selected for hard turning is commercially available engine crank pin material.     

Modelling of CBN tool crater wear in finish hard turning

The wear of cubic boron nitride (CBN) cutters, commonly used now in the finish turning of hardened parts, is an important issue that needs to be addressed for hard turning to be a viable technology due to the high costs of CBN cutters and the down-time for tool change. Chipping and tool breakage, which lead to early tool failure, are both prone to take place under the effect of crater wear. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to model the CBN tool crater wear rate to both guide the design of CBN tool geometry and optimise cutting parameters in finish hard turning. First, the wear volume losses due to the main wear mechanisms (abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion) are modelled as functions of cutting temperature, stress, and other process attributes respectively. Then, the crater wear rate is predicted in terms of tool/work material properties and cutting configuration. Finally, the proposed model is experimentally validated in finish turning of hardened 52100 bearing steel using a low CBN content insert. The comparison between the prediction and the measurement shows reasonable agreement and the results suggest that adhesion is the main wear mechanism over the investigated range of cutting conditions .     

Thermal and mechanical modeling during dry turning operations

As assumed by ISO 14000 environmental management norms, machining performance concerns also environmental issues. Dry cutting is one of the objectives of many manufacturing development projects: by reducing industrial wastes, costs should be reduced. But dry cutting changes thermo-mechanical interactions between workpiece, tools, and chips. These changes could produce damages on workpiece quality. In order to prevent these issues, this paper propose a new approach to predict cutting temperature in dry turning by using an analytical model of thermal distribution on the workpiece surface subject to a rotating heat source. This modeling is validated by several experimental tests on AISI 1040 Steels.