基于层次划分的最佳聚类数确定方法

确定数据集的聚类数目是聚类分析中一项基础性的难题.常用的trail-and-error方法通常依赖于特定的聚类算法,且在大型数据集上计算效率欠佳.提出一种基于层次思想的计算方法,不需要对数据集进行反复聚类,它首先扫描数据集获得CF(clusteringfeature,聚类特征)统计值,然后自底向上地生成不同层次的数据集划分,增量地构建一条关于不同层次划分的聚类质量曲线;曲线极值点所对应的划分用于估计最佳的聚类数目.另外,还提出一种新的聚类有效性指标用于衡量不同划分的聚类质量.该指标着重于簇的几何结构且独立于具体的聚类算法,能够识别噪声和复杂形状的簇.在实际数据和合成数据上的实验结果表明,新方法的性能优于新近提出的其他指标,同时大幅度提高了计算效率.     

基于层次划分的密度优化聚类算法

针对传统的聚类算法对数据集反复聚类,且在大型数据集上计算效率欠佳的问题,提出一种基于层次划分的最佳聚类数和初始聚类中心确定算法——基于层次划分密度的聚类优化(CODHD)。该算法基于层次划分,对计算过程进行研究,不需要对数据集进行反复聚类。首先,扫描数据集获得所有聚类特征的统计值;其次,自底向上地生成不同层次的数据划分,计算每个划分数据点的密度,将最大密度点定为中心点,计算中心点距离更高密度点的最小距离,以中心点密度与最小距离乘积之和的平均值为有效性指标,增量地构建一条关于不同层次划分的聚类质量曲线;最后,根据曲线的极值点对应的划分估计最佳聚类数和初始聚类中心。实验结果表明,所提CODHD算法与预处理阶段的聚类优化(COPS)算法相比,聚类准确度提高了30%,聚类算法效率至少提高14.24%。所提算法具有较强的可行性和实用性。     

层次聚类算法的改进及分析

层次凝聚算法是一个非常有用的聚类算法,它在迭代地凝聚每次接近对直到所有的数据都属于同一个簇.但层次聚类也存在着几个缺点,如聚类时的时空复杂性高;聚类的簇效率低、误差较大等.经验研究表明,大部分HAC算法都有这样一个趋势:除了在谱系图的顶层,所有低层聚类的簇都是比较小的并且很接近于其他的簇,提出了一种改进算法能够减小时空复杂性并能验证其正确性,分析与实验都证明这种方法是非常有效的.     

基于谱聚类的全局中心快速更新聚类算法

针对高维数据在聚类过程中存在迭代次数多、运算耗时长等问题,提出一种改进的聚类算法,首先采用谱聚类对样本降维,再选取k个首尾相连且距离乘积最大的数据对象作为初始聚类中心,在簇中心更新过程中,选取与簇均值距离最近的数据对象作为簇中心,并将其他数据对象按最小距离划分至相应簇中,反复迭代,直至收敛。实验结果表明,新算法的Rand指数、Jaccard系数和Adjusted Rand Index等聚类指标全部优于K-means算法及其他3种改进聚类算法,在运行效率方面,新算法的聚类耗时更短、迭代次数更少。     

基于改进凝聚层次聚类的协议分类算法

在比特流未知协议识别过程中,针对如何将得到的多协议数据帧分为单协议数据帧这一问题,提出了一种改进的凝聚型层次聚类算法。该算法以传统的凝聚型层次聚类算法思想为基础,结合比特流数据帧的特征,定义了数据帧之间及类簇之间的相似度,采用边聚类边提取符合要求类簇的方式,能快速有效地对数据帧进行聚类;并且该算法能自动地确定聚类的个数,所得的类簇含有相似度评价指标。利用林肯实验室公布的数据集进行测试,说明该算法能以较高的正确率对协议数据帧进行聚类。     

基于连通距离和连通强度的BIRCH改进算法

为解决利用层次方法的平衡迭代规约和聚类（BIRCH）算法聚类结果依赖于数据对象的添加顺序，且对非球状的簇聚类效果不好以及受簇直径阈值的限制每个簇只能包含数量相近的数据对象的问题，提出一种改进的BIRCH算法。该算法用描述数据对象个体间连通性的连通距离和连通强度阈值替代簇直径阈值，还将簇合并的步骤加入到聚类特征树的生成过程中。在自定义及iris、wine、pendigits数据集上的实验结果表明，该算法比多阈值BIRCH、密度改进BIRCH等现有改进算法的聚类准确率更高，尤其在大数据集上比密度改进BIRCH准确率提高6个百分点，耗时降低61%。说明该算法能够适用于在线实时增量数据，可以识别非球形簇和体积不均匀簇，具有去噪功能，且时间和空间复杂度明显降低。     

多维数据集中聚类数确定算法研究

在传统确定数据集聚类数算法原理的基础上,提出一种新的算法——MHC算法。该算法采用自底向上的策略生成不同层次的数据集划分,计算每个层次的聚类划分质量,通过聚类质量选择最佳的聚类数。还设计一种新的有效性指标——BIP指标,用于衡量不同划分的聚类质量,该指标主要依托数据集的几何结构。实验结果表明,该算法能准确地确定多维数据集中的最佳聚类数。     

一种基于密度和网格的簇心可确定聚类算法

以网格化数据集来减少聚类过程中的计算复杂度,提出一种基于密度和网格的簇心可确定聚类算法.首先网格化数据集空间,以落在单位网格对象里的数据点数表示该网格对象的密度值,以该网格到更高密度网格对象的最近距离作为该网格的距离值;然后根据簇心网格对象同时拥有较高的密度和较大的距离值的特征,确定簇心网格对象,再通过一种基于密度的划分方式完成聚类;最后,在多个数据集上对所提出算法与一些现有聚类算法进行聚类准确性与执行时间的对比实验,验证了所提出算法具有较高的聚类准确性和较快的执行速度.     

基于数据场的粗糙聚类算法

聚类分析是数据挖掘的研究热点.传统的聚类算法都是把一个对象精确地划分到一个聚类簇中,类别之间的界限是非常精确的.随着Web挖掘技术的发展,精确地划分每个对象的聚类算法面临着巨大的挑战.根据数据场理论和经典粗糙集理论所具有处理不精确与不确定性数据的特性,提出一种新的基于数据场的粗糙聚类算法,该粗糙聚类算法采用势值作为对象的划分依据,避免传统粗糙聚类算法一贯采用基于欧氏距离的划分方法.算法首先通过对数据对象进行粗分然后再不断迭代细分,直至形成稳定的聚类簇.实验分析过程中,把提出的算法与粗糙K-means算法和粗糙K-medoids算法进行了比较,结果表明该算法在交叉数据集上具有较好的聚类效果,而且收敛速度较快.     

一种基于图论的聚类算法NeiMu

提出一种新的基于图论的聚类算法NeiMu。该算法首先分析数据中的对象,寻找每个对象的k近邻,根据k近邻关系构造k近邻有向图,然后通过k近邻有向图中的k-互邻居关系构造k-聚类图,发现数据中的自然聚类。算法的特点是根据数据之间的互为k近邻关系确定数据中的自然簇,而不必引入其他方法来划分小簇,从而能够保证对象不会被错误聚类,仅会与其他小簇一起融合到一个大簇中。这一优点可以有效保证NeiMu算法的聚类质量。而且,NeiMu算法给出的这种类似自底向上的层次聚类结果还有利于用户根据渐变的结果确定最佳的k值。实验结果表明,该算法对密度变化大的数据、大小相差大的数据、任意分布形状的数据均具有很好的聚类质量,对孤立点也很健壮。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.