Microstructure and wear resistance of AlCrFeNiMo0.5Six high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding

In recent years, the coating prepared by laser cladding has attracted much attention in the field of wear research. In this work, AlCrFeNiMo_0.5Si_x (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) high-entropy alloy coatings were designed and prepared on Q235 steel by laser cladding. The effect of Si content on microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings was studied in detail. The results indicate that the AlCrFeNiMo_0.5Si_x high-entropy alloy coatings show an excellent bonding between substrate and the cladding layer. The AlCrFeNiMo_0.5Si_x coatings are composed of nano-precipitated phase with BCC structure and matrix with ordered B2 structure. With the addition of Si, the white phase (Cr, Mo)₃Si with cubic structure appears in the interdendritic, and the morphology of the coating (x=2.0) transforms into lamellar eutectic-like structures. The addition of Si enhances the microhardness and significantly improves the wear resistance of the coatings. As x increases from 0 to 2.0, the average hardness of the cladding zone increases from 632 HV to 835 HV, and the wear rate decreases from 1.64×10⁻⁵ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹ to 5.13×10⁻⁶ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹. When x≥1.5, the decreasing trend of the wear rate gradually slows down. The wear rates of Si1.5 and Si2.0 coatings are 5.85×10⁻⁶ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹ and 5.13×10⁻⁶ mm³·(N·m)⁻¹, respectively, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of Q235 steel.

     

A comparative study of the structure and wear resistance of NiCrBSi/50 wt.% WC composite coatings by laser cladding and laser induction hybrid cladding

NiCrBSi/50 wt.% WC composite coatings were produced on carbon steel via laser cladding (LC) and laser induction hybrid cladding (LIHC). The microstructure and phase constituents of the composite coatings before dry sliding wear and the wear behavior were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Under the same laser processing parameters, the cladding height during LC was much higher than that during LIHC, whereas the dilution, cladding width, heat-affected-zone (HAZ) and efficiency of powder utilization during LC were much smaller than those during LIHC. Additionally, WC particles suffered from more severe heat damage during LIHC compared with those during LC, resulting in the precipitation of herringbone, dendritic and blocky carbides and inhomogeneous distribution of WC particles in the composite coating. However, the increase of the laser scanning speed during LIHC decreased the heat damage of WC particles, improved the homogenous distribution of WC particles and further increased the microhardness of the binder metal, which in turn led to an increase in the wear resistance of the composite coating.     

超声滚压强化对CoCrFeMnNiM(M=Ti,Mo)高熵合金激光熔覆层耐磨性的影响EI北大核心CSCD

CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金较低的硬度和较差的耐磨损性能限制了其在表面工程领域的应用。利用激光熔覆技术制备强化的CoCrFeMnNiM(M=Ti,Mo)高熵合金熔覆层,并通过超声表面滚压(USRE)技术强化熔覆层表面。采用XRD、FSEM、EDS、AFM、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机等研究USRE处理对高熵合金激光熔覆层的微观组织、表面形貌、力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:CoCrFeMnNiTi高熵合金激光熔覆层由面心立方(FCC)结构的固溶体相和TiC原位析出相组成,CoCrFeMnNiMo高熵合金激光熔覆层仍由单一的FCC固溶体相组成。USRE处理后涂层的相构成均未发生变化,但CoCrFeMnNiMo涂层的晶粒尺寸得到更明显的细化。USRE处理降低了高熵合金激光熔覆层的表面粗糙度,提高了残余压应力和显微硬度,并且USRE处理对CoCrFeMnNiMo涂层的效果提升更加显著。经过相同工艺参数的USRE处理后,CoCrFeMnNiTi高熵合金激光熔覆层的体积磨损率由1.90×10^(-4)mm^(3)/(N·m)降低到0.71×10^(-4)mm^(3)/(N·m);但由于磨损机制的转变和表面脆性的增大,CoCrFeMnNiMo高熵合金激光熔覆层的磨损率反而上升。探讨了超声表面滚压处理对高熵合金涂层的适用性,可为高熵合金涂层耐磨性的强化提供参考。     

Microstructure and properties of WC-12Co composite coatings prepared by laser cladding

A comprehensive study of the phase composition, microstructure evolution, microhardness and wear performance of WC-12Co composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding using coaxial powder-feed mode was presented. It was shown that a combination of high scan speed and high laser energy density made WC on the edge of WC-12Co composite powders partially melt in liquid Co and 304 stainless steel matrix, and then new carbides consisting of lamellar WC and herringbone M₃W₃C (M=Fe, Co) were formed. Meanwhile, WC-12Co composite coatings with no porosity, cracks and drawbacks like decarburization were obtained, showing high densification and good metallurgical bonding with the substrate. Furthermore, a considerably high microhardness of HV_0.3 1500-1600, low coefficient of friction of 0.55 and wear rate of (2.15±0.31)×10^-7 mm³/(N·m) were achieved owing to the synergistic effect of excellent metallurgical bonding and fine microstructures of composite coating under laser power of 1500 W.     

WC和Al2O3对氩弧熔覆FeAlCoCrCuTi0.4高熵合金涂层组织和耐冲蚀性能影响

利用氩弧熔覆技术制备了FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4,WC/Al₂O₃-FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层,并通过XRD,SEM,EDS,硬度测试和冲蚀磨损测试等方法,探究了WC和Al₂O₃的添加对FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,通过氩弧熔覆技术所制备的合金涂层表面成形性良好,无孔洞、裂纹等缺陷产生,与基体呈高强度冶金结合.WC和Al₂O₃的添加对涂层稀释率的降低有显著作用.三种涂层都是主要由Bcc相（Fe-Cr固溶体）构成,晶粒以胞状树枝晶形式存在.添加WC后,晶粒细化明显,在各种强化作用下涂层硬度为685.8 HV.且WC和Al₂O₃的添加显著提高了涂层耐冲蚀磨损性能,耐磨性几乎可以达到FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层的2倍.     

微米WC增强Ni60合金高频感应熔覆涂层耐磨性能

采用高频感应熔覆方法在Q235低碳钢基体上制备了不同含量的微米WC增强Ni60A合金复合涂层.用MLS-225型湿砂橡胶轮磨粒磨损试验机评价了涂层的耐磨性能,利用SEM,XRD观察并分析了涂层的显微组织和磨损表面形貌.结果表明,在相同试验条件下,涂层的硬度和耐磨性随WC含量的增加而提高,当WC含量少于30%时,WC分布不均匀,主要集中于涂层的中部,涂层中Cr7C3相以粗大的六方状和长条状存在,不利于涂层耐磨性的提高;当WC含量达到50%时,Ni基合金中加入WC的含量达到了合适比例,耐磨性最佳,相对耐磨性为Ni60A涂层的6.5倍;当WC含量达到60%时,涂层的硬度最高,但出现了较多的孔洞,大量未熔的WC颗粒在磨粒的反复作用下剥落形成了大的剥落坑,导致耐磨性下降.涂层与基体实现了冶金结合,涂层的磨损机制主要为轻微的塑性切削和硬质相的脆性剥落.     

激光参数对Ni基熔覆层结构及耐磨性的影响

采用热喷涂预置和激光熔覆方法在Q235钢基体上熔覆Ni基合金涂层和Ni/WC复合涂层，研究激光功率对涂层微观结构的影响。结果表明，选择合适的激光输出功率，可获得组织分布均匀、低稀释率、与基体结合良好的合金涂层；在Ni/WC复合涂层中，合理的激光功率使WC颗粒部分熔化，并在颗粒周围重新凝固并析出针状碳化物，这既有利于提高涂层的硬度又能使未熔化的WC颗粒与涂层内合金溶剂牢固结合。激光功率较大时涂层内WC颗粒烧损并沉底，沉积在涂层底部的WC颗粒，使基体到涂层的性能发生突变，这样既容易引发裂纹及疲劳破坏，又不利于涂层表面的耐磨。     

Microstructure and wear properties of TiC/FeCrBSi surface composite coating prepared by laser cladding

Titanium carbide particles reinforced Fe-based surface composite coatings were fabricated by laser cladding using a 5 kW CO₂ laser. The microstructure, phase structure and wear properties were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, as well as dry sliding wear test. The results showed that TiC carbides were formed via in situ reaction between ferrotitanium and graphite in the molten pool during the laser-clad process. The morphology of TiC is mainly cubic and dendritic form; and the TiC carbides were distributed uniformly in the composite coating. The TiC/matrix interface was found to be free from cracks and deleterious phases. The coatings reinforced by TiC particles revealed higher wear resistance and lower friction coefficient than that of the substrate and FeCrBSi laser-clad coating.     

High temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings produced by laser cladding with Co-coated WC powder

The Stellite-6/WC composite coatings were produced on AISI H13 hot work tool steel by laser cladding with mixture of Co-coated WC (WC-12Co) particles and Stellite-6 powder. The phase composition, microstructural characterization, high temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings were investigated and compared with the properties of the coatings produced from mixture of WC particles and Stellite-6 powder. The results showed that using the WC-12Co particles alleviated the decomposition of WC and resulted in the weaker intensity of W₂C, CoC_x and Co₆W₆C peaks in the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. Compared with using the WC particles directly as the coating material, using the WC-12Co particles could further improve the wear resistance of coatings according to the relative lower width and depth of wear scars at the same WC content. In addition, fewer fatigue cracks were observed on the surface of coatings made by adding WC-12Co particles under the same thermal fatigue conditions, which indicates that using WC-12Co is beneficial to extend the life of Stellite-6/WC coatings.     

亚微米WC添加对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层磨损性能影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法(HVOF)在304不锈钢基体表面制备WC和WC-12Co的复合涂层WC-Co,研究亚微米WC的添加对涂层相组成、显微硬度、耐磨性能和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射、压痕法、往复式摩擦磨损实验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对涂层的相组成、显微硬度、磨损性能和表面形貌进行分析测试,并分析涂层的磨损过程和机制。结果表明,添加质量分数5%的亚微米WC颗粒显著提高了涂层的显微硬度(16.3%);增强了涂层的耐磨性,磨损率从6.09×10-7 mm3/Nm减小到5.15×10-7 mm3/Nm(减小13.8%);亚微米WC颗粒喷涂后在涂层中保持了WC相,并主要存在于WC-Co扁平粒子界面和孔隙。基于涂层中扁平粒子的结合特性与磨损失效特征,建立强化模型,分析亚微米WC颗粒对涂层扁平粒子界面的强化机制。     

等离子熔覆添加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基涂层的组织和性能

采用等离子熔覆技术,以铸造碳化钨、钨铁粉、镍包石墨和铁基合金粉为原材料,在Q235钢基体上制备了外加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基复合涂层,通过扫描电镜和能谱分析、X射线衍射、硬度测试和磨料磨损试验对其微观组织、物相组成、硬度和耐磨性能进行了表征。结果表明,在优化的工艺参数下,可以获得与基体冶金结合良好的涂层,硬质相除外加的WC颗粒,还有内生的WC、W₂C、W₃C、Fe₃W₃C和Fe₂W₂C等;随着混合粉末中除外加WC之外的W含量增加,熔池中合金液密度增大,可以减弱外加WC颗粒下沉;当W含量达到15%时,外加WC颗粒均匀分布在涂层中,没有团聚现象发生,且在外加WC颗粒周围有细小的原位WC颗粒生成,涂层的显微硬度和耐磨损性能显著提高,涂层的平均硬度约为1300 HV0.2,耐磨性为Q235钢基体的10倍。     

Microstructure,microhardness and corrosion resistance of laser cladding Ni–WC coating on AlSi5Cu1Mg alloy

The microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion resistance of laser cladding Ni–WC coating on the surface of AlSi5Cu1Mg alloy were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, microhardness testing, immersion corrosion testing, and electrochemical measurement. The results show that a smooth coating containing NiAl, Ni₃Al, M₇C₃, M₂₃C₆ phases (M=Ni, Al, Cr, W, Fe) and WC particles is prepared by laser cladding. Under a laser scanning speed of 120 mm/min, the microhardness of the cladding coating is 9–11 times that of AlSi5Cu1Mg, due to the synergistic effect of excellent metallurgical bond and newly formed carbides. The Ni–WC coating shows higher corrosion potential (−318.09 mV) and lower corrosion current density (12.33 μA/cm²) compared with the matrix. The crack-free, dense cladding coating obviously inhibits the penetration of Cl⁻ and H⁺, leading to the remarkedly improved corrosion resistance of cladding coating.     

TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆WC增强镍基复合涂层的组织及耐磨性

为提高TC4钛合金的耐磨性,利用激光熔覆技术(laser cladding,LC)在TC4钛合金表面制备Ni60+50%WC(体积分数)和deloro22(d22)粉末打底+(Ni60+50%WC)2种耐磨复合涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)以及X射线衍射仪(XRD)来表征涂层的微观结构和物相组成;使用HV-1000显微维氏硬度计、HRS-2M型高速往复摩擦磨损试验机和WDW-100D电子万能试验机来分析涂层的性能。结果表明:2种涂层均由W₂C、TiC、Ni₁₇W₃、Ni₃Ti和Ti_xW_1-x相组成,2种涂层不仅与基体呈现出优异的冶金结合,而且组织均匀致密,没有裂纹瑕疵;由于涂层中存在着原位合成的硬质相和细晶强化共同作用使得涂层硬度显著提高,约为TC4基体的2.82倍;2种涂层的摩擦系数(COF)和磨损量都远低于TC4钛合金基体;Ni60+50%WC复合涂层和d22粉末打底+(Ni60+50%WC)复合涂层的抗剪切结合强度分别为188....     

Microstructure and wear characteristics of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C cladding with various carbon contents

The current study used flux core arc welding to produce a series of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C claddings with various carbon content. Depending on the carbon content, this research produced hypereutectic microstructures of γ-Fe + (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides. As the carbon content of a cladding increased from 3.73 to 4.85 wt.%, the surface fractions of carbides increased from 33.8% to 86.1%. The morphology of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides also transited from a blade-like to a rod-like shape. With regard to wear performance, the relationship between wear resistance and hardness (H) is non-linear. However, the mean free path (λ) of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides must be considered. Wear resistance is proportional to H/λ. The primary carbides can prevent the eutectic colonies from selective abrasion. The rod-like (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides also provide much better wear resistance because rod-like carbides have a greater hardness. After an abrasive wear process, abrasive particles cause plastic plows when the cladding has lower surface fractions of carbides. The fracture of primary carbides leads into the craters where it occurs in the worn cladding surface with higher surface fractions of carbides.     

Improvement of the oxidation and wear resistance of pure Ti by laser cladding at elevated temperature

NiCrBSi and NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coatings were produced on pure Ti substrates by the laser cladding technology. Thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis was used to evaluate the high temperature oxidation resistance of the laser cladding coatings. The friction and wear behavior was tested through sliding against the Si₃N₄ ball at elevated temperatures of 300 °C and 500 °C. Besides, the morphologies of the worn surfaces and wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three dimensional non-contact surface mapping. The results show that the microhardness, high temperature oxidation resistance and high temperature wear resistance of the pure Ti substrates are greatly increased. For the pure Ti substrate, the wear behavior is dominated by adhesive wear, abrasive wear and severe plastic deformation, while both laser cladding coatings, involving only mild abrasive and fatigue wear, are able to prevent the substrates from severe adhesion and abrasive wear. In particular, the laser cladding NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coating shows better high temperature wear resistance than the NiCrBSi coating, which is due to the formation of a hard WC phase in the composite coating.     

WC-Co reinforced NiCoCrAlYTa composite coating: Effect of the proportion on microstructure and tribological properties

The properties of the working surfaces are linked to the safety and lifespan of the modern machines so that variety of coatings are used to protect the parts from breakdown. The NiCoCrAlYTa coating, which has an excellent oxidation resistance, usually undergoes more serious friction and wear due to its lower micro-hardness in contrast to the ceramic coatings. Therefore, the composite coatings reinforced by WC-Co are prepared by HVOF sprayed technology and are also characterized by scanning electron microscope, Raman spectrometer and X-ray diffraction. At the same time, the friction and wear behaviors as well as the mechanisms of different friction pairs are also discussed, in detail. The composite coatings, which mainly consist of γ-(Ni, Co), β-NiAl, γ′-Ni₃Al, WC and W₂C, are dense and uniform. With the increase of WC-17Co, the microhardness of NiCoCrAlYTa/WC-Co composite coating has enhanced from 641.4 HV_300g to 859.7 HV_300g. The wear rates of the composite coatings (10⁻⁵–10⁻⁶ mm³·N⁻¹ m⁻¹) are far lower than those of the as-sprayed NiCoCrAlYTa coating (10⁻⁴ mm³·N⁻¹ m⁻¹). Overall, the mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of the coatings are greatly improved with the addition of WC-Co.     

Effect of Nb addition on microstructure and properties of laser cladding NiCrBSi coatings

NiCrBSi coatings with different Nb additions have been prepared by laser cladding. The microstructure, phase composition, hardness, and wear resistance of the coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalyser (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness tester and M-200 wear tester. The results show that the phases in the NiCrBSi coating without Nb addition include γ-Ni, Cr₂₃C₆, Cr₇C₃, Ni₃B, Ni₃Si₂ and CrB. The NbC phase appears in coatings after the addition of Nb element. When the addition of Nb is 2?wt-%, the NbC particles with a size of about 1.2?μm were found in the coating, and the amount of NbC is about 1.8?vol.-%. With the increase of Nb addition, the size and amount of NbC in the coatings also increased. When the addition of Nb is 6?wt-%, the size of NbC is about 2.3–6.1?μm and the morphology of NbC changed from particle to quadrangular and petaloid shaped. In addition, when the addition of Nb is 2?wt-%, the hardness and wear resistance of the coating are the best, and the wear resistance of the coating is 104% higher than that without Nb addition.     

TIG熔覆原位自生TiC-TiB2/Fe复合涂层

利用氩弧作为热源,以G302铁基合金粉、FeTi70粉和B₄C粉作为原料粉末,在Q235表面原位生成TiC-TiB₂增强的铁基复合涂层. 采用一系列的分析测试方法对涂层进行了表征,结果表明,氩弧熔覆过程冶金反应充分,熔覆层中生成了TiC,TiB₂和M₇C₃等硬质增强相;熔覆层组织呈现出由母材界面到熔覆层表面硬质相逐渐增多的梯度分布特征. 增加FeTi70和B₄C粉末比例提高了熔覆层硬度,质量比为G302:FeTi70:B₄C=6:3:1时,试样最大硬度达到976 HV0.1,是母材硬度的5倍左右. 在与GCr15钢对磨时,熔覆试样磨损量仅为Q235钢的1/30左右,熔覆层磨损表面基本无塑性变形痕迹,涂层中坚硬的TiC,TiB₂陶瓷相起到阻磨作用.     

Sliding wear resistance of TiCp reinforced titanium composite coating produced by laser cladding

Titanium metal matrix composite coatings (MMC) are considered to be important candidates for high wear resistance applications. Laser cladding (LC) by coaxial powder feeding is an advanced coating manufacturing process, which involves laser processing fine powders into components directly from computer aided design (CAD) model.In this study, the LC process was employed to fabricate TiC particle reinforced Ti6Al4V MMC coatings on Ti6Al4V hot rolled samples.The experimental results show that during LC process, TiC particles are partially dissolved into melted Ti-base alloy and precipitated in the form of TiC dendrites during cooling.Dry sliding wear properties of these MMC layers have been compared with substrate materials wear. The observed wear mechanisms are summarized and related to detailed microstructural observations. The layers have been found to show improved tribological properties connected with the TiC_p addition and the LC process parameters.     

Characteristics of Fe-based WC Composite Coatings Prepared by Double-pass Plasma Cladding Process

The Fe-based WC composite coatings were clad on Q235 steel by double-pass plasma cladding method,in which the WC-Co(WC covered with cobalt:78wt%WC,12wt%Co)doping was about 10wt%,20wt%and 40wt%,respectively.The microstructure and wear performance of the composite coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and ball-disc wear tests.The results show that the clad coatings contain mainly?-Fe,WC and carbides(Cr23C6,Fe3W3C-Fe4W2C)phases and the precipitation of carbides increases with the increase of WC-Co doping content.The WC-Co doping content has an obvious effect on the microstructure of the clad coatings.For the clad coatings with low WC-Co doping,the microstructure gradually transforms from planar crystal at the interface of substrate/coating to cell/dendritic crystal at the middle and the upper portion of the coatings.But there are a number of fishbone-like structure at the middle and the upper portion of clad coating with 40wt%WC-Co doping.The microstructure at the top is smaller than that at the bottom for all the coatings.The maximum of hardness of the clad coatings is 72.3HRC which is about 6.9 as much as the hardness of Q235 steel substrate.The composite coatings have good wear resistance due to the reinforcement of carbide particles and the strong bonding between carbide particles and ferroalloy.The suitable increase of WC-Co doping content can improve the wear resistance of the composite coatings.