农村小学教师工作满意度与组织承诺的关系

目的了解河南省农村小学教师的工作满意度与组织承诺的影响因素以及两者之间的关系。方法对河南省600名农村小学教师采用组织承诺量表、工作满意度量表进行调查。结果农村小学教师的组织承诺与工作满意度之间存在显著的正相关(r=0.34～0.51,P<0.01),不同的群体和组织承诺对工作满意度的回归极显著(F=14.58,P<0.001)。结论农村小学教师的工资水平和现居住地直接影响其对组织的承诺以及工作满意感的获得。     

护士职业承诺与职业压力的相关研究

目的探讨护士职业承诺与职业压力源的相关性。方法采用一般资料问卷、护士职业承诺量表、护士工作压力源量表,对唐山市2个医院的100名护士进行问卷调查。结果①不同工作年限的护士职业承诺与职业压力的在继续承诺(F=9.274,P<0.001)、护理工作及专业方面的问题(F=5.975,P<0.01)2个维度方面差异有统计学意义;②不同婚姻状态的护士在继续承诺(t=-4.307,P<0.001)、护理工作及专业方面的问题(t=-2.619,P<0.05)、工作量及时间分配问题(t=-2.666,P<0.01)维度差异有统计学意义;③不同医院护士在职业承诺方面,规范承诺(t=-2.047,P<0.05)维度存在差异,在职业压力方面,护理工作及专业方面的问题(t=-2.120,P<0.05)维度存在差异;④护士的职业承诺与职业压力源成负相关(P<0.01)。结论护士的职业承诺程度高,护士的职业压力水平低。应从护士职业承诺与职业压力的关系考虑制定策略提高护士的职业承诺程度,降低护士的职业压力。     

核心自我评价对个体职业倦怠感的影响:组织承诺和工作满意度的中介作用

目的:旨在探讨核心自我评价对个体职业倦怠感的影响,以及组织承诺和工作满意度的中介作用。方法:采用核心自我评价量表、组织承诺量表、明尼苏达满意度调查表和Maslach职业倦怠量表对350名女护士进行问卷调查。结果:护士核心自我评价与职业怠倦呈负相关(r=-0.125,P0.05),组织承诺与职业倦怠呈显著负相关(r=-0.509,P0.00);工作满意度与职业倦怠呈显著负相关(r=-0.763,P0.00);组织承诺和工作满意度的中介效应估计值为-0.04、-0.035(P0.05)。结论 :核心自我评价对个体的职业倦怠水平有显著的影响,且组织承诺和工作满意度起中介作用。     

临床护士工作满意度及其影响因素

目的了解临床护士工作满意度的现状,为有效提升临床护士工作满意度,制定实用、确切的方案提供依据。方法采用明尼苏达工作满意度问卷(MSQ)及自设一般资料问卷对221名临床护士进行工作满意度调查。结果临床护士工作满意度总体得分为(3.70±0.23)分,外在满意度得分为(3.55±0.25)分,内在满意度得分为(3.74±0.16)分,一般满意度得分为(3.90±0.11)分。不同年龄段、科室、工龄、职称及有无自主住房的临床护士工作满意度比较差异具有统计学意义(F=4.427,5.213,3.296,5.804,t=6.648,P<0.05);不同学历、用工形式的临床护士工作满意度无显著性差异(F=1.108,t=0.605,P>0.05)结论临床护士工作满意度处于一般水平;一般满意度高于内在满意度与外在满意度,且受年龄、科室、工龄、职称以及住房的影响。     

医护人员工作满意度与组织承诺关系研究

目的了解医护人员工作满意度和组织承诺现状并探讨两者之间关系。方法采用工作满意度量表和组织承诺量表对150名山东省潍坊市3所医院医护人员进行调查。结果医护人员的总体工作满意度和组织承诺均处于中等略偏上水平；相关分析表明，工作满意度总体及各维度与组织承诺均显著正相关；回归分析表明，工作关系、晋升、单位经营管理满意度对组织承诺具有显著的正向预测作用，同时发现工作环境满意度对价值承诺：年口努力承诺具有负向预测作用。结论医护人员工作满意度与组织承诺具有显著相关。     

高校教师工作倦怠状况及相关因素研究

目的探讨高校教师工作压力、焦虑、工作满意度和工作倦怠4个变量在人口学因素的差异;验证4个变量之间的假设模型。方法以1331名高校教师为被试,发放问卷测量,用SPSS 11.5分析数据、AM OS 7.0验证假设模型。结果①不同受教育程度高校教师工作压力存在显著差异(F=2.864,P<0.05);②不同性别(t=2.066,P<0.05)、年龄(F=6.417,P<0.001)、职称(F=5.289,P<0.01)和任课科目(F=4.339,P<0.05)的高校教师工作倦怠存在显著差异;③不同受教育程度(F=4.058,P<0.01)和任课科目(F=6.846,p<0.01)的高校教师工作满意度存在显著差异;④不同性别(t=6.212,P<0.01)、婚姻状况(F=4.557,P<0.01)和职称(F=0.422,P<0.01)的高校教师焦虑水平存在显著差异;⑤工作倦怠在工作压力与焦虑之间部分中介效应显著;⑥工作倦怠在工作压力与工作满意度之间完全中介效应显著。结论 4个变量在人口学因素上存在差异,假设模型得到部分验证。     

中小学教师工作压力、工作满意度与职业幸福感的关系

目的:探讨中小学教师工作压力、工作满意度与职业幸福感的关系。方法:采用中小学教师工作压力量表、教师工作满意感量表、教师职业幸福感问卷对2019名中小学教师进行问卷调查。结果:1中小学教师职业幸福感存在性别(t=-4.99,P0.05)、婚姻状况(F=19.30,P0.01)和教龄(F=13.72,P0.01)的差异;2工作压力与工作满意度呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,P0.01),工作压力对工作满意度有显著的负向预测作用;工作压力与职业幸福感呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,P0.01),工作压力对职业幸福感有显著负向预测作用;工作满意度与职业幸福感呈显著正相关(r=-0.85,P0.01),工作满意度对职业幸福感有显著的正向预测作用;3中小学教师工作满意度在工作压力与职业幸福感之间起部分中介作用。结论:工作压力既可以直接影响中小学教师职业幸福感,也可以通过工作满意度间接影响职业幸福感。     

工作满意度在情绪智力与组织承诺关系中的中介作用

目的 考察工作满意度在员工情绪智力与组织承诺关系中的中介作用.方法 采用情绪智力量表,工作满意度通用量表和多维度组织承诺量表对272名员工进行问卷调查,采用相关分析、多元线性回归对数据进行分析.结果 1情绪智力与情感承诺和规范承诺呈显著正相关(r=0.43,0.31;P＜0.001);2工作满意度与规范承诺的相关最强(r=0.57,P＜0.001),其次是情感承诺(r=0.50,P＜0.001),而与持续承诺的相关最弱(r=0.18,P＜0.05);③工作满意度在情绪智力对情感承诺的影响中起部分中介作用(c'=0.28,P＜0.001),在情绪智力对规范承诺的影响中起完全中介作用(c'=0.09,P＞0.05).结论 情绪智力可直接影响情感承诺,也可以通过工作满意度间接影响情感承诺;情绪智力通过工作满意度间接影响规范承诺.     

工作压力源量表在精神科医护人员中的应用

目的:了解医护人员工作压力源量表在精神科医护人员中的使用情况以及广西南宁市、柳州市精神科临床医护人员工作压力现状。方法:采用临床医护人员工作压力源量表对广西南宁柳州220名精神科医护人员进行问卷调查。结果:1量表的内部一致性系数及分半信度系数分别为0.913,0.854;因子分析显示量表可提取7个因子,分别为组织管理、职业兴趣、工作负荷、职业发展、人际关系、外部环境以及医患关系;2南宁市、柳州市精神科临床医护人员的工作压力总体水平偏高(81.5%的被试总分高于中位数),其中来自工作负荷(3.71±0.80)、外部环境(3.51±0.59)、组织管理(2.99±0.80)3个方面的压力最高;3不同级别医院精神科医护人员的压力总分以及组织管理、职业兴趣、工作负荷、医患关系4个维度的压力分有统计学差异(F=3.598~6.246,P=0.000~0.029);不同年龄组被试在工作压力总分、工作负荷、职业发展以及医患关系压力得分上有统计学差异(F=3.886~10.948,P=0.000~0.022);正式职工的压力总体水平以及组织管理、工作负荷、外部环境、医患关系维度上的压力要高于非正式职工(t=2.051~2.658,P=0.008~0.041)。结论:临床医护人员工作压力量表具有良好的信效度,可在国内相关人群中推广使用;临床医护人员工作压力较大,不同类型医护人员其压力感有差异,应开展有针对性的抗压教育。     

湖南狱警工作满意度与组织公民行为的关系

目的:探讨湖南狱警工作满意度与组织公民行为的关系,为监狱管理部门的管理工作提供科学依据。方法:采用问卷法对151名湖南狱警的工作满意度以及组织公民行为状况进行了调查,分析了工作满意度与组织公民行为在性别、婚姻、工作年限等的分布差异,并探讨了工作满意度与组织公民行为的关系。结果:1监狱警察组织公民行为总体得分处于中等水平(珚x=22.46),女性狱警在组织公民行为的人际和睦维度得分显著高于男性狱警(t=-2.85,P0.01);2已婚和其他组(离异、丧偶)狱警的工作满意度得分显著高于未婚狱警(F=4.63,P0.05);3工作满意度与组织公民行为显著相关(r=0.27,P0.01)。结论:湖南狱警的工作满意度可以影响其组织公民行为。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.