The study of unfrozen water in volcanic ashes (Kamchatka)

The results of the study of unfrozen water in frozen volcanic ashes of different ages and mineral compositions from Kamchatka are discussed. The results of thermal analysis of chemical and granulometric composition are presented and discussed.     

Redistribution of Au in volcanic ashes in the course of their postsedimentary alterations

The redistribution of Au in Late Precambrian volcanic ashes from the Vendian section of the East European Platform and the Sinian section of the South China Platform is characterized by high Au concentration (up to >20 ng/g) in Fe³⁺-rich samples. The Au content decreases to ～2 ng/g in Fe²⁺-rich volcanic ashes from the Vendian section of the East European Platform. This distribution pattern suggests the mobility of Au-bearing compounds in postsedimentary processes.     

华南地区二叠纪-三叠纪界线酸性火山灰的源区与规模

华南地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交(Permian-Triassic Boundary,简称PTB)火山灰与生物灭绝事件在地层层位上高度相关,可能是灭绝事件的触发因素之一,对其成因、来源和规模的研究具有重要科学意义。本研究在对广西来宾地区蓬莱滩剖面大隆组顶部凝灰质砂岩岩相学研究的基础上,通过碎屑锆石年代学、Hf同位素及微量元素的分析,结合华南地区PTB凝灰岩和火山粘土岩时空分布特征对其源区和规模进行讨论和限定。蓬莱滩剖面大隆组顶部2个凝灰质砂岩样品中81%的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄集中在235±2.7Ma~258±4.8Ma之间,呈现出~252Ma的单一峰值;11%的锆石年龄为260±3.2Ma~276±3.6Ma;年龄为294±5.8Ma~561±6.9Ma的锆石6颗;元古宙锆石5颗,最老年龄为2063±13.4Ma。样品中晚二叠世碎屑锆石的Hf同位素表现出地壳来源特征,除一颗锆石值为+10.3外,其余均落在-16.5~-5.0之间,与华南PTB典型剖面基本一致。碎屑锆石U-Th-Hf-Nb微量元素特征显示其具有来源于大陆岩浆弧的属性。蓬莱滩剖面凝灰质砂岩中存在大量粒径0.5~2mm的晶屑,部分粒径甚至达到3mm,这些粗粒火山碎屑物暗示该剖面距离火山口源区较近。蓬莱滩剖面火山碎屑物的锆石U-Pb年龄和地层位置与华南PTB火山灰基本一致,并具有相似的锆石Hf同位素和微量元素特征,表明两者可能来自同一源区。在空间分布上,华南地区PTB附近的火山碎屑沉积岩和较粗的凝灰岩仅出现在华南的西南部,而华南北部主要分布粒度小于0.3mm的细粒火山灰,火山碎屑粒度由西南向东北逐渐减小的规律表明火山物质来源于华南西南缘。近年来,包括海南岛二叠纪花岗岩及桂西南酸性火山岩在内的众多证据表明华南板块西南缘存在一个二叠纪大陆岩浆弧。因此,本文提出华南PTB火山灰可能来源于华南板块西南缘古特提斯大陆岩浆弧。PTB火山灰仅分布在华南地区,在华北、西北等地区均未发现或报道同时期的火山灰,说明与这次俯冲作用相关的弧岩浆火山喷发规模有限,推测其不是触发全球性PTB生物灭绝事件的主要原因。     

煤系火山灰蚀变黏土岩:矿物学和地球化学研究进展

含煤地层中广泛分布的火山灰蚀变成因的高岭石黏土岩被称为Tonstein。少数情况下,煤系蚀变火山灰层的黏土矿物以蒙脱石和伊蒙混层矿物为主,则分别称为斑脱岩和钾质斑脱岩。尽管中外学者对煤系火山灰蚀变黏土岩已有大量研究,然而,迄今为止这几个术语在定义和使用上在国内外科学界仍然存在争议。煤中火山灰的淋滤作用会对煤的地球化学组成产生重要影响。含煤地层中这类岩石因为分布广泛可以被用作等时标志层,提供地层对比的依据,其中的原生矿物还可以提供绝对年龄信息。有的碱性火山灰层具有找矿指示意义。煤中火山灰蚀变黏土岩夹矸中化学性质相对稳定的元素可以用来推断原始火山灰的组成,提供原始岩浆的成分以及区域地质历史演化方面的信息。     

青藏高原西部措勤县中新世布嘎寺组钾质火山岩成因

通常认为青藏高原新生代钾质、超钾质岩浆源于地幔,但最近的一些研究显示一些钾质火山岩也可以起源于下地壳.青藏高原西部措勤县中新世布嘎寺组火山岩是一套钾质到超钾质的岩石,根据化学组成可以将它们分成中酸性和中基性两组火山岩,它们都属于钾玄岩系列.其中中酸性组火山岩具有一些类似于埃达克质熔体的成分特征,它们可能是拉萨地块下地壳相对富钾的镁铁质物质部分熔融的产物;中基性组火山岩可能起源于一个含金云母的地幔源区,或者是来自该地幔的基性岩浆的分异产物.对中酸性组火山岩高精度的氩-氩同位素定年获得其坪年龄为15.5Ma,证实布嘎寺组火山岩喷发在晚中新世.结合布嘎寺组火山岩的年龄、化学组成和区域构造以及岩浆组合,我们初步认为布嘎寺组火山岩可能与15～20Ma左右构造伸展活动产生的南北向地堑系统有关.     

Tectonotype of volcanic passive margins in the Norwegian-Greenland region

A tectonotype of volcanic passive margins exemplified in the conjugate Norwegian and East Greenland margins is considered, with discussion of the Paleogene igneous complexes and the regional rift structure before continental breakup. Fragments of asymmetrical rift have been retained on both sides of the ocean. Large Cretaceous pre-rift sedimentation basins marking the initial stage of the ocean opening are included into the passive margin as well. The continental breakup was accompanied by intense basaltic magmatism over a short time span. This magmatic episode was distinguished by (1) the formation of widespread plateau-basalt complexes on continents and in near-shore areas of the ocean; (2) the development of thick lava series that are recorded in seaward dipping reflector wedges; (3) thick high-velocity lower crust, resulting from magmatic underplating; (4) asymmetrical accretion of the crust and structure formation. The discussion is based on published seismic data and reference sections selected for each margin with consideration of the composition and thickness of the igneous rocks, their lateral variations, source composition, and eruption and crust formation conditions. The characteristic feature of both sections is the two-member structure of volcanic complexes with substantial geochemical differences between the rocks from the lower and upper parts of the section, which correspond to the pre-breakup and breakup phases. At the initial phase, small magma volumes were melted out from the lithosphere. The geochemical signatures of the upper parts of the sections testify to the melting of the asthenospheric mantle. Their spatiotemporal variations reflect the ascent and melting of the deep plume, which was active during and after continental breakup. In the Greenland area, near the central part of the plume, a N-MORB-type mantle magma source gave way to a depleted Iceland-type mantle, while apart from the central part of the plume, its effect is expressed only in the enormous volume of mantle-derived melt without migration of its source. A variety of evidence is provided for the plume’s activity: the great thickness of the volcanic complexes and the relatively stable composition of the melt; the elevated temperature in the mantle; the specific geochemistry of the breakup-related lavas and their lateral zoning; conclusions on the necessity of dynamic support of volcanic eruptions; and recent results of seismographic tomography. The continental breakup inherited a system of older sedimentary basins in the zone of prolonged extension of the lithosphere in the North Atlantic. The continuous dynamic support of extension was most likely provided by long-term ascent of the Iceland plume. The comparison of the considered tectonotype with other volcanic and non-volcanic margins opens the way to further elucidation of the geodynamic processes responsible for the ocean opening.     

青藏高原北部鲸鱼湖地区中新世和更新世两期橄榄玄粗质系列火山岩

鲸鱼湖地区识别出了两个时期橄榄玄粗质火山岩喷发,早期为中新世,晚期为更新世。早期的属低碱安粗岩类,晚期的主要为碱玄岩－高碱的安粗岩类。两者在斑晶类型、主元素和微量元素丰度和同位素比值等方面都存在区别,但显示了相同的稀土元素分配型式。岩石同位素的环境判别表明它们都源自EMⅡ型地幔,属有再循环地壳物质加入的富集地幔。鲸鱼湖产出两个时代火山岩表明不同时期的新生代火山活动在空间上是可以叠加的。鲸鱼湖的火山沿巨型昆仑山南缘左行走滑断裂带分布,主要受断裂带北侧展布的次级断裂控制.岩石圈深断裂起到了岩浆通道的作用,而两期火山喷发的存在则说明了断层的多期活动。     

藏北蚕眉山地区中新世火山岩地球化学特征及成岩过程研究

青藏高原北部蚕眉山地区中新世火山熔岩属于可可西里新生代火山岩带中段的羌巴欠岩省,从早至晚由玄武粗安岩、粗安岩、粗面英安岩等3类岩石组成,全岩K-Ar法年龄为12.81~14.51Ma。玄武粗安岩、粗安岩和粗面英安岩的Si O2含量分别为53.85%~56.02%、59.22%~61.84%、64.81%~67.70%。火山岩K2O+Na2O含量为6.21%~8.20%,K2O含量为3.17%~4.94%,K2O/Na2O=1.01~1.52,Ti O2含量为0.77%~1.88%,属钾玄岩系列,ACNK=0.54~0.90,KNA=0.57~0.72,属偏铝质岩石。LREE强烈富集,ΣREE=297×10-6~939×10-6,(La/Yb)N=45.1~127.4,δEu=0.73~0.95,高度富集LILE(K、Rb、Cs、Sr、Ba、U、Th),相对贫HFSE(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf)。根据地球化学特征并结合区域对比,认为岩浆应来源于EMⅡ型地幔的部分熔融。氧化物Harker图解、Mg#值对微量元素协变图解、La/Sm La图解以及Mg#值和稀土元素含量变化特征等表明玄武粗安岩和粗安岩属同源岩浆演化产物,并经历了较高程度的结晶分异演化;而粗面英安岩则属于另一岩浆系列,由先期经一定程度演化的岩浆在地壳深部冷却固结的岩石后期经再次部分熔融所形成。据此认为,青藏北部新生代深部地幔熔融等岩浆作用过程应有比地表火山岩更宽的时、空尺度,区域挤压构造体制使部分幔源岩浆被封闭在深部而冷却成岩,因此,新生代火山岩的时空分布规律,一定程度上与区域构造体制的发展和迁移有关。     

Provenance areas of the Kerch-Taman trough in the pliocene and pleistocene

According to their structural and mineralogical features, Akchagilian sandy deposits of the Kerch-Taman trough are similar to deposits from the Don River, while Karangatian sandy deposits are similar to alluvial deposits from the Kuban River. Two associations of heavy minerals, which indicate the predominant provenance of debris from southern areas of the Russian Platform and Greater Caucasus, were identified. It is proposed that the Kerch-Taman trough was filled mainly by terrigenous material from the Russian Platform in the Late Neogene. In the Late Pleistocene, the Caucasus region became dominant as a provenance area.     

可可西里雄鹰台中新世橄榄安粗质火山岩的成因

可可西里雄鹰台火山熔岩的全岩K-Ar年龄为11.1-12.8Ma,SiO2含量为55.28%-58.65%,K2O含量为3.52%-4.42%，属橄榄安粗岩系列，主要岩类为橄榄安粗岩和安粗岩，富集轻稀土（LREE）和大离子亲石元素（K、Rb,Cs,Sr,Ba,U,Th)，Sr同位素比值（^87Sr/^86Sr)较高，在0.7082-0.7086之间，Nd同位素比值（^143Nd/^144Nd)较低，在0.51236-0.51243之间，^206Pb/^204Pb,^207Pb/^204Pb,^208Pb/^204Pb的比值大体分别在18.58-18.70,15.60-15.68,37.98-38.33之间变化，微量元素和同位素地球化学示踪研究表明，火山岩源区为富集的地幔类型（EMⅡ），该类型地幔的形成与缝合带的成因有关，火内岩在时空及成因上与昆仑南缘断裂的活动有密切的关系。     

长江源区新生代火山岩的年代学研究

长江源区的火山岩包含了青藏高原北部新生代火山岩形成及演化的全部信息，其年代学研究对查明青藏高原北部新生代火山活动时空演化具有重要意义。通过K—Ar同位素年代学研究，将长江源区新生代的火山活动划分为3期：第Ⅰ期(40．1-35．1Ma)火山喷发较弱，形成小范围分布的细粒安粗岩和斑状粗面岩；第Ⅱ期(26．5～17．6Ma)火山喷溢最为强烈，形成大面积厚层黑色气孔状安粗岩；第Ⅲ期(5．5-4．61Ma)由潜火山作用形成球粒状、斑状粗面岩岩丘。长江源区3个期次的火山喷发与青藏高原北部火山活动的阶段性相对应。长江源区新生代火山岩的演化特征为：从早到晚，岩石系列由高钾钙碱性系列→钾玄岩系列演化；岩性由安粗岩→粗面岩演化。     

燕辽地区中生代火山岩岩石地球化学特征及成因

本文从Sr-Nd—Pb、U—Pb同位素及岩石化学、稀土元素地球化学方面讨论了燕辽地区中生代火山岩的年代学特点、成因及形成的构造环境。研究表明，本区中生代火山岩的形成时代主要为中侏罗世、晚侏罗世、早白垩世和晚白垩世4期；本区火山岩浆可划分为钙碱性岩浆系列和亚碱性岩浆系列，火山岩浆源于富集型地幔；构造环境属大陆裂陷盆地。     

Incision of a river curvature due to exhumed Miocene volcanic landforms: Danube Bend, Hungary

A new model for the formation and relief evolution of the Danube Bend, northern Hungary, is discussed on geomorphological and volcanological grounds. We propose that the present-day U-shaped loop of the Danube Bend was partly inherited from the horseshoe caldera morphology of Keserűs Hill volcano, a mid-Miocene (ca 15 Ma) lava dome complex with an eroded central depression open to the north. According to combined palaeogeographical data and erosion rate calculations, the drainage pattern in the Danube Bend region was formed when Pleistocene tectonic movements resulted in river incision and sedimentary cover removal. Formation of the present curvature of the river was due to the exhumation of the horseshoe-shaped caldera as well as the surrounding resistant volcaniclastic successions (i.e. Visegrád Castle Hill) and a hilltop lava dome (Szent Mihály Hill). The process accelerated and the present narrow gorge of the Danube Bend was formed by very rapid, as young as late Quaternary differential tectonic uplift, also enhancing the original volcanic morphology. On the basis of comparative long-term erosion-rate calculations, we estimated successive elevation changes of the volcanic edifice, including partial burial in late Miocene time. In comparison with various order-of-magnitude changes, the mid-to-late Quaternary vertical movements show increased rates and/or base level drop in the Pannonian Basin.     

大兴安岭火山岩带中北部中侏罗世中酸性火山岩的厘定及其地质意义

通过对大兴安岭火山岩带中北部地区北岸林场一带中酸性火山岩进行地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学特征研究,探讨其形成的年代及构造背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年表明,中酸性火山岩形成时代为(166±1) Ma,属于中侏罗世,岩性为粗面英安岩和粗安岩。在主量元素组成上,SiO_2含量为59.58%～68.34%,(Na_2O+K_2O)为7.78%～8.84%,K_2O/Na_2O值为0.73～0.82,MgO含量为0.75%～2.67%,Mg~#值为25.5～44.4,显示岩石相对富硅、富钠、低钾、碱含量偏高、镁含量偏低的特征。TAS分类图及铝饱和指数A/CNK(0.91～0.97)显示岩石具有准铝质偏碱性的特征。稀土元素总量中等,轻、重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)_N=6.56～11.79,具有弱的Eu负异常(δEu=0.60～0.81);微量元素相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U,贫高场强元素Nb、Ta、Hf、Ti。地质、地球化学分析表明中酸性火山岩为地壳物质部分熔融的产物。岩浆活动可能起源于早侏罗世蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合过程中造山晚期构造环境,但在中侏罗世张性构造环境喷发成岩,提供了俯冲造山环境形成的岩浆在地壳中可能跨时、跨构造环境活动的范例。     

Petrographic aspects of a sequence of Quaternary volcanic ashes from the Laguna de Fuquene area, Colombia, and their stratigraphic significance

A core section from the Fuquene area (Cordillera Oriental, Colombia) with a total length of 60 m shows a predominantly peaty-clay zone in the upper 12 m containing 15 laminae and thin layers of fine-grained, pyroclastic material. These 15 layers consist of crystal-vitric ash derived from dacitic-andesitic magmas. Mineralogic data and refractive index (r.i.) values of the associated glass shards make it possible to distinguish a lower group of mica-rich and an upper group of pyroxene-bearing ash layers. The successive layers illustrate a progressive increase of hydration of the shards with time and with decreasing particle size. The frequency distribution curves of the r.i. values of 8–4- and 75–50-μm shards are in general rather similar. Provisional pollen data and some radiocarbon dates allow comparison of the petrographic properties of these ashes with those of some ash occurrences in a nearby palynologically investigated core section. This comparison indicates that the mica-rich ashes were produced between about 44,000 and 20,000 yr B.P. and that the production of the pyroxene-bearing ashes took place after about 20,000 yr B.P. The petrographic features of a number of ashes, collected from sections and cores at different sites of the Sabana de Bogotá, appear to be comparable with those established in the sequence of Fuquene ashes. This suggests that these petrographic characteristics may be of use in correlation studies in the Sabana de Bogotá and adjacent areas.     

青藏高原西部赛利普中新世火山岩源区:地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素制约

青藏高原拉萨地块西部赛利普地区新生代火山岩依据主量元素可划分为超钾质、钾质和钙碱性系列,主要的岩石类型为粗面安山岩、粗面岩,一个超钾质岩石的40Ar-39Ar年龄为17.58Ma,指示出火山活动为中新世.超钾质、钾质和钙碱性火山岩都显示出富集LREE及LILE(Th、U)、亏损HFSE(Nb、Ta、Ti)的特征.超钾质火山岩具有较高的K2O(6.31%～8.55%)、MgO(6.75%～8.96%)、Cr(270.7×10-6～460.4×10-6)、Ni(142.3×10-6～233.9×10-6)含量,较高的(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.71883～0.72732)和较低的εNd(-14.78～-15.37),指示可能起源于一个前期亏损并经后期俯冲作用改造的富钾的方辉橄榄岩富集地幔源区.钾质火山岩具有比超钾质火山岩低的K2O、MgO、Cr、Ni含量以及高的Ba、Sr含量,初始87Sr/86Sr为0.71553～0.71628,初始143Nd/144Nd为0.51197～0.51198,在空间上与超钾质火山岩共生,可能是前者母岩浆的演化产物.钙碱性火山岩具有较高的Sr(881.7×10-6～1309.2×10-6)、Sr/Y比值(50～108)和较低的Y(12.05×10-6～18.02×10-6),明显亏损重稀土Yb(0.93×10-6～1.30×10-6),类似于典型的埃达克质岩成分特征但相对高钾,并具有相对低的(87Sr/86Sr);(0.70928～0.71374)以及高的εNd(-7.90～-10.91),指示起源于富钾增厚下地壳物质的部分熔融.区域上拉萨地块超钾质岩、钾质岩与N-S向地堑系在空间上共存、时间上相吻合,由此本文认为拉萨地块中新世钾质.超钾质岩和南北向地堑系的形成可能与中新世早期北向俯冲的印度大陆岩石圈断离有关.     

Depositional conditions of the coal-bearing Hirka Formation beneath Late Miocene explosive volcanic products in NW central Anatolia,Turkey

This work focuses on the relationship between the coal deposition and explosive volcanism of the Miocene basin, NW central Anatolia, Turkey. The coal-bearing Hirka Formation was deposited over the Galatian Andesitic Complex and/or massive lagoonal environments during the Miocene. The investigated lignite is a high ash (from 32 to 58%) and sulphur (from 1.43 to 3.03%) lignite which is petrographically characterised by a high humunite content. The mineral matter of the studied lignite samples is made up of mainly clay minerals (illite-smectite and kaolinite), plagioclase and quartz in Bolu coal field, clay minerals (illite-smectite, smectite and illite), quartz, calcite, plagioclase and gypsum in Seben coal field, quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) in K?br?sc?k, and dolomite, quartz, clinoptilolite, opal CT and gypsum in Çaml?dere coal field. The differences in these four types of lignite with specific mineralogical patterns may be due to the explosive volcanic events and depositional conditions which changed from one coal field to the others. There is a zonation from SW to SE in the studied area for zeolites such as Opal CT+smectite-clinoptilolite-analcime-K-feldspar. Carbonate minerals are commonly calcite in Seben and K?br?sc?k coal fields. In Bolu, coal samples are devoid of calcite and dolomite. These analyses show that there is an increase in the amount of Mg and a decrease in the amount of Na from the northwestern part to the southern part in the study area.