MgO催化剂上以H2O2为氧源的苯乙烯环氧化反应

采用直接焙烧Mg(NO3)2·6H2O制备了固体MgO催化剂,并以H2O2为氧源,乙腈为溶剂,考察了其对苯乙烯环氧化反应的催化性能.运用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、热重和CO2程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,MgO表面碱的强度在苯乙烯环氧化反应中起主导作用,而其表面的碱量、比表面积及孔体积等的影响较小.经75...     

苯环上氯取代位对四苯基金属卟啉催化烯烃环氧化性能的影响

以苯乙烯、环己烯和反式二苯乙烯为烯烃底物,以双氧水、叔丁基过氧化氢和异丙苯过氧化氢为氧化剂,以苯环上对位和邻位氯取代的四苯基金属卟啉为仿生催化剂,对烯烃的催化环氧化反应进行了对比研究.讨论了不同氯取代位的四苯基金属卟啉对烯烃环氧化性能的影响.实验结果表明,在没有助催化剂存在下,邻位氯代的四(2,6-二氯苯基)铁(锰)卟啉对烯烃的环氧化具有优异的催化性能,烯烃底物的转化率和环氧选择性都比对位氯代的四苯基铁(锰)卟啉高,且反应条件温和.其中FeⅢ(TDCPP)Cl的催化性能最好,环氧化选择性最高,催化氧化苯乙烯时,环氧苯乙烷的选择性达到了90.4%.相同金属离子不同配体的金属卟啉传递氧原子的能力为TDCPP>T(p-Cl)PP>TPP.氧化剂的结构对环氧化物的选择性有较大影响.过氧键连有吸电子基团的异丙苯过氧化氢对环氧化物的选择性最高.根据实验结果,对金属卟啉催化环氧化机理进行了分析.     

Effect of Phenyl CI Substituent Position on the Catalytic Performance for Olefin Epoxidation of Tetraphenylmetalloporphyrins

以苯乙烯、环己烯和反式二苯乙烯为烯烃底物,以双氧水、叔丁基过氧化氢和异丙苯过氧化氢为氧化剂,以苯环上对位和邻位氯取代的四苯基金属卟啉为仿生催化剂,对烯烃的催化环氧化反应进行了对比研究.讨论了不同氯取代位的四苯基金属卟啉对烯烃环氧化性能的影响.实验结果表明,在没有助催化剂存在下,邻位氯代的四（2,6-二氯苯基）铁（锰）卟啉对烯烃的环氧化具有优异的催化性能,烯烃底物的转化率和环氧选择性都比对位氯代的四苯基铁（锰）卟啉高,且反应条件温和.其中FeⅢ（TDCPP）Cl的催化性能最好,环氧化选择性最高,催化氧化苯乙烯时,环氧苯乙烷的选择性达到了90.4%.相同金属离子不同配体的金属卟啉传递氧原子的能力为TDCPP〉T（p-Cl）PP〉TPP.氧化剂的结构对环氧化物的选择性有较大影响.过氧键连有吸电子基团的异丙苯过氧化氢对环氧化物的选择性最高.根据实验结果,对金属卟啉催化环氧化机理进行了分析.     

Co-MCM-41的表征及其催化苯乙烯环氧化性能

 分别采用模板剂离子交换法(TIE法)、水热合成法(DHT法)及浸渍法合成了Co-MCM-41,此催化剂能够在无共还原剂存在条件下催化以氧气为氧化剂的烯烃环氧化反应. 另外考察了催化剂的结构特别是钴的存在状态与催化性能之间的关系,以期能够弄清催化环氧化反应中催化剂活性位的本质. X射线衍射及N2吸附-脱附等结果证实,当导入分子筛中的钴的量在2.2%以下时,所有的Co-MCM-41均具有规整排列的六方孔道结构. 漫反射光谱和H2程序升温还原等结果表明,通过TIE法合成的样品中钴主要以孤立态钴离子(single-site Co(Ⅱ))形式存在,而以DHT法合成的样品中钴主要以微晶态Co2SiO4形式存在,浸渍法合成的样品中则存在大量颗粒状氧化钴. 催化反应结果表明,当钴含量均接近1.0%时,采用 TIE法合成的样品的苯乙烯转化率为45%,而用DHT法和浸渍法合成的样品的苯乙烯转化率均低于30%. 考虑到氧化钴和Co2SiO4的低活性以及DHT法和浸渍法合成样品中可能存在一小部分孤立态钴离子,我们推测MCM-41中的孤立态钴离子是催化活化分子氧发生环氧化反应的高效活性位.     

后处理工艺制备多级孔Ti-BEA沸石及其环氧化催化性能

基于脱铝多级孔BEA沸石与二氯二茂钛的固相反应,开展了钛掺杂量可调的多级孔Ti-beta后处理工艺制备研究.对制备的多级孔Ti-beta样品的理化性质进行了表征,包括X射线衍射、氮气吸附脱附测试、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外可见吸收光谱和紫外拉曼光谱等.结果表明,多级孔BEA沸石具有较好的化学稳定性,脱铝-钛化的后处理过程未对样品多级孔结构产生明显影响. 以环己烯和十二烯的烯烃环氧化为探针反应表征了合成多级孔Ti-beta与纯相微孔Ti-beta沸石的催化性能.结果表明,在小分子环己烯的环氧化反应中,多级孔Ti-beta沸石的催化活性(转化率59.4%)与微孔Ti-beta相当(转化率57.9%);但是在较大分子十二烯的催化反应中,多级孔结构Ti-beta材料的催化性能(转化率11.1%)明显优于纯相微孔材料(转化率6.8%),且产物中环氧化物选择性更高(分别为60.3%和37.8%).     

后处理工艺制备多级孔Ti-BEA沸石及其环氧化催化性能（英文）

基于脱铝多级孔BEA沸石与二氯二茂钛的固相反应,开展了钛掺杂量可调的多级孔Ti-beta后处理工艺制备研究.对制备的多级孔Ti-beta样品的理化性质进行了表征,包括X射线衍射、氮气吸附脱附测试、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外可见吸收光谱和紫外拉曼光谱等.结果表明,多级孔BEA沸石具有较好的化学稳定性,脱铝-钛化的后处理过程未对样品多级孔结构产生明显影响.以环己烯和十二烯的烯烃环氧化为探针反应表征了合成多级孔Ti-beta与纯相微孔Ti-beta沸石的催化性能.结果表明,在小分子环己烯的环氧化反应中,多级孔Ti-beta沸石的催化活性(转化率59.4%)与微孔Ti-beta相当(转化率57.9%);但是在较大分子十二烯的催化反应中,多级孔结构Ti-beta材料的催化性能(转化率11.1%)明显优于纯相微孔材料(转化率6.8%),且产物中环氧化物选择性更高(分别为60.3%和37.8%).     

双二茂铁基醛亚胺钼（ＶＩ）配合物的合成及催化性能

通过二茂铁甲醛与丙二胺反应得到双二茂铁基醛亚胺配体N~1,N~3-双二茂铁亚甲基丙烷-1, 3-二胺(FcMP), FcMP与MoO_2Cl_2(THF)_2的四氢呋喃溶液作用, 合成了双二茂铁基醛亚胺钼(VI)配合物. 以配合物为催化剂, 叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂, 分别以苯乙烯和环己烯为底物, 考察了温度、时间、催化剂量及溶剂对于烯烃均相环氧化反应的催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 在最优实验条件下, 反应12 h, 环己烯的转化率为88%, 环氧环己烷的选择性为98%;苯乙烯的转化率为84%, 氧化苯乙烯的选择性为76%. 催化剂经简单分离可回收使用, 且催化活性基本保持不变. 同时对环氧化反应的机理进行了初步探讨.     

富含氧空位的多级0D/2D Co_3O_4催化剂在苯乙烯环氧化反应中的应用（英文）

碳氢化合物的催化氧化是化学工业中一个非常重要的反应.在各种氧化反应中,由于环氧化物是制药工业和精细化学品生产中的重要中间体,而使得烯烃的催化环氧化反应近年来得到了广泛关注.环氧苯乙烷(SO)作为一种重要的环氧化物,广泛用于精细化学品、表面涂料、化妆品和环氧树脂等的生产过程中.合成SO的传统方法均需使用危险化学品,产生大量有害物质,且SO选择性差.因此,从绿色化学和可持续化学的观点来看,以苯乙烯为底物,研究使用H_2O_2,O_2或有机氢过氧化物作为氧化剂来制取SO的方法具有非常重要的意义.在苯乙烯环氧化反应所使用的各种均相催化剂中,钴离子及其配合物具有较高的活性.然而,这些均相催化剂的分离和随后的再循环过程仍然是一个巨大的挑战,严重限制了它们的进一步应用.因此,多相催化剂,包括钴基催化剂,由于易于分离和回收,且反应条件较为温和,已被应用于苯乙烯的环氧化反应中.然而,它们通常需要复杂的制备方法,并且催化活性和SO选择性待提高.因此,开发简单但具有高活性和稳定性的钴基多相催化剂并将其用于苯乙烯的环氧化反应仍然是一个有趣而富有挑战性的研究.本文通过一种简易的液相NaBH_4还原策略制备了一种富含氧空位的多级0D/2DCo_3O_4催化剂,采用XRD,Raman,SEM,TEM,EDS,XPS和N_2吸附-脱附等手段对材料的理化性质进行了系统表征.结果显示,还原处理使得初始的二维多孔的Co_3O_4片演变为具有多级结构的0D/2DCo_3O_4材料,比表面积由20.9提升至37.0 m~2/g,且表面出现了丰富的氧空位,具有更多的Co_2~+物种.将所制催化剂用于苯乙烯的环氧化反应,结果显示,在优化的反应条件下,富含氧空位的0D/2DCo_3O_4催化剂的苯乙烯转化率和SO选择性分别可达到99.3%和71.4%,且具有较好的循环使用性能,其SO收率(70.9%)较初始的2DCo_3O_4催化剂(33.2%)提高了一倍多.结果表明,0D/2DCo_3O_4催化剂在苯乙烯环氧化反应中的优异性能得益于其多级的形貌结构、表面元素价态的改变和氧空位的生成所产生的协同效应.这种简易的液相还原策略是一种非常有效的催化剂处理方法,可改变催化剂形貌结构、表面元素价态和产生缺陷位,有望应用于更多的催化反应过程中.     

球形V-MCM-48的简单合成方法

活性金属掺杂的具有三维立方孔道结构的MCM-48在芳烃的氧化反应具有潜在应用价值。使用乙醇做助溶剂,在低的模板剂浓度下,经过一步水热法首次合成了球形的V-MCM-48。通过XRD,场发射扫描电镜,氮气吸附-脱附,红外,拉曼,核磁,X射线光电子能谱和ICP等技术对样品进行了表征。结果表明这些样品具有大的比表面积(1 005 m2.g),有序的孔道结构。当V/Si的物质的量比高达2.91%时,仍没有出现V2O5晶体。大部分的钒进入了硅的骨架。所合成材料在低温过氧化氢直接氧化苯乙烯的反应中表现出良好的催化性能。     

双功能TiSn-Beta分子筛限域的串联Lewis酸催化烯烃生成1,2-二醇

1,2-二醇主要由环氧化合物水合产生、广泛用于防冻剂,聚酯树脂和医药等化学品中间体的生产.研究表明,具有Lewis酸性的含锡沸石分子筛在环氧化物的水合反应中表现出优异的催化性能.环氧化合物是众所周知的碳亲电体之一,主要由烯烃环氧化生成.含Ti(Ⅳ)沸石,如Ti-Beta和TS-1,是烯烃环氧化反应的高效催化剂.串联催化可以将多步反应整合为一次反应,无需分离中间体,有效缩短合成路线,提高生产效率.因此,双功能Ti和Sn分子筛有望应用于烯烃制二醇的串联催化反应中,即烯烃在Ti活性位点上发生环氧化反应,随后在Sn位点上发生水合反应,进而串联一步生成1,2-二醇.在沸石分子筛中产生孤立的多功能活性位点是将多步反应整合成串联催化反应的一种有吸引力的设计策略.本文通过简单且可规模制备的后合成路线构建了双功能TiSn-Beta分子筛,并用于烯烃串联催化制1,2-二醇反应.一方面,该反应中的过氧化氢溶液既能提供氧化剂(如H2O2)用于烯烃环氧化反应,又能提供环氧化合物水合反应的亲核试剂(如H2O);同时TiSn-Beta作为一种高效双功能催化剂,孤立的Ti和Sn活性中心可以有效地将烯烃环氧化反应和环氧化物水合反应串联在沸石微反应器中,实现烯烃一步转化为1,2-二醇.另一方面,沸石的限域效应较好地保证了烯烃环氧化和环氧化物水合的高串联速率和目标产物的高选择性,在最优的反应条件下,1,2-二醇选择性高达90%以上,收率接近70%.本文结果表明沸石分子筛是构筑多功能孤立活性位点的理想载体,为其他串联反应催化剂的设计提供了良好的借鉴.     

铈铬比例对CeO2-CrOx复合氧化物催化剂上1,2-二氯乙烷催化氧化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了不同铈铬比例的CeO₂-CrO_x复合氧化物(Ce/Cr 摩尔比分别为9/1、4/1、2/1、1/1、1/2、1/4、1/8)以及单纯的CeO₂和Cr₂O₃, 并研究了各催化剂对1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)的催化氧化性能. 结果表明,相较于单纯的CeO₂, 不同铈铬比例的复合氧化物催化剂对DCE的催化氧化活性有明显提高, 其中Ce/Cr 摩尔比为2/1的CeO₂-CrO_x复合氧化物上DCE的氧化活性最好, 且只有极微量的含氯等副产物产生; 随着Ce/Cr 摩尔比减小, 对HCl的选择性有下降的趋势. 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附/脱附(BET)、紫外拉曼(UV-Raman)光谱、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等实验技术, 研究了铈铬比例对铈铬复合氧化物的物理化学性质的影响. 结果表明, 适当比例Ce-Cr的复合, 形成了结构较稳定的Ce-Cr-O固溶体, 提高了催化剂活性氧物种的流动性, 催化剂表面酸量及强弱酸比例, 从而有利于DCE的吸附活化, 进一步脱氯降解以及深度氧化.     

The Solid-State-Grinding Synthesis of Maganese-Modified Cobalt Oxides and Application in the Low-Temperature CO Preferential Oxidation in H<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Rich Gases

A series of MnOx modified cobalt oxides with different atomic molar ratios of Mn/(Mn?+?Co) were prepared by a soft reactive grinding route and investigated for CO preferential oxidation in H₂. It was found that as-prepared Mn-doped cobalt oxides exhibited superior activity compared to the single constituted oxides, other Mn–Co–O mixed oxides synthesized by solution-based route, and other grinding-derived mixed metal oxides M–Co–O (M?=?Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe). The grinding-derived MnCo10 catalyst with Mn/(Mn?+?Co) molar ration of 10% showed the best CO oxidation activity and higher selectivity at low temperature. The surface richness of Co³⁺ was not found as increasing the Mn molar ratio in the present work. However, the incoporation of MnOx with proper amount into Co₃O₄ could produce high surface area, high structure defects, and rich surface active oxygen species, while the ability to supply the active oxygen species was suggested to play the crucial role in promoting the catalytic performance of Mn–Co–O mixed oxides.     

UV‐Assisted Removal of Inactive Peroxide Species for Sustained Epoxidation of Cyclooctene on Anatase TiO2

Epoxidation of olefins with H₂O₂ is one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. We found that anatase TiO₂ can be a good catalyst for the epoxidation of cyclooctene with H₂O₂ at room temperature. However, the catalyst deactivated quickly in the presence of excess amount of H₂O₂ because of the formation of inactive side‐on Ti‐η²‐peroxide species on the surface of TiO₂, the presence of which was confirmed by isotope‐labelled resonance UV Raman spectroscopy and kinetics studies. Interestingly, the epoxidation reaction could be dramatically accelerated under irradiation of UV light with λ≥350 nm. This phenomenon is attributed to the photo‐assisted removal of the inactive peroxide species, through which the active sites on the surface of anatase TiO₂ are regenerated and the catalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene with H₂O₂ is resumed. This finding provides an alternative for sustained epoxidation reactions on TiO₂ at room temperature. Moreover, it also has significant implications on the deactivation pathway and possible solutions in Ti‐based heterogeneous catalysis or photocatalysis.     

Molecular Design of Polyoxometalate-Based Compounds for Environmentally-Friendly Functional Group Transformations: From Molecular Catalysts to Heterogeneous Catalysts

This review article summarizes our recent researches for molecular design of polyoxometalates (POMs) and their related compounds for environmentally-friendly functional group transformations. The divacant POM [γ-SiW₁₀O₃₄(H₂O)₂]⁴⁻ exhibits high catalytic performance for mono-oxygenation-type reactions including epoxidation of olefins and allylic alcohols, sulfoxidation, and hydroxylation of organosilanes with H₂O₂. We have successfully synthesized several POM-based molecular catalysts (metal-substituted POMs) with controlled active sites by the introduction of metal species into the divacant POM as a “structural motif”. These molecular catalysts can efficiently activate H₂O₂ (vanadium-substituted POM for epoxidation) and alkynes (copper-substituted POM for click reaction and oxidative homocoupling of alkynes). The aluminum-substituted POM exhibits Lewis acidic catalysis for diastereoselective cyclization of (+)-citronellal to (−)-isopulegol. In addition, we have developed POM-based “molecular heterogeneous catalysts” by the “solidification” and “immobilization” of catalytically active POMs.     

双核烷基咪唑过氧磷钨酸盐相转移催化剂合成及催化烯烃环氧化性能

合成并表征了一类双核长链烷基咪唑阳离子修饰的过氧磷钨杂多酸盐催化剂[Dnmin]1.5PW4O24,考察了催化剂在过氧化氢为氧源的烯烃环氧化反应中的催化活性.研究表明,这类催化剂在反应过程中表现出相转移催化现象,并具有较高的催化活性和选择性.其中,双核十二烷基咪唑杂多酸盐催化剂[D12min]1.5PW4O24的活性最佳,其环己烯转化率和环氧环己烷选择性分别达到97.7%和96.3%.催化剂在经过简单离心分离后可重复使用,重复使用4次后环己烯转化率和环氧环己烷选择性仍可分别达到72.4%和97.2%.催化剂[D12min]1.5PW4O24在其它几种烯烃的环氧化反应中均表现出相转移催化特性,且具有较高的催化活性.     

Olefin epoxidations in the ionic liquid [C4mim][PF6] catalysed by oxodiperoxomolybdenum species in situ generated from molybdenum trioxide and urea–hydrogen peroxide: The synthesis and molecular structure of [Mo(O)(O2)2(4-MepyO)2]·H2O

Commercially available molybdenum(VI) compounds, including molybdenum trioxide, were successfully employed as catalyst precursors in the epoxidation of olefins with urea–hydrogen peroxide adduct (UHP) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C₄mim][PF₆]. After oxidation, the corresponding epoxides were isolated by extraction with diethyl ether. Additionally the ionic liquid–catalyst mixture was recycled and reused in further catalytic cycles. The catalytic species is assumed to be an oxodiperoxomolybdenum species which forms in situ. A representative complex of this type was thus isolated and characterised. Reaction of excess 4-methylpyridine-1-oxide (4-MepyO) with MoO₃ dissolved in aqueous hydrogen peroxide afforded [Mo(O)(O₂)₂(4-MepyO)₂]·H₂O (1) as yellow crystals. Compound 1, an active epoxidation catalyst, was subsequently characterised and its structure determined by X-ray crystallography.     

Trapping of a Highly Reactive Oxoiron(IV) Complex in the Catalytic Epoxidation of Olefins by Hydrogen Peroxide

The generation of a nonheme oxoiron(IV) intermediate, [(cyclam)Fe^IV(O)(CH₃CN)]²⁺ ( 2 ; cyclam=1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane), is reported in the reactions of [(cyclam)Fe^II]²⁺ with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or a soluble iodosylbenzene (sPhIO) as a rare example of an oxoiron(IV) species that shows a preference for epoxidation over allylic oxidation in the oxidation of cyclohexene. Complex 2 is kinetically and catalytically competent to perform the epoxidation of olefins with high stereo‐ and regioselectivity. More importantly, 2 is likely to be the reactive intermediate involved in the catalytic epoxidation of olefins by [(cyclam)Fe^II]²⁺ and H₂O₂. In spite of the predominance of the oxoiron(IV) cores in biology, the present study is a rare example of high‐yield isolation and spectroscopic characterization of a catalytically relevant oxoiron(IV) intermediate in chemical oxidation reactions.     

Ammonia synthesis by means of plasma over MgO catalyst

Ammonia synthesis from H₂-N₂ mixed gas was studied at room temperature in a glow-discharge plasma in the presence of metals or metal oxides. Magnesia (MgO) and calcia (CaO), which are oxides with solid basicity, revealed catalytic activity in the plasma synthesis of ammonia, although they are catalytically inactive in industrial ammonia synthesis. The acidic oxides (Al₂O₃, WO₃, and SiO₂-Al₂O₃) lead to the consumption of the reactant, i.e., the H₂-N₂ mixed gas. No ammonia was isolated. Metal catalysts showed higher activity than the above basic oxides. They have, however, different activities. The reaction was faster over the active materials than over sodium chloride (NaCl) or glass wool or in a blank reactor without any catalyst.     

硬模板法制备铈基复合氧化物及其对甲苯燃烧的催化性能

采用硬模板法制得CeM-HT(M=Cu、Mn、Fe和Co)复合氧化物催化剂,借助XRD、BET、O₂-TPD和H₂-TPR研究了催化剂的物理化学性质,通过甲苯催化燃烧探针反应评价了催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,CuO、MnO_x、FeO_x和Co₃O₄能溶入CeO₂晶格形成Ce-O-Cu、Ce-O-Mn、Ce-O-Fe和Ce-O-Co固溶体,Cu和Mn离子的溶入导致CeO₂晶格发生了较大程度的晶格畸变,Fe和Co离子对CeO₂晶格的影响较小,且在CeCo-HT氧化物催化剂中还存在微量晶相Co₃O₄。所制得的CeM-HT氧化物催化剂表现出了优越的甲苯催化燃烧性能,在反应温度为300、270、260和230 ℃时,CeFe-HT、CeCo-HT、CeMn-HT和CeCu-HT氧化物催化剂上甲苯的催化燃烧转化率分别达93.7%、95.0%、96.5%和95.0%以上。Ce基复合氧化物催化剂的甲苯催化燃烧活性顺序与其氧脱附性能、储氧性能和可还原性能具有正相关性,遵从顺序为CeCu-HT > CeMn-HT > CeCo-HT > CeFe-HT。     

Heterogenized peroxopolyoxotungstate catalyst on the surface of clicked magnetite‐graphene oxide nanocomposite: Magnetically recoverable epoxidation catalyst

A new heterogeneous catalyst for the epoxidation of olefins was prepared by immobilization of peroxophosphotungstate anions on the surface of clicked magnetite‐graphene oxide as magnetically recoverable support. To prepare the heterogeneous catalyst, the clicked magnetite‐graphene oxide support was prepared by thiolene click reaction of thiol functionalized graphene oxide with vinyl modified magnetite nanoparticles. The tailored support was then modified with aminopropyl groups followed by electrostatic interaction with peroxophosphotungstate anions to achieve the desired heterogeneous catalyst. Characterization of the catalyst was performed by various physicochemical methods which confirmed the successful immobilization of peroxopolyoxotungstate species on the surface of clicked magnetite‐graphene oxide. Catalytic activity of the catalyst revealed its high catalytic activity and selectivity in the epoxidation of various olefins in the presence of H₂O₂ as green oxidant. This heterogeneous catalyst can be magnetically reused several times without significant loss of activity and selectivity.