天然气管道受强烈地铁杂散电流干扰案例分析

某天然气管道受到了剧烈杂散电流干扰。通过电位监测对管道受到的干扰程度进行评价,分析了杂散电流流入、流出规律,并确定了干扰的分区。通过馈电试验研究了增大阴极保护电流对抑制电位正向偏移的作用。结果表明:管道受强烈的地铁直流杂散电流干扰;管道两端管段互为直流杂散电流流入流出区域,管道中间管段与两端管段互为直流杂散电流流入流出区域;阴极保护电流可以有效抑制管道电位正向偏移,但是抑制范围(长度)是有限的。地铁动态直流杂散电流对管道的干扰问题需要地铁方与管道方共同协作。     

超级电容储能供电型有轨电车对埋地钢质管道杂散电流干扰的影响

通过同步监测(有轨)电车的轨地电位和管道通/断电电位,研究了超级电容储能供电型有轨电车对埋地钢质管道的杂散电流干扰。结果表明：电车在车站充电时,铁轨轨地电位有明显的正负向偏移,杂散电流通过铁轨吸收和排放。管道受电车杂散电流干扰影响时,通电电位为-7.060～3.023 V(相对铜/硫酸铜参比电极,CSE),断电电位为-1.219～-0.143 V_CSE,沿线多处管道断电电位正于-0.85 V,不满足阴保准则,干扰影响范围远大于97 km。管道靠近与远离电车的管段互为杂散电流流入和流出的区域,且靠近电车管段的干扰程度更大。电车在牵引变电站供电范围内的车站充电时,铁轨轨地电位上升,铁轨流出的杂散电流就近流入电车附近的管段,杂散电流顺着管道往远离电车的方向流动,在远离电车的管段流出。     

高压线路对地下输油管道中杂散电流影响规律

用土壤电位梯度法和管地电位连续监测法,研究了高压线路对地下输油管道中杂散电流的影响规律.结果表明,当管线与高压线平行或交叉时,管道中存在较强的杂散电流;且随与离高压线距离的减小而增强;在杂散电流的作用下,管道会加速腐蚀.建议在杂散电流较强的管段采取排流保护措施.     

埋地管道钢制套管内杂散电流腐蚀穿孔机理研究

在油田管道施工实践中,受沿线地理位置分布的限制,部分管段在穿越道路、沟渠、河流等处采用了钢制套管防护,但这将影响阴极保护电流和电位的分布,从而使该管段成为管道阴极保护系统的薄弱环节。基于对输油管道钢制套管阴极保护屏蔽及杂散电流腐蚀破坏分析,研究了套管防护内管段腐蚀穿孔机理,提出了套管防护管段设计要求及交流腐蚀检测、预测和控制措施。     

直流杂散电流对天然气管道干扰影响案例分析

采用试片断电法和电位监测系统,对广东地区的某天然气管道进行24h的通/断电电位检测和长期监测,发现管道存在明显的直流杂散电流干扰。电位检测和监测结果分析表明:广东地区的天然气管道同时存在高压直流输电系统不平衡电流、单极大地回路电流和地铁杂散电流干扰;管段由于直流杂散电流的干扰,造成阀室内绝缘卡套放电烧蚀、恒电位仪内部元器件烧毁、恒电位仪无法正常运行以及全线管道的不同位置均有管体腐蚀发生。管体腐蚀最严重的位置腐蚀深度已经达到3.69mm,此位置管道在高压直流接地极输电系统单极大地运行模式时受干扰严重管道电位能达到-174.6V。同时,由于高压直流输电系统的不平衡电流和地铁杂散电流的叠加干扰,造成管道长时间处于欠保护状态,多个因素共同作用综合造成此段管道腐蚀严重。     

福建LNG长输管道杂散电流干扰的排查研究

为了解决福建液化天然气(LNG)管道ZZ002测试桩附近杂散电流干扰问题,联合使用长时间电位监测手段、密间隔电位测试(CIPS)检测方法、土壤电位梯度(DCVG)检测等方法确定了管道电位异常的时间、范围和沿管道的分布状况,发现了杂散电流的源头;切断杂散电流干扰源后,对管道进行复测,管道电位恢复正常;并对干扰现象产生的原理进行了分析、计算,和实际测量结果进行核对,证实联合使用时间电位监测手段、CIPS检测方法、土壤电位梯度检测等方法可以有效查找杂散电流干扰源。     

埋地钢制管道杂散电流的检测与防护技术

近年来国内高压输电系统、电气化铁路、城市轨道交通等基建项目飞速发展,这些基础设施在改善了人民日常生活水平的同时,也给埋地钢质管道的安全运营带来了十分严重的影响。受杂散电流影响,埋地钢质管道的阴极保护系统无法正常运行,管道腐蚀速度加快,杂散电流干扰严重的管段可能在短时间内就发生穿孔失效事故,当前运营单位对杂散电流检测手段较为单一,对于杂散电流往往无法根治,通过对管道电位科学的长时间监测以及通过管中电流法实施检测,为钢质管道杂散电流的防护与治理提供有效解决方案。     

地铁直流干扰影响下管道阴保电位的测试和评价

采用试片法及数据记录仪等测试方法对受地铁直流干扰影响管道进行了专项调查;并测试了管道长时间的通/断电电位。结果表明,在0~64km的管段(两端有绝缘接头)受到直流杂散电流干扰严重,管道在白天的极化电位正向偏移超过标准的要求,需要进行直流杂散电流排流。距地铁64~130km的管段(绝缘接头之后)也受到直流杂散电流干扰,但影响较小。     

埋地管道直流干扰腐蚀研究Ⅱ—地表电位梯度检测

地表电位梯度指标容易检测,但根据现有标准难以获得管道杂散干扰腐蚀的有用信息.本文采用新的方法测量电位梯度,并根据测量数据,解析出二种电流成分:地表干扰电流和流入(出)管道的电流;后者和实际杂散干扰腐蚀有良好相关,电流流出管道的位置代表阴极保护管道的腐蚀活性点.     

埋地管道在ECDA过程中杂散电流干扰下阴保电位的校正方法

埋地钢质管道在ECDA检测过程中,经常使用CIPS方法检测阴极保护电位,然而阴极保护系统在受到杂散电流干扰时,所测量的电位波动极大,检测结果无法应用于阴极保护系统的评价。因此需要寻找能够适用于在杂散电流干扰下CIPS所测电位的校正方法,排除杂散电流的干扰获取有效的阴极保护电位。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.