爆炸物检测中微弱NQR信号的处理

介绍了用核四极矩共振技术检测爆炸物品的原理及检测过程中信号的处理方法。根据NQR测量中接收信号极其微弱的特点,针对以数字累加技术处理NQR信号的常规方法,提出了利用相关检测的方法来处理核四极矩共振（NQR）信号,该方法可以更有效地提高信噪比,并消除随机噪声和外界干扰对接收信号的干扰,从而提高了检测微弱NQR信号的准确性。     

基于时频稀疏性的跳频信号背景噪声估计算法

背景噪声估计是自适应盲信号检测的依据.针对传统背景噪声估计复杂度高不适用于宽带卫星跳频信号盲处理系统的现实问题,提出了一种利用跳频信号稀疏性的背景噪声估计算法.理论分析了该算法的可靠性和复杂度,并应用仿真数据和实际信号验证了算法的有效性.相比传统算法,该算法可提供相近的噪声估计结果,而计算复杂度和数据缓存大为降低.     

浅谈广播电视无线技术的检测与管理

无线电信号检测方法在广播电视信号检测技术中已经广泛应用,本文利用基于MMSE准则完成自适应信道估计和补偿算法设计,利用估计出的信道质量数据对广播电视输入信号做相应补偿,提高了广播电视系统性能和电视广播质量。     

基于小波包变换的语音信号降噪研究

应用小波包滤波技术,采用半软阈值函数,Donoho标准差估计,基于统计学数据的阈值确定方法,实现了语音信号的白噪声降噪处理,并通过仿真验证了算法的可行性。     

基于模糊函数的AIS信号码元序列估计算法研究

针对获取船舶状态信息的需求,研究了AIS信号码元序列估计技术,提出了一种新的AIS信号码元序列估计算法。利用AIS信号的先验信息构造了AIS样本信号,采用雷达信号处理中模糊函数的思想,获得AIS信号的起始时刻、频偏、幅度等参数进行有效估计,进而估计出AIS信号的码元序列。该方法不需要对AIS信号进行解调。算法的有效性通过对实际接收到的AIS信号数据进行处理得到了验证。     

基于压缩感知的OFDM稀疏信道估计应用

压缩感知理论可通过远低于那奎斯特准则的方式进行采样数据,仍能够精确恢复出原始信号,基于CS技术的信道估计可减少OFDM系统中导频的数量,同时可获得较好的估计性能,本文通过介绍CS理论和OFDM信道估计方法,将CS理论应用到信道估计中,重点介绍通过ROMP算法估计信道冲击响应函数。     

乘性和加性噪声中二维谐波频率估计

噪声中的谐波恢复问题是信号处理领域的一个典型问题,在众多领域中有着广泛的应用。本文主要研究零均值乘性和加性噪声并存下的二维谐波信号频率估计问题,提出了一种基于数据矩阵的奇异值分解和子空间的旋转不变性的零均值乘性和加性噪声中的谐波频率的估计方法。乘性噪声为零均值情形下传统的估计方法往往难以直接应用或估计失效。本文利用谐波模型信号特征,通过对观测信号进行平方运算构造了一个数据矩阵。通过对数据矩阵的特征值进行理论分析,结合子空间旋转不变性,得到了零均值乘性和加性噪声中的谐波频率和数据矩阵之间的一种内在关系。这个性质可以用于零均值乘性和加性噪声并存下的二维谐波信号频率估计,并且所得的二维频率能自动配对。仿真实验验证了本文所提算法的有效性。      

基于深度卷积网络的二维波达方向估计方法

为了提高信号波达方向估计技术的实时性和简便性,设计了一种适用于估计均匀圆阵多信号波达方向的深度卷积网络。由阵列观测数据得到的协方差矩阵被当作是包含实部和虚部两个通道的图像,将其当作是卷积神经网络的输入张量,便可以通过训练网络来提取包含在信号协方差矩阵中的波达方向细微特征,从而实现准确快速地同时对多个入射信号的方向进行估计的目的。仿真结果表明,设计的深度卷积网络能够很好地完成二维信号波达方向估计。相比于现有估计方法,卷积网络给出的结果更加精确,且算法相对稳定。因此,提出的深度卷积网络在多目标方位识别与跟踪领域具有潜在的工程应用价值。     

用于APSK和QAM信号信噪比估计的改进分段数据拟合算法

为提高幅相键控( APSK)信号和正交调幅( QAM)信号信噪比估计范围和精度,提出了一种改进的信号信噪比估计算法。算法首先计算接收信号平方的均值和绝对值的均值之比,然后根据星座图特征,利用多项式拟合该比值与信噪比的关系。在拟合过程中,对信噪比区间进行分段拟合来提高各段拟合精度,并用蒙特卡洛仿真经验值修正算法的固有偏差,从而得到信噪比的近似无偏估计。仿真结果表明,当信噪比估计区间为-5~20 dB且数据长度合适时,16 APSK和32 APSK信号信噪比估计偏差均值小于0.5 dB,标准差小于2 dB;该算法对16QAM和32QAM信号信噪比估计的标准差小于传统数据拟合算法。该算法运算复杂度较低,便于实时应用和硬件实现,对恒模和非恒模信号均能实现信噪比宽范围精确盲估计。     

广义相位相关用于时差估计技术研究

对雷达信号的时延估计技术进行研究是雷达信号处理的一项重要任务,本文首先介绍了典型的时差估计方法,然后结合我们的研究针对雷达信号的时差估计作出了一种改进的算法,它将相位相关技术应用到广义相关时差估计算法中,通过仿真验证了该算法的有效性,并得到了一些有益的结论。     

Robust Detection of Stochastic Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Signals

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a solid-state radio frequency (RF) spectroscopic technique, allowing the detection of compounds containing quadrupolar nuclei, a requirement fulfilled by many high explosives and narcotics. The practical use of NQR is restricted by the inherently low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the observed signals, a problem that is further exacerbated by the presence of strong RF interference (RFI). The current literature focuses on the use of conventional, multiple-pulsed NQR (cNQR) to obtain signals. Here, we investigate an alternative method called stochastic NQR (sNQR), having many advantages over cNQR, one of which is the availability of signal-of-interest free samples. In this paper, we exploit these samples forming a matched subspace-type detector and a detector employing a prewhitening approach, both of which are able to efficiently reduce the influence of RFI. Further, many of the ideas already developed for cNQR, including providing robustness to uncertainties in the assumed complex amplitudes and exploiting the temperature dependencies of the NQR spectral components, are recast for sNQR. The presented detectors are evaluated on both simulated and measured trinitrotoluene (TNT) data.      

Robust Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Signal Detection Allowing for Amplitude Uncertainties

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a solid-state radio frequency spectroscopic technique that can be used to detect compounds which contain quadrupolar nuclei, a requirement fulfilled by many high explosives and narcotics. Unfortunately, the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the observed signals currently inhibits the widespread use of the technique, thus highlighting the need for intelligent processing algorithms. In earlier work, we proposed a set of maximum likelihood-based algorithms enabling detection of even very weak NQR signals. These algorithms are based on derived realistic NQR data models, assuming that the (complex) amplitudes of the NQR signal components are known to within a multiplicative constant. However, these amplitudes, which are obtained from experimental measurements, are typically prone to some level of uncertainty. For such cases, these algorithms will experience a loss in performance. Herein, we develop a set of robust algorithms, allowing for uncertainties in the assumed amplitudes, showing that these offer a significant performance gain over the current state-of-the art techniques.     

Exploiting temperature dependency in the detection of NQR signals

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) offers an unequivocal method of detecting and identifying land mines. Unfortunately, the practical use of NQR is restricted by the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the means to improve the SNR are vital to enable a rapid, reliable, and convenient system. In this paper, an approximate maximum-likelihood detector (AML) is developed, exploiting the temperature dependency of the NQR frequencies as a way to enhance the SNR. Numerical evaluation using both simulated and real NQR data indicate a significant gain in probability of accurate detection as compared with the current state-of-the-art approach.     

Frequency-selective detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance signals

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) offers an unequivocal method of detecting and identifying both hidden explosives, such as land mines, and a variety of narcotics. Unfortunately, the practical use of NQR is restricted by a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and means to improve the SNR are vital to enable a rapid, reliable, and convenient system. In this paper, we introduce a frequency-selective approximate maximum-likelihood (FSAML) detector, operating on a subset of the available frequencies, making it robust to the typically present narrow-band interference. The method exploits the inherent temperature dependency of the NQR frequencies as a way to enhance the SNR. Numerical evaluations, using both simulated and real NQR data, indicate a significant gain in probability of accurate detection as compared to a current state-of-the-art approach.     

Exploiting Spin Echo Decay in the Detection of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Signals

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a radio-frequency technique that can be used to detect the presence of quadrupolar nuclei, such as the ¹⁴N nucleus prevalent in many explosives and narcotics. In a typical application, one observes trains of decaying NQR echoes, in which the decay is governed by the spin echo decay time(s) of the resonant line(s). In most detection algorithms, these echoes are simply summed to produce a single echo with a higher signal-to-noise ratio, ignoring the decaying echo structure of the signal. In this paper, after reviewing current NQR signal models, we propose a novel NQR data model of the full echo train and detail why and how these echo trains are produced. Furthermore, we refine two recently proposed approximative maximum-likelihood detectors that enable the algorithms to optimally exploit the proposed echo train model. Extensive numerical evaluations based on both simulated and measured NQR data indicate that the proposed detectors offer a significant improvement as compared to current state-of-the-art detectors     

Measured Frequency Diversity Improvement for Digital Radio

This paper presents the measured frequency diversity improvement factor for 6 GHz 16-QAM 90 Mbit/s digital radio on the 26.4 mi Atlanta-Palmetto path in Georgia. Two channels with a center frequency separation of 59.3 MHz were used in a one-by-one frequency diversity experiment. The 1980 data and the 1982 data indicate a frequency diversity improvement factor of 100 and 45, respectively, at the outage threshold of 10^-3BER. This is in contrast to the improvement factor of 9 predicted for analog FM radio at the same fade margin. The measured one-by-one frequency diversity improvement factor is comparable to the measured space diversity improvement factor with 30 ft antenna spacing on the same path. We conclude that 1) frequency diversity can provide a large improvement factor for digital radio, 2) as an alternative to space diversity, frequency diversity can provide substantial cost savings for digital radio routes, and 3) the frequency diversity calculation based on analog FM radio experience is too conservative (i.e., pessimistic) for digital radio application. These experimental findings are in agreement with recent advances in digital radio diversity modeling. Digital radio performance depends heavily on the multipath dispersion in the channel. The measured data indicate that the power fade depths in the two channels are highly correlated, whereas the multipath dispersion in the two channels is decorrelated. This correlation difference provides insight into the measured large frequency diversity improvement factor for digital radio.     

Millimeter-wave broad-band fiber-wireless system incorporating baseband data transmission over fiber and remote LO delivery

We present the first demonstration of a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) broadband fiber-wireless system which incorporates baseband data transmission in both the downstream (622 Mb/s) and upstream (155 Mb/s) directions. The local oscillator (LO) required at the remote antenna base station for up- and downconversion to/from the mm-wave radio frequency (RF) is delivered remotely via a modulation scheme that is tolerant to the effects of fiber chromatic dispersion on the detected LO carrier power. The technique employs a single dual electrode modulator located at the central office (CO) and the data and an RF signal at a frequency equal to half the LO frequency, are applied simultaneously to the device. The modulation scheme was optimized as a function of the modulator operating conditions. Simultaneous bidirectional radio transmission in the mm-wave fiber-wireless network was implemented using specially designed mm-wave diplexers located at the base station (BS) and customer unit, and a single Ka-band printed antenna array at the BS operating simultaneously in transmit and receive mode. Error-free data transmission was demonstrated for both down(34.8 GHz) and uplinks (37.5 GHz) after 20 km of single-mode optical fiber and a bit error rate (BER) of 10/sup -6/ was achieved after the inclusion of a 2-m radio link.     

A PC-based software receiver using a novel front-end technology

Since the software radio concept was introduced, much progress has been made in the past few years in making it a reality. Many software radio based systems have been designed through the development efforts of both commercial and noncommercial organizations. While the term software radio has meant many things, the ultimate goal in software radio has been the realization of an agile radio that can transmit and receive signals at any carrier frequency using any protocol, all of which can be reprogrammed virtually instantaneously. Such a system places great demands on the limits of data converter and processor technologies since it requires real-time disposition of gigasamples of data produced by direct conversion of wireless signals into digital data. From a processing standpoint, the challenge in software radio is to exploit the three basic processor types-fixed architecture processors, FPGAs, and programmable DSPs/RISCs/CISCs-in such a way as to optimize the three-way trade-offs between speed, power dissipation, and programmability. With respect to the latter characteristic, the issues of high-level language interfaces, portability, and reprogramming speed must be considered. This article describes the architecture and operation of a PC-based software radio receiver. The development environment is a real-time PC-based platform that allows testing to be done in a simple manner using the main software functionality of a PC. The front-end of the receiver implemented in hardware represents a novel wideband design (bandwidth of up to 100 MHz centered at a carrier frequency of up to 2 GHz) that functionally converts wireless signals directly into a gigasample digital data stream in the receiver (and vice versa in the transmitter). This direct conversion approach shows the greatest promise in realizing the main goal of software radio     

Implementation of Reconfigurable Transceiver using GNU Radio and HackRF One

Relying on the past technology radio reception through hardware needs front end tuning which in turn internally changes the frequency of the capacitor. Thus the conventional radio can capture the required frequency by tuning manually. As the technology advances the wireless technology shown the light of cognition through which real time data transmission and reception are implemented using reconfigurable radio i.e., Software Defined Radio (SDR) whose physical layer functions are mainly or fully defined by software. In this paper, HackRFOne (Software defined Radio SDR) is tuned to the required radio frequency by employing GNU Radio Companion and Gqrx (spectrum viewer), where both GNU Radio and Gqrx are an open ended software. Cognitive Radio have revealed that by varying the software, the hardware adjustment is possible only within a fraction of the time. However, this requires more knowledge on signal processing blocks so that adjusting certain parameters like gain and frequency of filter can be made in the receiver side. The goal of this paper is to focus on the signal processing blocks which plays vital role in implementing the transmitter / receiver for reconfigurable wireless communication system.

     

Performance analysis of a time diversity ARQ in land mobile radio

A time diversity automatic repeat-request (ARQ) scheme with a finite number of transmissions is investigated for a digital FM mobile radio with frequency demodulation (FD). It processes all the retransmissions of a single data block using postdetection diversity combining. The analysis of the signal energy per bit required for a given bit error rate (BER) and the spectral efficiency in a cellular mobile radio system are presented. The results obtained from the numerical calculations show that this ARQ scheme offers a performance superior to both the basic ARQ scheme and the time-diversity scheme