无线传感器网络的数据压缩算法综述

介绍无线传感器网络的特点,分析数据压缩技术对无线传感器网络发展的重要性;综述了无线传感网络中数据压缩技术的研究现状并介绍了无线传感器网络中部分有代表性算法的研究成果:根据监测数据在时间和空间上存在某种相关性,分类出基于时空相关性的数据压缩算法;根据采用某种变换去除数据时空相关的冗余信息算法,分类出基于小波变换的数据压缩算法;在集中和分散这两种信息服务都能实现的原则基础上,分类出分布式数据压缩算法;通过对传统的压缩算法进行裁剪和优化,分类出改进的传统数据压缩算法;同时总结了各算法的适用环境及其算法中心思想;最后讨论了无线传感器网络中各种数据压缩算法在现阶段存在的不足及各种压缩方法的未来研究方向.     

层次拓扑结构的无线传感器网络能量模型

能耗效率是无线传感器网络中非常重要的性能指标。为了提高网络能耗效率,研究无线传感器网络中的能量模型是非常必要的。针对无线传感器网络层次拓扑结构模型,根据传感器节点工作能耗特点和在网络中承担的不同角色,推导出普通传感器节点、簇头节点能耗模型;并对单跳和多跳两种传输方式的网络能耗以及能耗最小时的最优簇头数进行理论分析和计算,对比了不同传输方式的网络能耗。通过理论分析推导出网络能耗和最优簇头数公式,将为设计能量有效的无线传感器网络拓扑结构算法和通信协议提供指导和理论基础。     

一种面向机动目标跟踪的交互式多模型算法

针对在传感器可能偏差的情况下进行机动目标跟踪,提出一种新的交互式多模型算法,即IMM-TS-EV算法。该算法同时考虑传感器测量模型与目标运动模型这两类模型的多样性,以此处理传感器偏差性与目标机动情况。但由于考虑两类模型可能会造成模型过多而导致性能衰退,故结合扩展维特比(EV)算法以期望能有效缓解该问题,即新算法属于一种同时考虑两类模型的改进交互式多模型扩展维特比(IMM-EV)算法。最后以仿真结果验证了算法的有效性,能够利用多模型特点同时解决传感器的偏差性与目标的机动性所带来的匹配问题。     

基于椭圆旋转的磁传感器误差补偿算法

针对硬磁干扰和软磁干扰条件下的磁罗盘误差补偿问题,对传统的误差椭圆假设模型进行改进,提出一种基于椭圆旋转的磁传感器误差补偿算法。分析磁罗盘误差产生的因素,并建立椭圆旋转数学模型。采用非线性最小二乘拟合算法推导出误差补偿参数公式。利用Honeywell双轴磁阻传感器的测量值和椭圆旋转拟合的算法,对两轴磁传感器进行测试标定与误差补偿。实验结果表明,椭圆旋转算法能够有效补偿外部磁场产生的硬磁干扰和软磁干扰,与传统的椭圆模型补偿算法相比,该算法测得的航向角最大误差从2.0°减小到0.4°。     

无线传感网中节点的协同过滤定位算法

针对无线传感器网络迭代定位算法中节点定位精确度低的问题,提出了协同过滤定位算法(Cooperative Filter Localization Algorithm, CFLA)。该算法对周围只有两个信标节点的未知节点进行定位时,产生出未知节点的两个候选点。为了精准高效地判定出候选点,引入两种协同过滤定位模型。模型一,通过选择出合理的参考节点,利用该参考节点与未知节点的协作进行候选点的过滤。模型二,利用该模型中可以直接通信的未知节点之间的相互协作,判定它们之间的测距与它们的候选点间的欧式距离之间的关系过滤出精度高的候选点。仿真结果表明,在相同的网路环境下,CFLA算法在能量消耗上低于SL-n和RAMP;在信标节点占比为8%时,该算法的定位误差比SL-n算法减少了14.7%,比RAMP算法减少了9.6%,有效地提高了节点的定位精度。     

基于差值信号稀疏模型的分布式压缩感知

利用无线传感器网络的空间相关性,构建了一种差值信号稀疏模型,该模型适用于对同一物理现象或事件进行监测的传感器网络应用。在差值信号稀疏模型的基础上,提出了一种适用于该模型的分布式压缩感知算法,该算法能够在节点间不通信的情况下实现对差值信号的编码。仿真结果表明,与单独重构相比,提出的算法可以用更少的观测值联合重构出信号群,以能量有效的方式满足了无线传感器网络的应用。     

基于鸡群优化的无线传感器网络三面定位算法

针对无线传感器网络空间定位问题进行了研究,为了提高未知节点的定位精度,提出一种基于鸡群优化的无线传感器网络三面定位算法。该算法结合了两种未知节点的求解方法,首先利用三面定位模型,通过求取三个面的交点来获取未知节点的坐标;再使用鸡群优化算法进行改进,根据三面定位法计算出的坐标值以及离未知节点最近信标节点的坐标进行初始化,迭代寻优。使用MATLAB进行仿真,改变算法的迭代次数、信标节点占比和通信距离,来对定位精度进行分析。结果表明该定位算法具有较高的定位精度与较快的收敛速度,且陷入局部最优的可能性低于粒子群定位算法。     

新的分布交互式多模型广义概率数据关联算法

为有效解决密集杂波环境下分布式多传感器多机动目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于改进D-S证据组合规则的分布交互式多模型多传感器广义概率数据关联（DIMM-MSGPDA-IDS）算法。该算法首先对各局部节点均应用单传感器的IMM-GPDA算法跟踪多机动目标,并将其各模型的状态估计、协方差估计、模型概率、组合新息及其协方差矩阵等滤波结果送至融合中心;在航迹关联判决结束后,融合中心根据各模型对应似然函数的大小融合不同传感器关于同一目标的模型状态估计及其协方差矩阵,并提出利用三维（3-D）证据进行直接融合的改进D-S算法对来源于同一目标的不同传感器的各模型概率进行有效融合,然后依此概率来更新各目标的状态估计并反馈至各局部节点,使之获得更为精确的状态预测;最后,将该算法与基于D-S证据组合规则的分布交互式多模型多传感器联合概率数据关联（DIMM-MSJPDA-DS）算法进行仿真对比分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法能够很好地对强机动目标进行跟踪,且其计算量相对较小,是一种有效的分布交互式多模型多传感器多机动目标跟踪算法。     

异构传感网中基于组合指派编码模型的节点调度算法

针对感知半径异构无线传感器网络(WSN)中的节点调度问题,提出了一种基于组合指派编码模型的分布式节点调度算法。首先确定最大可能的组个数;然后基于两跳簇概念进行分布式分簇;最后对每个簇中的节点采用组合指派编码模型分布式调度到不同的组中。理论分析与仿真实验表明,与已有基于随机方式与两跳簇方式的调度算法相比,所提算法能更有效地延长网络的生命周期,因此更加适合感知半径异构无线传感器网络环境。     

多模型传感器故障软闭环容错控制研究

针对一类非线性系统建立精确机理模型困难、且仅用单一模型进行故障检测与容错不甚可靠等问题,提出一种基于数据驱动的多模型传感器故障软闭环容错控制方法,并对非线性系统中卡死、恒增益、恒偏差等常见传感器故障进行了研究。首先采用历史数据建立了系统的RBF神经网络、最小二乘支持向量机和核部分最小二乘三种预测模型,并基于序贯概率比检验算法同时以多个模型产生的残差对传感器进行故障检测;当检测出传感器发生故障时,则用系统多个预测模型的融合值代替传感器的输出,从而以软闭环方式实现对传感器故障的容错控制。最后将所提出的方法应用于一阶水箱液位控制系统,实验结果表明多残差与序贯概率比检验算法的结合能够可靠诊断传感器故障,多预测值优化融合的软闭环可对传感器故障实现安全、高性能容错。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).