胰腺炎导致门静脉系统血栓形成发病机制及其防治方法的探讨

胰腺炎是多种病因导致胰酶在胰腺内被激活后引起胰腺组织自身消化、水肿、出血、坏死的炎症反应,或导致胰腺局部、节段性、弥漫性慢性进展性炎症。在急性胰腺炎（acute pancreatitis,AP）早期,胰腺细胞损伤导致局部的炎症反应,随着炎症细胞因子对胰腺组织的第二次打击,     

Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal venous system

During recent years, percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal venous system has become the most accurate procedure for investigation of the portal system. The procedure can be performed under local analgesia, is relatively simple, and complications are rare. The success rate is high, approximately 90%, especially when the liver hilum is localized by ultrasonography prior to catheterization. The free portal pressure can be measured. Selective catheterization of all portal tributaries can be performed. The indications are: portography in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portal hypertension for delineation of collateral vein systems including gastro-oesophageal varices; visualization of veins that may be used for portosystemic shunt operations; postoperative control of shunt patency; diagnosis of portal and hepatic vein thrombosis; localization of stenosis in the portal vein system; pre-operative evaluation of patients with tumours in the biliary tract and pancreas; obliteration of bleeding oesophageal varices; and verification and localization of endocrine pancreatic tumours making curative resection possible. Further, transhepatic catheterization of the portal system may be used in research on the development of portal hypertension, collateral veins, variceal bleeding, and for haemodynamic, metabolic and pharmacologic studies in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Effects of α1 and β-adrenergic antagonists and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist on portal-systemic collateral vascular resistance in conscious rats with portal hypertension

In order to study the acute effects of pharmacological agents on the vascular resistance of portal-systemic collaterals, a model of total portal vein occlusion with 100% portal-systemic shunts was developed in the conscious rat. The haemodynamic effects of several vaso-active substances were evaluated in this model and compared with those obtained after saline administration. Prazosin (0.5 mg), an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, significantly reduced mean arterial pressure by 29%, portal pressure from 13.8 +/- 1.0(mean +/- s.e.m.) to 10.1 +/- 0.4 mmHg and portal tributary blood flow (radioactive microspheres) from 13.6 +/- 2.1 to 11.7 +/- 1.2 mL/min. It also decreased portal-systemic vascular resistance from 95 +/- 16 to 73 +/- 9 dyn s/cm5 x 10(3). Propranolol (4 mg), a beta-adrenergic antagonist, significantly reduced mean arterial pressure by 12% and portal pressure from 15.5 +/- 1.2 to 13.3 +/- 0.9 mmHg while reducing portal tributary blood flow from 14.6 +/- 1.5 to 11.0 +/- 1.7 mL/min and increasing portal systemic collateral vascular resistance from 88 +/- 7 to 103 +/- 8 dyn s/cm5 x 10(3). Ketanserin (0.25 mg/kg), a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist, reduced portal pressure from 15.8 +/- 1.0 to 13.3 +/- 0.7 mmHg at a dose that did not alter mean arterial pressure or portal tributary blood flow. It achieved this by reducing portal-systemic collateral vascular resistance from 90 +/- 14 to 74 +/- 13 dyn s/cm5 x 10(3). Saline had no significant effect on systemic and splanchnic haemodynamics. This study shows that ketanserin decreases vascular resistance of portal-systemic collaterals while propranolol increases it. Thus, it is suggested that collateral vascular resistance is accessible to pharmacological manipulation.     

螺旋CT门静脉造影对门脉高压侧支循环的研究

目的探讨多排螺旋CT门静脉造影(CT portal venography,CTPV)显示肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环血管的临床应用价值。方法对92例肝硬化门脉高压的患者分别进行CT门脉造影,获得门脉侧支循环血管的清晰图像,测量门静脉主干和胃左静脉直径,将胃镜与CT门静脉造影两种技术进行比较。结果应用CT门静脉造影能清晰显示和测量门脉侧支循环的血管。CT门静脉造影与胃镜两种方法对食管和胃底曲张静脉的显示能力具有一致性,Kappa值分别为0.502和0.478。结论应用多排螺旋CT门静脉造影能很好显示和测量门体间侧支循环血管。联合应用多排螺旋CT门静脉造影与胃镜两种方法,对于肝硬化门静脉高压患者的诊断、病情判断和估计预后有帮助。     

高尿酸血症患者血脂水平与冠状动脉慢性闭塞性病变侧枝循环关系的研究

目的 观察高尿酸血症患者血脂水平与冠状动脉慢性闭塞性病变（CTO）侧支循环的关系。方法 回顾性纳入于本院住院行冠状动脉造影（CAG）检查明确为CTO病变的高尿酸血症患者,分析血脂水平与高尿酸血症患者侧支循环（CC）形成情况的关系。结果[结果部分应列举主要数据,并修改英文摘要] 研究共纳入高尿酸血症30例,男性19例（63.7%）,平均年龄（64.5±11.5）岁。30名患者存在CTO病变血管32条,2名患者为双闭塞病变。其中CC良好组15例（男性11例,73.3%）,平均年龄（69.6±12.0）岁,CC不良组15例（男性8例,53.3%）,平均年龄（59.3±8.5）岁。CC不佳组在性别、合并高血压或者糖尿病、肝肾功能、空腹血糖、血尿酸水平、钾离子水平以及血小板数量、D-Dimer水平、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）等与CC良好组比较均未见统计学差异。CC不佳组在年龄、总胆固醇（TC）、总甘油三酯（TG）与CC良好组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,进一步的Logistic回归分析发现,上述因素均不是CC形成的独立危险因素。我们进一步分析了既往是否应用他汀药物治疗与CC形成以及Rentrop血流情况的关系。结论 TC、TG和LDL-C水平以及年龄对高尿酸血症患者CTO侧支循环的形成存在影响,HDL-C水平对侧支循环形成无显著性影响,但是上述因素均不是影响CC形成的独立危险因素。是否应用他汀类药物治疗对侧支循环形成情况以及Rentrop血流情况无明显影响。     

肝硬化门静脉高压侧支循环的形成及临床意义

门静脉高压是一种常见的临床疾病,其带来的一系列并发症包括消化道曲张静脉形成、腹水、肝性脑病、腹壁静脉曲张等,这些并发症大多与门静脉压力增高后侧支循环开放有关,一方面这些侧支循环可缓解门静脉部分压力,但另一方面会给患者带来相应的并发症。综述了近年来有关门静脉高压侧支循环的报道与研究进展,以提高对门静脉高压侧支循环的认识,从而提高该类疾病的临床诊治。     

The determinants of collateral circulation status in patients with chronic cerebral arterial circle occlusion: A STROBE Study

The condition of collateral pathways is an important predictor of stroke prognoses; however the major determinants of collaterals are still unknown. The purpose of this study is to identify potentially determinants for collateral circulation status in patients with chronic occlusion of cerebral arterial circle.All patients with chronic occlusion of either unilateral internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery M1 or M2 segment, diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography at the neurology department of the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017, were retrospectively collected in our sample. After screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the patients’ relevant clinical data were collected and analyzed. Collateral circulations were assessed by 2 independent raters using the American society of interventional and therapeutic neuroradiology/society of interventional radiology flow-grading system.Baseline characteristics (n = 163): our sample consists of 116 (71.2%) male and 47 (28.8%) female patients with an average age of 57.5 ± 11.9 years. Cerebral collateral flow was poor in 59 (36.2%) patients. Our univariate analyses showed that poor collateral circulation was associated with lower high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL), elevated homocysteine levels, aging and hyperlipidemia. A multivariate analysis identified HDL, homocysteine levels and ageing as major predictors for collateral circulation status. In the subgroup analysis, the HDL contributed to collateral angiogenesis internal carotid artery occlusion group. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion group, the homocysteine and ageing were related to the poor collateral status.Low HDL, high levels of homocysteine and ageing are identified as possible risk factors for a poor collateral vessel blood flow in patients with chronic anterior circulation occlusion.     

The association of interferon‐alpha with development of collateral circulation after artery occlusion

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that interferon (IFN) signaling is enhanced in patients with poor collateral circulation (CC). However, the role and mechanisms of IFN‐alpha in the development of CC remain unknown.MethodsWe studied the serum levels of IFN‐alpha and coronary CC in a case–control study using logistics regression, including 114 coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) patients with good coronary CC and 94 CTO patients with poor coronary CC. Restricted cubic splines was used to flexibly model the association of the levels of IFN‐alpha with the incidence of good CC perfusion restoration after systemic treatment with IFN‐alpha was assessed in a mice hind‐limb ischemia model.ResultsCompared with the first IFN‐alpha tertile, the risk of poor CC was higher in the third IFN‐alpha tertile (OR: 4.79, 95% CI: 2.22–10.4, p < .001). A cubic spline‐smoothing curve showed that the risk of poor CC increased with increasing levels of serum IFN‐alpha. IFN‐alpha inhibited the development of CC in a hindlimb ischemia model. Arterioles of CC in the IFN‐alpha group were smaller in diameter than in the control group.ConclusionPatients with CTO and with poor CC have higher serum levels of IFN‐alpha than CTO patients with good CC. IFN‐alpha might impair the development of CC after artery occlusion.     

门静脉高压症脾切断流术后门静脉血栓的术前相关危险因素分析

目的 分析肝硬化门静脉高压症行脾切断流术后门静脉血栓的术前相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月因肝硬化门静脉高压症行脾切断流手术的127例患者的临床资料,分为血栓组和非血栓组,对可能导致门静脉血栓形成的术前相关因素进行多因素分析.计量资料采用Student t检验分析,计数资料采用x2检验分析.结果 患者性别、年龄、急诊手术、出血入院、腹水、食管胃底静脉曲张程度、Child-Pugh分级、术前脾静脉直径、术前肝功能(ALT、总胆红素、直接胆红素、白蛋白、球蛋白、胆碱酯酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶)、术前肾功能(肌酐)、术前凝血功能指标(凝血酶原时间、凝血酶原活动度、活化部分凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比值、纤维蛋白原、凝血酶时间、抗凝血酶Ⅲ)等在两组间的差异无统计学意义;出血病史、术前门静脉直径、AST、尿素氮在两组间的差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05).术前门静脉直径和出血病史是门静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素[门静脉直经:比值比为1.681,95.0％可信区间(CI)为1.300 ～ 2.173,P＜ 0.01;出血病史:比值比为2.446,95.0％ CI为1.019 ～ 5.870,P＜0.05].有出血病史患者术前门静脉直径＞13.15 mm(受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.813,95.0％CI为0.701 ～ 0.926),及无出血病史患者术前门静脉直径＞13.57 mm时(受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.726,95.0％ CI为0.600 ～ 0.853),术后容易形成门静脉血栓.结论 肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压症行脾切断流手术的患者,术前门静脉直径及出血病史是术后门静脉血栓发生的独立危险因素.     

D-二聚体在诊断肝硬化门静脉血栓形成中的应用价值

目的探讨D-二聚体在肝硬化门静脉血栓形成中的预测价值。方法选我院自2005年1月至2008年12月所收肝硬化剔除不符合标准者共有83例入组,据螺旋CT增强扫描是否合并PVT分为血栓组和对照组,观测其D-二聚体水平。结果血栓组D-二聚体水平显著高于对照组。结论 D-二聚体水平异常升高可提示门静脉血栓的形成。     

Fifteen-year follow up of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic sclerotherapy has emerged as an effective treatment for bleeding esophageal varices both in adults and children but the long-term outcome is poorly defined in children. The authors report a 15-year follow up of sclerotherapy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. METHODS: Between June 1982 and February 1992, 69 children with bleeding esophageal varices underwent sclerotherapy; variceal eradication was achieved in 63 (91.3%) patients, with procedure-related morbidity of 28.9% and mortality of 1.4%. Fifty-nine patients with variceal eradication were followed for between 10.4 and 20.1 years (mean, 15.1 +/- 3.1 years). RESULTS: After a median period of 3 years (range, 1.2-12.8 years), seven (11.9%) patients presented with recurrent bleeding (esophageal varices, four; gastric varices, two; and duodenal ulcer, one). Recurrent bleeding occurred in six of seven (85.7%) patients within the first 4 years of initial variceal eradication. Esophageal varices recurred in eight (13.6%) patients. Five of the seven patients with recurrent bleeding and all eight with recurrent varices were effectively treated with further sclerotherapy. Two patients with gastric variceal bleeding unresponsive to sclerotherapy underwent shunt surgery. Elective surgery was required in eight additional patients for reasons other than recurrent varices or bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that (i) sclerotherapy is the ideal, safe and effective treatment for bleeding esophageal varices, that it prevented bleeding in 88.1% patients after variceal eradication and hence, should be included in primary management strategies; (ii) follow-up endoscopy should be performed on a yearly basis for the first 4 years after variceal eradication; and (iii) surgery is required as a complementary technique for patients with uncontrolled bleeding, painful splenomegaly, growth retardation and symptomatic portal biliopathy.     

Late complication in patients undergoing pancreatic resection with intraoperative radiation therapy: gastrointestinal bleeding with occlusion of the portal system

BACKGROUND: There are few reports of late complications in patients who have undergone pancreatic resection with intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), because carcinoma of the pancreas (PCa) and the bile duct (BCa) have a poor prognosis. The purpose of the present paper was to review gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding occurring with occlusion of the portal system (PVs) as a complication of IORT in patients surviving long term without recurrence. PATIENTS: From 1990 to 1999, 45 patients underwent surgical resection of the pancreas with IORT. Eleven of these patients survived >3 years without recurrence, and occlusion of PVs was recognized in five patients at follow-up examination. Three of these five patients received repeated blood transfusions for GI bleeding. RESULTS: One patient had BCa and two had PCa, and pancreatoduodenectomy was carried out. The delivered radiation doses of IORT were 30 Gy (two patients) and 35 Gy (one patient). The postoperative periods to initial GI bleeding were 36, 26 and 9 months, respectively. In all cases, angiography revealed occlusion of PVs and the collateral circulation. The bleeding points were esophageal varix (case 1), remnant stomach varix (case 2) and a jejunal ulcer (case 3), and blood transfusions were carried out totaling 44, 60 and 16 units, respectively. The GI bleeding disappeared spontaneously in case 1, developed sporadically in case 2 and was stopped by metallic stent insertion in PVs in case 3. CONCLUSION: During long-term follow up after pancreatectomy with IORT, it is necessary to monitor patients for GI bleeding. A clinical trial on optimum doses, long-term safety and benefit of IORT is necessary.     

fQRS波对冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞患者侧枝循环分级及PCI术后心功能改善的预测价值

目的观察冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者碎裂QRS波(fQRS)与冠状动脉侧枝循环分级及接受冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后心功能改善情况的关系。方法纳入2013年1月至2016年12月在中国医科大学盛京医院住院的冠状动脉完全闭塞病变患者245例,统计患者生物化学指标、心电图、介入手术资料、侧枝循环Rentrop分级、术前术后心功能指标。根据心电图有无碎裂QRS波分为碎裂QRS波组(fQRS组,n=108)和无碎裂QRS波组(nfQRS组,n=137),分析两组患者fQRS波与侧枝循环分级、PCI术后6个月及术后1年的心功能改善情况。结果有fQRS波的患者侧枝循环等级比nfQRS组高,两组患者PCI术后左心室射血分数、6 min步行试验距离均有增加,左心室舒张末容积指数、脑钠肽均有下降,fQRS组与nfQRS组相比以上指标改变更加明显,且侧枝循环分级与心功能改善程度呈正相关。结论冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞患者心电图出现fQRS波与侧枝循环分级呈正相关,冠状动脉介入治疗能够改善慢性完全闭塞患者的心功能,合并fQRS波的患者心功能改善更加明显。     

脾外伤致门静脉海绵样变性1例

1临床资料患者,男,52岁,汉族,吉林省扶余县人,因间断性左上腹部隐痛1年,加重伴乏力3个月来我院就诊。该患者1年前因左上腹部撞击伤后开始出现上腹部疼痛,疼痛性质为隐痛,无恶心、呕吐,无腹胀,无反酸、胃内烧灼感,无厌油腻,无呕血、黑便,自行服用"消炎药"后症状略缓解,因不影响日常生活,未系统     

Successful resection of cholangiocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the main trunk of the portal vein

A space-occupying lesion in the right hepatic lobe, with dilated peripheral bile ducts, was observed by ultrasonography and computed tomography in a 50-year-old man with right upper quadrant abdominal pain. One month later, this lesion evidenced rapid growth and a tumor thrombus, which completely occluded the main trunk and the left primary branch of the portal vein, had developed. The tumor was diagnosed as a cholangiocellular carcinoma with an unusual pattern of intravascular extension. The primary tumor and the portal tumor thrombus were resected via a right hepatic trisegmentectomy combined with resection of the portal vein and extrahepatic bile duct, using a superior mesenteric vein—left femoral vein catheter bypass (SMV—FV bypass). The SMV—FV bypass was found to effectively reduce intraoperative hemorrhage.