中国非点源污染研究评述

提出非点源污染较全面、准确的概念，总结归纳出非点源污染9个方面的来源，综述了国内非点源污染模型及其控制管理的研究情况，并针对目前国内非点源污染模型研究及其控制管理研究存在的问题，指出未来该领域研究的重点和方向。文章认为，在模型方面，应把微观机理模型推广到宏观尺度，与大型流域管理模型相结合，而污染物风险分析功能模型、地理信息系统支持下的专家系统软件等是研究重点；在控制管理方面，污染物排放总量控制规划、人工模拟与野外实验相结合、应用经济手段等是研究的发展方向。     

Quantification and index of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory. The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

我国农业非点源污染研究概况与展望

农业非点源污染因其对水体污染的普遍性而日益受到重视,本文综述了我国农业非点源污染研究现状及近年来研究方法特别是定量化研究的最新进展,并结合我国实际提出今后这一领域的研究重点。     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.     

重庆市四面山4种森林群落面源污染控制功能分析

以重庆市四面山4种森林群落为研究对象,选取林冠截留率、林地土壤毛管孔隙度、林地土壤非毛管孔隙度和林地0～20 cm土壤抗冲刷系数为分析指标,运用灰色关联度法对4种森林群落的面源污染控制功能进行研究.结果表明:在4种森林群落中作为天然林的楠竹林灰关联度值最大为0.887 7,面源污染控制功能最好,其次是人工阔叶林(0.7794)和人工混交林(0.6992),人工针叶林(0.636 1)面源污染防控能力相对较弱.在人工林方面,阔叶林灰关联度值最大为0.7794,面源污染防控能力最好,其次是针阔混交林(0.699 2),针叶林灰关联度值最低为0.636 1,其面源污染防控能力较弱.     

Modeling agricultural non-point source pollution in a high-precipitation coastal area of China

Non-point source （NPS） pollution simulation in the high-precipitation coastal areas of China is difficult because varying annual typhoon incidence leads to highly contrasting rainfall patterns in dry years and wet years. An IMPULSE （Integrated Model of Non-point Sources Pollution Processes） based NPS model of the Changtan Reservoir watershed, which is a typical high-precipitation coastal area in China, was established based on the analysis of point and NPS pollution data, a digital elevation model, and data on land-use, soil, meteorology, economy, and agricultural management practice. Pre-processed pre-rain- fall soil moisture levels were introduced during the simulation to model the effects of typhoons on hydrology. Rainfall events were simulated sequentially through the year and the model was calibrated and verified using hydrological and water quality data. Accuracy of the simulated rainfall runoff and water quality in the Changtan watershed was found to be acceptable. The study showed that the NPS modeling system could be applied to the simulation and prediction ofNPS loadings in the Changtan Reservoir watershed.     

SWAT模型在国内外非点源污染研究中的应用进展

模型模拟是定量估算非点源污染负荷的有效工具,也是对其进行规划、控制和管理的前提.近年来SWAT模型在国内外得到了快速的发展和应用,是目前全球评价大范围和环境变化条件下非点源污染问题的一个有效工具.简介SWAT模型的发展历程及原理,概述了SWAT模型目前在国内外的水文评价、污染物流失模拟、输人参数、土地利用及气候变化对水文响应的影响等方面的研究现状,并对SWAT模型的发展方向提出了建议,为模型的进一步完善与应用提供参考.结果显示,SWAT模型对水文评价(如径流量、泥沙量)可得到较好的模拟和预测结果,能够模拟污染物(如农药和化肥)在农田和河网中的迁移过程,模拟与分析土地利用/覆被变化及气候变化对水文过程的影响.模型参数的确定及其对地下水流与溶质运移的模拟是模型的主要问题,需要进一步研究与完善.     

非点源污染模型研究进展

随着点源污染的有效控制,非点源污染已成为水体污染的主要因素,如何有效地控制和管理非点源污染已成为水环境整治的一项重要任务。而计算机模型是极其有效的流域非点源污染模拟和污染负荷估算的定量化工具,为非点源污染评价、管理和控制提供了可靠依据。文章综述了非点源污染模型的发展概况及其研究不足,并对模型的发展趋势进行了分析和预测。由于非点源污染随机性大、分布范围广、形成机理模糊、管理控制难度大等特点,未来非点源污染的量化模型研究及其与量化模型有关的相应参数研究、模型与GIS集成研究将成为未来研究的主流。     

Control division of agricultural non-point source pollution at medium-sized watershed scale in Southeast China

This paper presents the study carried out for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution (NSP) in a medium-sized watershed covering 1.47 × 10⁴ km² in Southeast China using quantitative analysis coupled with geographic information system (GIS), universal soil loss equation (USLE), soil conservation service-curve number (SCS-CN), nutrient loss equations, and annualized agricultural nonpoint source model (AnnAGNPS). Based on the quantitative results derived from GIS and environmental models, five control division units were generated for NSP control in Jiulong River watershed, namely, controlling unit for soil losses, controlling unit for livestock breeding and soil losses, controlling unit for excessive fertilizer use and livestock breeding, controlling unit for soil losses and fertilizer use, and controlling unit for excessive fertilizer use and soil losses. This study proved that integrating GIS with environmental models can be adopted to efficiently evaluate major sources and contributors of NSP, and identify the critical source areas of NSP, which enables adjusting measures to local conditions by further control division units developed through such study for control and management of water quality degradation induced by NSP in the Jiulong River watershed.     

珠海市非点源污染负荷研究方法初探

就珠海市现存的水环境问题立项研究非点源污染。简要介绍本研究的总体方案,探讨城区地表径流污染、农业地表径流污染、畜禽养殖业污染和大气湿沉降污染的研究方法。针对珠海非点源污染现状,提出非点源污染负荷的削减方法以及调控对策。可为本区域的水环境治理提供科学依据,并可资全国其他地区开展类似研究借鉴。     

农田非点源氮污染研究进展

论述农田生态系统中氮素非点源污染的特征、排放途径和污染方式，两种重要氮素形态(NH4^4-N、NO3^- -N)在土水界面的扩散过程及迁移机理，农田非点源氮迁移过程及其影响因素，由农田氮素造成的非点源污染的污染负荷定量计算方法及评价指标，并指出国内外污染负荷定量模型的优缺点和发展趋势；提出了农田非点源氮污染的控制对策。     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of vegetation variation on non-point source nutrient pollution

The temporal-spatial interaction of land cover and non-point source (NPS) nutrient pollution were analyzed with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the temporal-spatial features of NPS nutrient loading in the upper stream of the Yellow River catchment. The corresponding land cover data variance was expressed by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that was calculated from MODIS images. It was noted that the temporal variation of land cover NDVI was significantly correlated with NPS nutrient loading. The regression analysis indicated that vegetation not only detained NPS nutrient pollution transportation, but also contributed to sustainable loading. The temporal analysis also confirmed that regional NDVI was an effective index for monthly assessment of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus loading. The spatial variations of NPS nutrient loading can be classified with land cover status. The high loadings of NPS nitrogen in high NDVI subbasins indicated that forestry and farmland are the main critical loss areas. Farmland contributed sustainable soluble N, but the loading of soluble and organic N from grassland subbasins was much lower. Most P loading came from the areas covered with dense grassland and forestry, which cannot directly discharge to local water bodies. However, some NPS phosphorus from suburban farmland can directly discharge into adjacent water bodies. The interactions among nutrient loading, NDVI, and slope were also analyzed. This study confirmed that the integration of NPS modeling, geographic information systems, and remote sensing is needed to understand the interactive dynamics of NPS nutrient loading. Understanding the temporal-spatial variation of NPS nutrients and their correlations with land cover will help NPS pollution prevention and water quality management efforts. Therefore, the proposed method for evaluating NPS nutrient loading by land cover NDVI can be an effective tool for pollution evaluation and watersheds planning.     

A laboratory study of auctions for reducing non-point source pollution

Non-point source pollution, such as nutrient runoff to waterways from agricultural production, is an environmental problem that typically involves asymmetric information. Land use changes to reduce pollution incur opportunity costs that are privately known to landholders, but these changes provide environmental benefits that may be more accurately estimated by regulators. This paper reports a testbed laboratory experiment in which landholder/sellers in sealed-offer auctions compete to obtain part of a fixed budget allocated by the regulator to subsidize abatement. In one treatment the regulator reveals to landholders the environmental benefits estimated for their projects, and in another treatment the regulator conceals the potential projects’ “environmental quality.” The results show that sellers’ offers misrepresent their costs more for high-quality projects when quality is revealed, so total abatement is lower and seller profits are higher when landholders know their projects’ environmental benefits. This suggests that concealing this information may improve regulatory efficiency.     

施肥及作物生长对田间非点源产污的影响

为了揭示施肥及作物生长对田间非点源污染的影响,分别在节瓜地布设不施肥、无机肥、无机肥＋有机肥、有机肥、有机肥＋多肽肥、多肽肥等6种施肥处理的小区,并于节瓜生长的初瓜期、盛瓜期、清藤期采用放水浸泡土壤的方法,测试不同施肥及作物生长状态下田间非点源产污强度。研究表明：在节瓜的生长过程中,各试验小区非点源产污强度呈现初瓜期〉清藤期〉盛瓜期的趋势。各营养元素的主要输出时段有所差异,总N、NH4-N的为初瓜期,总P、总K的为清藤期,NO3-N的为盛瓜期。在灌溉水作用下整个作物生长阶段的非点源产污总量从大到小依次为,有机肥、无机肥＋多肽肥、无机肥＋有机肥、不施肥、多肽肥、无机肥,试验表明该多肽肥具有一定的减污效果。     

Assessment of non-point source pollution using a spatial multicriteria analysis approach

Eutrophication caused by the enrichment of nutrients from diffusing sources is degrading surface water quality throughout the world. Assessing the potential contributions of different land areas in diffuse nutrient export has become an important task in non-point source (NPS) pollution control. Existing methods were often limited by the availability of local data and the complexity of model formulation. This study developed a spatial multicriteria method to evaluate the nitrogen loss potential at the basin level. Four criteria were formulated to characterize the source capacity of nitrogen export, the flow path to water body, the efficiency of runoff generation and the climatic driving force. The proposed method is a low-effort approach since the required data is either already available in a global context or easily produced with limited inputs. Being implemented in GIS environment, this method generates maps that can be easily interpreted to provide decision support. The method was applied to the Huai River Basin, China. The results were validated based on the correlation between the nitrogen loss potential of sub-basin and the water quality class of river. The maps of nitrogen loss potential were helpful for examining the regional pattern of diffuse nitrogen loss, and could facilitate the decisions of NPS pollution management at the provincial or basin level.     

Loss coefficient of nitrogenous non-point source pollution under various precipitation conditions

In this study, calibrations of non-point source (NPS) pollution models are performed based on Black River basin historical real-time runoff data, sedimentation record data, and NPS sources survey information. The concept of NPS loss coefficient for the watershed or the loss coefficients (LC) for simplicity is brought up by examining NPS build-up and migration processes along riverbanks in natural river systems. The historical data is used for determining the nitrogenous NPS loss coefficient for five land use types including farmland, urban land, grassland, shrub land, and forest under different precipitation conditions. The comparison of outputs from Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and coefficient export method showed that both methods could obtain reasonable LC. The high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.94722) between those two sets of calculation results justified the consistency of those two models. Another result in the study is that different combinations of precipitation condition and land use types could significantly affect the calculated loss coefficient. As for the adsorptive nitrogen, the order of impact on LC for different land use types can be sorted as: farm land > urban land > grassland > shrub land > forest while the order was farmland > grass land > shrub land > forest s>urban land for soluble nitrogen.     

Nanomaterials for environmental burden reduction, waste treatment, and nonpoint source pollution control: a review

Nanomaterials are applicable in the areas of reduction of environmental burden, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural wastes, and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control. First, environmental burden reduction involves green process and engineering, emissions control, desulfurization/denitrification of nonrenewable energy sources, and improvement of agriculture and food systems. Second, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural wastes involves converting wastes into products, groundwater remediation, adsorption, delaying photocatalysis, and nanomembranes. Third, NPS pollution control involves controlling water pollution. Nanomaterials alter physical properties on a nanoscale due to their high specific surface area to volume ratio. They are used as catalysts, adsorbents, membranes, and additives to increase activity and capability due to their high specific surface areas and nano-sized effects. Thus, nanomaterials are more effective at treating environmental wastes because they reduce the amount of material needed.     

Assessment of pollution of potentially harmful elements in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incinerator,China

We assessed the contamination levels of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As and Hg and the risks posed by these potentially harmful elements in top-soils around a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI).We collected 20 soil samples, with an average pH of 8.1, and another fly ash sample emitted from the MSWI to investigate the concentrations of these elements in soils. We determined the concentrations of these elements by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), except for Hg, which we measured by AF-610B atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). We assessed the risks of these elements through the use of geoaccumulation index (I _geo), potential ecological risk index (RI), hazard quotient (HQ _i ) and cancer risk (Risk _i ). The results showed that concentrations of potentially harmful elements in soil were influenced by the wind direction, and the concentrations of most elements were higher in the area northwest of the MSWI, compared with the area southeast of the incinerator, with the exception of As; these results were in accordance with those results acquired from our contour maps. According to the I _geo values, some soil samples were clearly polluted by Hg emissions. However, the health risk assessment indicated that the concentrations of Hg and other elements in soil did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to the local populations. This was also the case for the carcinogenic risks posed by As, Cr, and Ni. The carcinogenic risk posed by As was higher, in the range 6.49 × 10^–6–9.58 × 10^–6, but this was still considered to be an acceptable level of risk.

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城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与管理对策

近年来,我国城市生活垃圾产生量每年以约10%的速度迅猛增长,而城市生活垃圾处理能力发展相对滞后。客观评述城市生活垃圾常用的填埋、焚烧、堆肥3种处理技术的优缺点和在国内的应用现状,并针对城市生活垃圾在收运、处理以及管理等环节中存在的突出问题,提出了明确的建议与措施：首先,完善相关法规政策,实施分类收集,加强源头控制;其次,创新管理体制,推行市场化运作机制,政府加强政策引导和监督;再次,按照＂谁污染,谁付费＂的原则,建立健全垃圾收费体系;最后,充分利用各种媒介,加大宣传力度,提高公众环保意识。同时,还探讨了城市生活垃圾处理技术发展的趋势。焚烧处理将是今后一段时期我国最有发展潜力的技术,气化熔融焚烧技术是一种高效资源化、污染物接近零排放的新型焚烧技术;生物反应器填埋技术可减少渗滤液处理量、降低垃圾处理成本,具有广阔的发展前景;堆肥技术可作为焚烧或填埋之前的预处理手段;城市生活垃圾综合处理集多种处理技术的优点于一体,在节约处理成本,提高经济效益的同时,实现了垃圾的减量化、资源化、无害化,是未来我国生活垃圾处理的优先发展方向。