锁骨骨折治疗方法的选择与思考

锁骨骨折是最常见骨折之一,占所有骨折的2.6%~12%[1-2]。在成年人,2%~5%的骨折累及锁骨,而在儿童,这一比例高达10%~15%[3-5]。在锁骨骨折中,中段骨折占所有骨折的80%[2,6-7],而内1/3、外1/3分别占锁骨骨折的5%和15%[8-11]。锁骨内1/3对深层的臂丛神经、锁骨下静脉、液静脉、肺尖部等重要器官起到保护作用,该部位骨折可合并臂丛神经损伤等严重并发症。1锁骨骨折分型目前已有很多分型方法用于描述锁骨骨折[2-3,11-13],     

应用缝合锚固定治疗不稳定型锁骨远端骨折

锁骨骨折为一种常见的肩胛带周围骨折,可分为中、外、内1/3骨折,其中锁骨远端骨折占锁骨骨折的12%～15%。Neer分型将锁骨远端骨折分为三种类型[1]:Ⅰ型为韧带间骨折,稳定,无须手术;Ⅱ型骨折为喙锁韧带与锁骨近折端之间的连续性丧失,常需手术;Ⅲ型骨折伤及肩锁关节,可能出现创伤     

AO钛制弹性髓内钉治疗锁骨中段骨折

<正>锁骨骨折很常见,在所有骨折中约占5%,在肩胛带骨折中高达44%,而在所有锁骨骨折中锁骨中段骨折最多见,约占锁骨骨折总数的75%-80%[1,2]。锁骨中段骨折的手术治疗方法有很多种,包括克氏针内固定、重建钢板内固定,也有使用Hoffman外固定架治疗锁骨骨折的报告。     

锁骨骨折的临床研究现状

锁骨骨折是临床常见创伤性骨折,占全身骨折的2.6%～5%,占肩部骨折的44%～66%;男性患者数量约为女性患者的两倍[1]。较常见于年轻人,受伤原因常为运动伤、交通伤等中等能量或高能量创伤;老年患者常因跌倒等低能     

肩胛骨骨折合并同侧锁骨骨折的外科治疗

目的探讨肩胛骨骨折合并锁骨骨折的手术治疗方法。方法16例肩胛骨骨折合并锁骨骨折的患者,行锁骨骨折、肩胛骨骨折切开复位重建钢板内固定术。结果16例患者骨折全部愈合。16例全部获随访,随访时间8～66个月,平均22个月。肩关节功能恢复优良15例,差1例。结论肩胛骨骨折合并锁骨骨折切开复位重建钢板内固定,恢复了肩关节的动力平衡及稳定性,可早期进行功能锻炼,是一种较好的治疗方法。     

锁骨中段骨折的处理疗

锁骨骨折占全身骨折的2%~5%，其中锁骨中段骨折最常见，占锁骨骨折的80%，多由直接暴力所致。锁骨是上肢与中枢骨唯一相连的骨，呈"s"形，外侧向后弯曲呈凹形，内侧凸向前侧。锁骨具有支撑作用，悬吊功能、辅助肩关节运动、保护神经血管等作用。如果锁骨功能消失会导致肩关节活动范围部分丢失，力量减弱、手臂下垂、继发臂丛神经激惹；部分无锁骨或锁骨不连患者肩关节功能尚好，可能是因为加强了斜方肌的作用，后者在对抗锁骨远端向下移位方面有稳定作用。对于锁骨骨折的治疗分为非手术治疗和手术治疗两种。非手术治疗曾是锁骨骨折主要的治疗方式，常采用悬吊带或"8"字绷带对患侧进行2~6周的制动，随后进行早期非承重活动。文献报道悬吊带和"8"字绷带的疗效相似。锁骨中段骨折的手术指征包括开放骨折，伴神经血管损伤的锁骨骨折，锁骨骨折伴肩胸分离，严重成角对表面皮肤完整性构成威胁，粉碎骨折或移位明显，骨折短缩>2 cm，锁骨骨折不愈合影响外观、功能或有症状，有软组织嵌入闭合复位可能不会成功者等。手术治疗的方法包括接骨板固定、髓内固定和外固定架固定。髓内固定的优点包括生物固定创伤小、瘢痕小、手术时间短等，缺点包括稳定性不足，术后需辅助三角巾悬吊、易松脱、滑移、突起等。接骨板的优点解剖复位稳定固定，可早期进行功能锻炼；缺点包括内固定突出，刺激皮肤，软组织剥离可造成骨折不愈合，需二次取出等。外固定支架目前临床应用较少。     

不同方法治疗锁骨骨折482例疗效分析

目的探讨锁骨骨折不同方法治疗的效果及适应证。方法治疗新鲜锁骨骨折482例,非手术治疗240例,切开复位内固定治疗242例。结果术后随访6～18个月,骨折愈合440例,延迟愈合34例,不愈合8例。手术组愈合时间为3～7个月,平均4.2个月;按Constant评分,平均得分89.1分,优良率为86.8%。非手术组愈合时间为3～9个月,平均4.7个月;平均得分83.9分,优良率为80.4%。结论移位较轻或手法复位较稳定的骨折,宜非手术治疗。锁骨中1/3骨折、中外段锁骨骨折、内1/3锁骨骨折适合钢板固定,接近或涉及关节的外1/3骨折使用锁骨钩钢板及克氏针张力带可获得满意效果。     

锁骨重建钢板与锁骨记忆合金接骨板治疗锁骨骨折的疗效比较

锁骨骨折是常见的损伤,占全身骨折的5%,近几年来随着骨科观念的更新,采用手术治疗锁骨骨折越来越多.笔者自2004年1月～2008年8月.     

螺纹弹性髓内钉闭合复位内固定治疗锁骨骨折

目的 设计一种螺纹弹性髓内钉(threaded elastic intramedullary nail,TEIN),观察其在闭合复位下固定锁骨骨折的疗效.方法 用钛合金(Tc4)或不锈钢(317L)材料加工TEIN,直径1.5、2.0和2.5 mm三种,长250 mm.TEIN近端为正圆锥体尖,相邻有15-150 mm长,且高出于钉体0.5 mm的自攻螺纹;远端为正三角形刃.2004年1月至2008年1月,采用闭合复位内固定55例(56根)锁骨骨折患者.男44例.女11例;年龄9-72岁,中位年龄31.0岁.内1/3横行骨折4根,中1/3骨折41根(横行骨折11根,斜行骨折17根,粉碎性骨折13根),外1/3骨折11根(按Craig分型:Ⅱ型7根.V型4根).结果 手术时间15-60 min,平均35.6 min.术后6-24周取出TEIN,平均取钉时间为8.8周.随访时间1-4年,平均3.4年.骨折恢复解剖学形态者33例(58.9%);恢复解剖学长度,对位较好17例(30.4%);4例中1/3粉碎性骨折,2例外1/3 Craig V型骨折骨折片未复位;总复位优良率为89.3%.中1/3骨折于肩锁关节内侧断钉1例;皮下形成滑囊24例(42.9%);局部皮肤形成压疮Ⅰ期14例,Ⅱ期5例(33.9%).外1/3骨折者术后1年时,肩关节Constant总评分为87.1(79.0-100.0)分.结论 TEIN可以闭合复位固定治疗锁骨骨折,具有微创、美观、促进骨折愈合和减少并发症等优点.     

肩胛骨骨折合并锁骨骨折的早期手术治疗体会

目的探讨肩胛骨骨折合并锁骨骨折的早期手术治疗体会。方法对26例肩胛骨骨折合并锁骨骨折患者实施切开复位内固定手术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组患者均获骨性愈合。经8~18个月随访,未发生切口感染、臂丛神经损伤、肩关节畸形等并发症。Hardegger功能评定标准:优良率88.46%(23/26)。结论早期实施切开复位内固定术治疗肩胛骨骨折合并锁骨骨折,肩关节固定牢靠,可早期进行功能锻炼,促进肩关节功能康复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.