使用废烹调油作为柴油的补充

使用废烹调油作为柴油的补充具有能源、经济及环保方面的优点。对植物油及柴油的理化性质进行了比较。综述在柴油机上使用废烹调油的技术。阐述柴油机使用废烹调油的性能、燃烧及排放特性。     

餐饮废油基生物柴油对柴油机有害排放特性的影响

在一台电控共轨增压中冷柴油机台架上,燃用纯柴油以及分别掺混10%、20%、30%餐饮废油制生物柴油的柴油/生物柴油混合燃料,研究生物柴油对柴油机燃烧及排放特性的影响。结果表明:生物柴油使发动机的预喷放热率略微下降,主喷放热率有所升高,缸压峰值随掺混比例的增大略有降低;燃用生物柴油使发动机的NO_x排放有所上升,HC排放略有下降,CO排放变化不大;低转速下核模态颗粒排放略微增加,积聚态颗粒数有所减少,高转速下核模态和积聚态颗粒数都减少;掺混生物柴油会增加发动机排气颗粒物的氧化活性,使得最大氧化速率温度降低,活化能降低;掺混生物柴油能够降低颗粒相多环芳烃的质量比排放。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油混合燃料排放性能试验研究

通过对柴油机燃用掺入不同比例生物柴油的混合燃料排放性能的试验研究,结果表明：在柴油中掺入不同比例生物柴油的混合燃料,柴油机的CO,Hc和烟度均有较大的降低,NOx的排放略有升高,耗油率基本不变（在最大负荷时,10％,20％,30％的混合燃料和柴油机比较,HC的排放分别减少了20％,33．3％和83．3％;碳烟的排放分别减少了16．2％,51．8％和63．6％）。     

Activated Carbon Supported CaO from Waste Shells as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

In the wake of increasing environmental constraints, this work is aimed at developing a catalyst purely prepared from waste biomass source as the raw material. The catalyst is investigated for its applicability in transesterification of vegetable oil with the objectives: (i) to use waste shells of mollusk as raw material for the preparation of activated carbon and CaO; (ii) to use it as heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification of waste cooking oil; (iii) to optimize the different parameters affecting the transesterification reaction; and (iv) to study its reusability. Under optimized conditions it was observed that a conversion >90% was possible and the catalyst could be reused five times with a slight loss in activity. This study indicates that the biomass source could also be used as a potential raw material in the synthesis of environmentally benign catalysts.     

柴油机掺烧不同比例生物柴油的试验研究

将体积分数为10%2、0%、30%的生物柴油掺混到柴油里组成3种混合燃料,并连同纯柴油共4种燃料,在一台四缸增压中冷柴油机上进行性能、燃烧和排放特性的试验研究.结果表明,柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的折合油耗率与燃用纯柴油时基本相当;燃用混合燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和压力升高率较低,着火时刻较晚;混合燃料的NOx和碳烟排放与燃用纯柴油时相比均有不同程度的降低,但混合燃料的HC和CO排放只是在1 500r/min时才较纯柴油低,当转速在2 300 r/min时,混合燃料的HC和CO排放更高.     

轿车柴油机燃用生物柴油时温室气体排放特性的研究

对轿车柴油机燃用大豆酸化油制生物柴油进行了试验研究,探讨了在外特性、标定转速负荷特性及最大扭矩转速负荷特性下尾气中CO2、CH4、N2O及当量CO2温室气体排放的变化规律.结果表明:轿车柴油机的CH4和N2O排放量均很小,CO2是其主要温室气体排放;随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,发动机的CO2和CH4排放降低,N2O升高,生命周期当量CO2排放降低.大豆酸化油制生物柴油能在一定程度上降低轿车柴油机的温室气体排放.     

柴油机燃用生物柴油混合燃料排放性能试验研究

通过对柴油机燃用掺人不同比例生物柴油的混合燃料排放性能的试验研究,结果表明：在柴油中掺人不同比例生物柴油的混合燃料,柴油机的CO,HC和烟度均有较大的降低,NOx的排放略有升高,耗油率基本不变。在最大负荷时,5％,15％,25％的混合燃料和柴油机比较,HC的排放分别减少了15％,33.3％和83.3％,碳烟的排放分别减少了16．2％,51．8％和63．6％。     

Fuel properties and exhaust emissions of low blending rate soybean oil methyl esters blended with diesel fuel

The main properties and engine emissions of low blending rate soybean oil methyl ester blended with diesel from 5 to 30 wt% were compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that, compared with diesel fuel, with an increase in the soybean oil methyl ester percentage in the blends, distillation temperature at 50%, flash point, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, gelatine content, carbon residue, acidity and ash increase while a cold filter plugging point, solidifying point and copper corrosion keep constant, sulfur content decreases, smoke density and HC decrease while NO_x emission increase, CO increases at 2,200 r/min but decreases at 3,400 r/min.     

Comparative assessment of a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine with rice bran oil methyl ester,pongamia oil methyl ester and palm oil methyl ester as pilot fuels

The present study tries to explore the potential of three different types of biodiesel viz. Rice bran oil methyl ester (RBME), Pongamia oil methyl ester (PME) and Palm oil methyl ester (POME) as pilot fuels for a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine designed for power generation. The results indicated that under dual fuel mode, RBME-biogas produced a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 19.97% in comparison to 18.4% and 17.4% respectively for PME-biogas and POME-biogas at 100% load. The emission study divulged that under dual fuel mode, on an average, there was an increase of CO emission by 25.74% and 32.58% for PME-biogas and POME-biogas, respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas. Furthermore, on an average, the HC emissions for PME-biogas and POME-biogas increased by 11.73% and 16.27%, respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas. On the other hand, on an average, there was a decrease in NO_X emission by 5.8% and 14%, respectively for PME-biogas and POME-biogas respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas.     

山茶油生物柴油特性及用于柴油机的性能与排放研究

研究了不同山茶油生物柴油比例混合燃料的热重特性,并在R180柴油机上进行试验,分析比较了柴油机的经济性和排放特性。结果表明：生物柴油与柴油混合性良好;不同燃料的热重特性基本相同;柴油机动力性没受明显影响;与柴油相比,混合燃料的当量燃油消耗率略为增加;CH排放降低;CO排放在中低负荷时降低,高负荷时增加;NOx排放在中间转速时随着生物柴油比例的提高先增加后降低,高速时降低。研究证明山茶油生物柴油用于柴油机具有良好的替代柴油、减少排放的效果。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油及柴油的燃烧分析与排放特性

为了进一步弄清楚生物柴油对发动机燃烧和排放的影响.在发动机试验台架上,对一台增压中冷车用柴油机进行生物柴油和柴油的性能及排放等试验.试验按国家标准GB17691—2001规定的测量方法、全负荷速度特性以及不同转速下的负荷特性进行.测录了示功图并进行了不同燃料的燃烧比较和分析.结果表明,生物柴油由于其燃料特性,引起喷油提前,但滞燃期较短,预混燃烧比例较小.排放测试结果表明,生物柴油的烟度、HC和CO下降,但NOx排放增加.按13工况法,燃用生物柴油,HC和CO分别下降21.3%和1.7%;NOx增加2.9%.     

生物柴油碳烟特性的可视化研究

在1台光学可视化发动机上,采用高速摄影法,对不同掺混比例的柴油/生物柴油混合燃料进行研究,获取缸内燃烧火焰图像,通过双色法得到表征缸内碳烟总体分布的KL因子,分析了生物柴油对缸内燃烧过程和碳烟生成特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着生物柴油掺入比例的增加,最高燃烧压力逐渐降低,滞燃期相对延长,燃烧持续期缩短,火焰的亮度和分布面积都随之下降.KL因子的最高浓度降低,碳烟较浓的分布区域减小,碳烟的氧化进程加快.     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

在一台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油、柴油及其掺混油B20、B50的性能试验,通过测量喷油器针阀升程、喷油压力和气缸压力曲线,对放热率、滞燃期等燃烧特性参数进行了分析,以研究生物柴油对发动机燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同工况下,随着掺混油中生物柴油比例的增加,喷油始点逐渐提前,喷油延迟角逐渐变大,喷油压力和喷油持续期有所增加;滞燃期逐渐缩短,在大负荷尤为明显;预混合放热峰值逐渐降低,而扩散燃烧放热峰值逐渐增大;缸内最高燃烧压力提高,其对应的曲轴转角也逐渐提前。燃用生物柴油后发动机的热效率有所提高,在中等负荷时尤为明显。     

HS-A柴油机燃料油技术研究

在柴油机燃料油各种节油和替代技术中，HS—A柴油机燃料油可以替代0号柴油应用在高、中、低速柴油机和各种柴油燃烧器上。文中介绍了该油的研制过程，如残炭值的变化，以及试验情况。该油料合成工艺简单，投资及合成成本低。     

Effect of Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester on the Performance and Exhaust Emission of a Diesel Engine

Numerous studies indicated that oil sources in the world will come to an end. As a result, new alternative energy sources will be required to substitute for oil. Some of the experimental studies showed that vegetable oil can be used as alternative fuel in diesel engines. The viscosity of vegetable oil is much higher than that of standard diesel fuel; therefore, the high viscosity of the vegetable oil can cause problems for injection systems and engine components. To decrease viscosity, cottonseed methyl ester was obtained from raw cottonseed oil by transesterification method. In this study, cottonseed methyl ester was used in a four-stroke, single cylinder, and air-cooled diesel engine as alternative fuel. Engine tests carried out at full load-different speed range, the engine torque and power of cottonseed oil methyl ester was found to be lower than that of diesel fuel in the range of 3–9% and specific fuel consumption was higher than that of diesel fuel by approximately 8–10%. CO ₂ , CO, and NO _x emissions of cottonseed methyl ester were lower than that of diesel fuel.     

基于激光诊断的生物柴油碳烟生成特性研究

制作了1个以液体为燃料可以产生层流扩散火焰的燃烧器,应用双色激光诱导炽光法(LII)技术来测量火焰中的绝对碳烟体积分数.基于在2个波长上获取的火焰中某1点的LII信号,获得被激光加热的碳烟粒子温度,同时得到此点的碳烟浓度,通过映射得到火焰的二维碳烟浓度分布.采用激光诱导荧光法可获得碳烟前驱物多环芳香烃在火焰中的二维分布,将激光诱导荧光和激光诱导炽光相结合,在柴油和生物柴油混合燃料的层流扩散火焰上进行测试.研究结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,碳烟和多环芳香烃的最大浓度都随之降低,浓区分布面积也进一步缩小.     

增压柴油机燃用不同掺比菜籽油甲酯的燃烧和排放的试验研究

在D6114ZLQB车用增压柴油机上比较研究了不同比例的菜籽油甲酯和0号柴油的混合燃料对发动机燃烧过程、燃油经济性和排放特性的影响。试验结果表明：燃用体积比低于15%的菜籽油甲酯,发动机的缸内燃烧过程和纯柴油基本一致;增压柴油机燃用菜籽油甲酯和柴油的混合燃料可以有效降低碳烟、HC和CO的排放;NOx排放略有上升;15%以内的菜籽油甲酯对柴油机燃料经济性影响很小。研究认为：增压柴油机相对自然吸气式柴油机具有更好的生物柴油燃料适应性;在不改变发动机参数的条件下,低比例的菜籽油甲酯具有良好的推广应用前景。     

Fuel Characteristics and the Use of Biodiesel as a Transportation Fuel

In this study, characteristics and use of biodiesel was concluded as alternative engine fuel. Biodiesel is one product of the chemical reaction of an alcohol with a vegetable oil or animal fat (the other product being glycerol). It is biodegradable and nontoxic, has low emission profiles and so is environmentally beneficial. A number of technical advantages of biodiesel fuel: (1) it prolongs engine life and reduces the need for maintenance (biodiesel has better lubricating qualities than fossil diesel), (2) it is safer to handle, being less toxic, more biodegradable, and having a higher flash point, and (3) it reduces some exhaust emissions (although it may, in some circumstances, raise others). The cost of biodiesel is higher than diesel fuel. Currently, there are seven producers of biodiesel in the United States. Pure biodiesel (100%) sells for about $1.50 to $2.00 per gallon before taxes. Fuel taxes will add approximately $0.50 per gallon.     

Direct injection diesel engine performance,emission, and combustion characteristics using diesel fuel,nonedible honne oil methyl ester,and blends with diesel fuel

Honne oil methyl ester (HOME) is produced from a nonedible vegetable oil, namely, honne oil, available abundantly in India. It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used for diesel engines. The present research is aimed at investigating experimentally the performance, exhaust emission, and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine (single cylinder, water cooled) typically used in agricultural sector over the entire load range when fuelled with HOME and diesel fuel blends, HM20 (20% HOME + 80% diesel fuel)–HM100. The properties of these blends are found to be comparable with diesel fuel conforming to the American and European standards. The combustion parameters of HM20 are found to be slightly better than neat diesel (ND). For other blend ratios, these combustion parameters deviated compared with ND. The performance (brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake‐specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature) of HM20 is better than ND. For other blend ratios, BTE is inferior compared with ND. The emissions (CO and SO) of HM20–HM100, throughout the entire load range, are dropped significantly compared with ND. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions of HM20–HM40, throughout the entire load range, is slightly decreased, whereas for other blend ratios, it is increased compared with ND. NO_x emissions of HM20, throughout the entire load range, is slightly increased, whereas for other blend ratios, it is slightly decreased. The reductions in exhaust emissions together with increase in BTE made the blend HM20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel fuel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exergy analysis of small DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the merits of exergy analysis over energy analysis for small direct injection (DI) diesel engine using the blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Taguchi’s “L’ 16” orthogonal array has been used for the design of experiment. The engine tested at different engine speeds, load percentages, and blend ratios, using the waste cooking oil biodiesel. Basic performance parameters and fuel input exergy, exergetic efficiency (second law efficiency), exergy associated with heat transfer, exergy associated with the exhaust gas and destruction of exergy are calculated for each blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel. Results show that the optimum operating conditions for minimum brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exergy destruction are achieved when engine speed at 1900 rev/min, load percentage is 75%, and the engine is fueled with B40.