一种基于高维混沌系统的彩色图像加密新算法

根据高维混沌系统具有更高安全性的特点，提出一种基于统一混沌系统和广义猫映射的彩色图像加密新算法。该算法先利用广义猫映射分别实现空域彩色图像三基色置乱变换，然后由统一混沌系统输出的三维混沌序列分别实现空域彩色图像三基色逐像素替代变换。研究结果表明，该算法具有良好的像素值混淆、扩散性能和较大的抵抗强力攻击的密钥空间，加密图像像素值具有类随机均匀分布特性，且相邻像素的值具有零相关特性，证明了所提出方案具有较高的安全性。     

基于多维混沌系统组合的图像加密新算法

提出了基于多维混沌系统同时对图像像素位置置乱和像素值加密的新算法。利用广义Arnold映射对图像像素位置进行置乱；利用三维Liu混沌系统产生的混沌序列得到整数密钥序列，对置乱图像像素值逐个进行加密。实验表明这种加密算法具有密钥空间大、安全性高的优越性，加密图像像素值具有类随机均匀分布特性，相邻像素具有零相关特性。     

一种基于统一混沌系统的图像加密新算法

提出了一种新的基于统一混沌系统的图像加密新算法。首先,利用统一混沌系统的二维序列排序后的位置编号置乱图像像素位置。然后引进三个辅助密钥,将统一混沌系统输出的三维混沌序列两两异或后得到的混沌密钥序列对置乱图像进行逐像素加密。实验和分析结果表明：算法具有良好的像素值混淆和扩散性能,具有抵抗强力攻击的足够大密钥空间,加密图像像素值具有类随机均匀分布特性,且相邻像素具有零相关特性。这些结果表明了所提出方案的安全性很高。     

基于多混沌的彩色图像加密算法研究

针对混沌系统产生的混沌序列具有遍历性、伪随机性、对初始条件（值）和系统参数敏感以及具有类似白噪声等特点,提出了一种利用多个混沌系统结合的方法对彩色图像进行加密的算法。首先利用Arnold变换对图像进行像素置换,然后利用统一混沌系统对图像像素加密处理,在加密的过程中利用Logistic混沌系统对统一混沌系统序列进行乱序处理。仿真结果证明,该图像加密算法具有密钥空间大,保密性好,加密速度快和加密强度高等优点。     

基于高维混沌系统组合的图像加密新算法

提出了一种基于高维混沌系统组合的图像加密算法。该算法首先利用广义猫映射对图像进行置乱,然后利用Lorenz系统对置乱后的图像进行替代变换。研究结果表明,该算法具有良好的像素值混淆、扩散性能和较大抵抗强力攻击的密钥空间,加密图像像素值具有类随机均匀分布特性,且相邻像素的值具有零相关特性。这些结果表明所提出的方案具有较高安全性。     

一种新的基于双混沌系统的图像加密方案

提出了一种新的基于双混沌系统的图像加密方案。把Chen’s系统和Logistic映射结合起来产生随机性更加良好的三维混沌密钥序列,并从密钥序列中通过采样提取出新的用于加密的序列。提出了图像置乱算法和替代加密算法,利用Logistic映射产生的一维混沌序列来实现像素位置的置乱,像素值加密算法采用按分组进行加密和二次加密来对像素值进行加密。通过实验测试表明：算法具有良好的像素值混淆和扩散性能,有较强的抗统计攻击的能力和足够大的密钥空间,加密图像像素值具有类随机均匀分布特性,且相邻像素具有零相关特性。这些结果表明了所提出方案有很高的安全性。     

一种带有随机扰动的混沌系统对彩图的加密方案

基于矩阵变换的图像加密方案,提出一种对混沌系统进行扰动的彩色图像加密新方法,并对该加密方案进行了统计分析,密钥空间和敏感性分析,序列随机性分析。实验结果表明加密图像像素值具有类随机均匀分布特性,算法具有强大的可抵抗攻击的密钥空间,安全性高。     

一种基于Logistic混沌系统的图像加密新算法

文章提出了一种新的基于混沌映射的加密算法，将图像的像素值换算为二进制，然后利用混沌序列对其某几位变换来实现加密。该方法不需要对轨道分布的先验知识，不只适用于Logistic混沌系统，而且很好地利用了混沌的特性。实验结果表明，该算法密钥敏感、密钥空间大，可有效保障加密图像的安全。同时研究了加密图像直方图的安全性。     

结合小波变换与混沌键控的视频加密算法

针对视频加密难以平衡安全性和实时性需求的问题,提出小波变换与混沌键控相结合的视频加密算法。该算法选取三维细胞神经网络系统、三维罗斯勒系统和三维陈系统作为密钥源;混沌系统的初始值、密钥的选取和密文的像素值均与明文视频有关。在置乱加密过程中采用小波变换技术,使每一帧的数据处理量减少了75%。经实验表明,该算法的密钥敏感性和明文敏感性强,密钥空间大,统计特性完全被打破,信息熵接近于理想值,具有良好的通用性、并行性、抗噪性和抗剪裁性。小波变换和混沌键控加密技术,以及"扩散"和"一次一密"加密思想的运用,有效地平衡了加密算法安全性和实时性的关系,具有一定的实用价值。     

基于小波变换的抗退化混沌图像加密算法

针对图像加密普遍存在高复杂度和安全性差的问题,结合抗退化混沌系统和小波变换,设计一种图像加密算法。利用Lorenz混沌系统,进行抗退化处理,生成混沌序列;使用小波变换,通过混沌序列对各子带系数进行置乱处理,同时对低频子带系数做扩散处理,小波逆变换后得到初始加密图像;对初始加密图像进行像素值的扩散和像素间耦合加密得到最终加密图像。仿真结果表明,该算法的密钥空间大,密钥敏感性强,可以抵抗各种攻击,具有较高的安全性和实用性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).