胆管内支架治疗肝门部胆管梗阻

目的 探讨肝门部胆管梗阻置入支架治疗梗阻性黄疸的可行性和操作方法.资料与方法 28例肝门部胆管梗阻患者经皮经肝穿刺,分别在左右肝管置入支架.经单侧穿刺5例,经左右肝分别穿刺23例.2枚支架并排放置21例,经第1枚支架网眼放置第2枚支架7例.结果 手术成功率100%,无与操作有关的严重的并发症发生,血胆红素术前(19.34±15.47) mg/dl,术后1周内下降为(9.75±8.21) mg/dl.生存期25～816天(平均213天).结论 通过介入手段置入胆管内支架是缓解肝门部梗阻引起的黄疸安全、有效的方法 .     

T/Y型胆管支架治疗肝门部恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值

目的探讨新型T/Y型胆管金属支架系统在肝门部恶性胆管梗阻中的临床应用价值。资料与方法对15例临床确诊为肝门部恶性胆管梗阻的患者先行单侧或双侧经皮肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD),再根据双侧肝内胆管的夹角置入"T"型或"Y"型胆管金属支架。结果15例均成功置入支架,其中单侧置入呈"T"型12例,双侧置入呈"Y"型3例。术后患者黄疸指数、胆管扩张状况均有不同程度改善,实现了内引流,未出现与支架置入相关的严重并发症。术后3～5天复查,胆管造影示支架系统几乎完全展开。结论T/Y型胆管支架在肝门部恶性胆管梗阻治疗中具有操作简便、创伤小及内引流效果好的优点。     

两种经皮胆道支架植入技术治疗肝门部恶性胆管梗阻的临床疗效比较

目的 比较分析Y型并排式支架与Y型嵌合内支架技术治疗肝门部恶性胆管阻塞的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析2012年8月至2019年3月64例采用Y型并排式支架或Y型嵌合内支架治疗肝门部恶性胆管梗阻患者的临床资料.其中38例患者采用Y型并排式支架技术进行支架植入(并排组),26例采用Y型嵌合内支架技术(嵌合组).评估两组...     

经皮肝途径胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻(附57报告)

目的：经皮肝穿肝胆管内置入金属支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻并探讨其 点和影响疗效的因素。方法：57例恶性胆管梗阻，采用经皮肝穿刺肝管胆道内金属支架置入术，胆管癌25例，胰头癌9例，肝癌15例，胃癌转移8例。阻塞部位们于胆总管33例；肝门部24例，其中肝总管13例，累有右肝管5例，左、右肝管6例。结果：共置入4种类型金属支架65枚，9例病人置入双内支架。技术操作成功率98．2％。术前血清胆红素162．7－960．4μmol/l，术后53例降至18．3－55．6μmol/l。半年生存率75．4％（43．57），一年生存率47．4％（27／57）。支架置入后半年再 阻塞率43．9％（25／57）。结论：经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶必理管梗阻安全、有效，是临床重要姑息性治疗手段，支架再阻塞是影响远期疗效的重要因素。     

经皮支架置入术与胆道引流术治疗肝门部恶性胆道梗阻的比较研究北大核心CSCD

目的 比较经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置入术、经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTBD)的外引流术及内外引流术3种不同引流方式治疗Bismuth-CorletteⅠ~Ⅱ型恶性胆道梗阻的疗效及预后。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年12月恶性胆道梗阻患者133例,其中胆道支架置入为A组(52例),PTBD外引流为B组(55例),PTBD内外引流为C组(26例),比较3组患者的生存期、技术引流成功与临床引流成功率、再介入率及术后不良事件发生情况。结果 B组的中位生存时间高于A组和C组,3组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cox回归分析示,不同引流方式和Bismuth-Corlette分型是影响生存期的独立危险因素。3组技术引流成功率均为100%,A、B组的临床引流成功率高于C组(P<0.05),A、B组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组有8例因胆道梗阻需再次介入,C组有3例因胆道感染调整为外引流。3组的1~2级不良事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组的3~4级不良事件发生率明显低于A组和C组(P<0.05),而A、C组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 与支架置入及PTBD内外引流相比,PTBD外引流对Bismuth-CorletteⅠ~Ⅱ型恶性胆道梗阻患者的疗效及预后更好。     

真实胆管弧度下胆道支架联合125I粒子条治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的剂量学研究北大核心CSCD

目的 比较胆道支架联合I粒子条在胆管弧度下和直线排列下的剂量学差异,评估粒子条在胆管弧度下危及器官(organ at risk, OAR)的受量情况,为胆道支架联合粒子条治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疾病(malignant obstructive jaundice,MOJ)的有效性及安全性提供剂量学参考。方法 收集行术后验证的18例患者的CT图像导入治疗计划系统(treatment planning system,TPS),靶区及OAR进行勾画,同时制作出治疗计划,并定义为真实胆管组。直线模型组为按照每例患者植入支架的尺寸、粒子条的粒子数及梗阻段的长度在TPS上制作出直线模型并制作计划。统计分析两组靶区在剂量体积参数、适形指数(conformity index,CI)、靶区外体积指数(external index,EI)及均匀指数(homogeneity index,HI)上的差异,并且评估粒子条处于真实胆管弧度状态时,OAR在各粒子活度下的受量情况。结果 与直线模型组相比,真实胆管弧度会降低两靶区的D、D、D,且下降幅度与粒子活度成正比,也会降低两靶区的V、V、V、V。其中,当使用粒子活度为0.8 mCi的粒子条时,真实胆管组靶区一的D、V、V分别为70.98 Gy、93.81%、43.48%;当使用粒子活度为1.0 mCi的粒子条时,真实胆管组靶区二的D、V、V分别为59.95 Gy、84.45%、31.88%。两靶区的CI、EI、HI均较差,与直线模型组相比,真实胆管弧度会降低CI,而在一定程度上改善EI及HI。串行器官中除肝动脉及肝门静脉的照射受量较高,最大剂量(maximum dose,D)分别为105.28~210.56 Gy、257.53~515.05 Gy,其他组织照射受量均较低。并行器官中胃的D为80.25~160.50 Gy,十二指肠的V30 Gy、V50 Gy分别为5.29~13.81 cm^(3)、2.11~7.09 cm^(3),胰腺的D为9.00~17.99 Gy,肝肾的照射受量较低。结论 与直线模型相比,胆管弧度会降低肿瘤靶区的剂量体积参数及适形度,但能改善靶区的均匀度及靶区外的受照体积。对于胆管壁无明显增厚的MOJ,植入粒子活度为0.8 mCi的粒子条,胆管EQD2可达到60 Gy。     

左右肝管同时狭窄的高位胆管梗阻单双支架治疗的对比性研究

目的分析左右肝管同时狭窄的高位胆管梗阻病例行胆管内双支架放置治疗的临床应用价值。资料与方法29例肝门部胆管梗阻患者,单支架放置13例,双支架放置16例。结果单、双支架放置成功率分别为100％、93．75％（P〉0．05）;术后胆红素下降率分别为58．10％、74．63％（P〈0．05）;6个月、1年的生存率分别为78．82％、38．43％和88．17％、45．16％（P〈0．05）;并发症发生率为19．77％、23．10％（P〉0．05）。结论左右肝管同时狭窄的高位胆管梗阻,双支架放置治疗比单支架放置治疗能更有效地解除黄疸,延长生存期,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜下置入胆管支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用

 目的 探讨内镜下胆管支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效及应用价值.方法 全部病例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)确定胆管狭窄部位及程度,选择合适的支架,在透视引导下置入支架.塑料支架组16例,金属支架组12例.观察其操作成功率、黄疸消退效果、并发症发生情况及6~12个月生存率.结果 首次置管成功率83.3%,总置管成功率93.3%,置管成功28例均达到降黄疸目的,临床症状缓解.早期并发症主要为ERCP术后胰腺炎及胆管炎,其中胰腺炎2例,发生率7.1%;胆管炎3例,发生率10.7%;晚期并发症主要为支架堵塞.6个月、12个月生存率分别达78.6 %及39.3 %.结论 内镜下胆管支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是安全有效的方法.     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术并胆道支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸(附36例分析)

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PDCT)并胆道支架植入一种针对梗阻性黄疸患者术前减轻黄疸和姑息性治疗的有效方法.恶性梗阻性黄疸常由胰腺癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌以及转移性肿瘤如胃癌胆道转移等所引起[1].以皮肤、巩膜黄染为主要表现,随着病情加重可引起肝、肾功能衰竭甚至多器官功能衰竭(multiple organ failure,MOF),严重影响患者生活质量,因此对不宜手术或无手术机会的患者实施姑息治疗十分必要.减轻梗阻性黄疸(减黄)是治疗的首要问题[2].目前国内外减黄治疗有手术或介入2种治疗方法[1].本院36例不宜手术的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,行经皮经肝胆管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage,PTCD)并胆道内支架植入术,疗效满意,报道如下.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流联合支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效观察

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流（PTCD）及胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性及短期疗效。方法回顾性分析PTCD及胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸患者112例,选择其中具有完整资料的78例作为研究对象,其中PTCD19例,胆道引流及胆道支架植入治疗59例。评价其手术成功率、临床疗效及并发症发生率。结果 78例经皮肝穿刺技术成功率100%,术后1周总胆红素平均水平从术前的（373.2±150.7）μmol/L降至（135.6±60.7）μmol/L（P〈0.001）,肝功能改善明显。总体有效率为88.46%（69/78）,平均生存时间为10.7个月。结论 PTCD联合胆道支架是一种安全、有效的治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗手段,可有效改善肝功能,为进一步治疗肿瘤创造条件。     

肝门部高位恶性胆道梗阻内支架植入术的疗效分析

高位恶性胆道梗阻患者多数失去手术机会,且手术难度大,切除率低,患者的生存期短。因此,胆道支架植入术已成为治疗恶性胆道梗阻的有效方法。选择我院1999年-2008年收治的28例肝门部高位恶性胆道梗阻患者的资料进行回顾分析,总结支架植入术在肝门部恶性胆道梗阻的应用价值及疗效。现将结果报道如下。     

Percutaneous unilateral placement of biliary covered metallic stent in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction and contralateral portal vein occlusion

Background Unilateral biliary metallic stent placement in the lobe with patent portal vein seemed to be a safe and effective palliative treatment of patients with contralateral portal vein occlusion caused by advanced hilar malignancy, obviating bilateral stent placement in these patients, because the hepatic lobe with portal vein occlusion ceases to produce bile due to interruption of enterohepatic circulation. Purpose To investigate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous unilateral expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stent placement in malignant hilar biliary obstruction with contralateral portal vein occlusion. Material and Methods From February 2008 to March 2011, 24 consecutive patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction and unilobar portal vein occlusion were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients were treated by percutaneous placement of ePTFE-covered stents. Results Stent deployment was technically successful in all patients. Two (8%) patients experienced minor self-limiting hemobilia. No major complication was noted. Successful internal drainage was achieved in 22 (91.6%) patients. Mean serum bilirubin level, which was 12.5 mg/dl ± 8.4 before drainage, decreased significantly to 2.7 mg/dl ± 3.4, 1 month after stent placement (P < 0.001). Median survival was 191 days (95% CI, 94-288 days) and cumulative stent patency rates at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 100%, 95%, 95%, 95%, and 71%, respectively. Two (8%) patients presented with stent occlusion due to sludge incrustation. Aside from two patients who had died within 30 days after stent placement, the other 22 patients demonstrated slight decrease in diameter of undrained lobe and did not experience cholangitis nor jaundice. Conclusion Unilateral placement of ePTFE-covered stent in the lobe with patent portal vein seems to be a safe and effective method for palliative treatment of patients with contralateral portal vein occlusion. In addition, ePTFE-covered stent placement can prevent tumor ingrowth without functional occlusion of segmental bile ducts.     

Flared polyurethane-covered self-expandable nitinol stent for malignant biliary obstruction

PURPOSE: To determine the technical efficacy and safety of a flared polyurethane-covered self-expandable nitinol stent in the management of malignant biliary obstruction and to evaluate its clinical efficacy by estimating stent patency and patient survival rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with common bile duct strictures (nonhilar) caused by malignant disease were treated by placement of 13 nitinol stents. The stents used include a flared section in the proximal portion (12 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length) and a section in the remnant portion that is fully covered with high-elasticity polyurethane, with an unconstrained diameter of 10 mm and a total length of 50-80 mm. Patient survival and stent patency rates were calculated with use of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The follow-up bilirubin and serum amylase and lipase levels were calculated, and the differences in means were evaluated with use of a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The average follow-up duration was 22.9 weeks (range, 8-56 weeks). RESULTS: Placement was successful in all cases. The 30-day mortality rate was 0%. The survival rates were 38% and 24% at 20 and 50 weeks, respectively. Seventy-seven percent of study patients had adequate palliative drainage during their the remainder of their lives. The stent patency rates were 71% and 48% at 20 and 50 weeks, respectively. Three patients (23%) presented with stent occlusion requiring repeat intervention. There were no procedure-related complications such as proximal or distal migration. No complications occurred other than stent occlusion. One patient's stent was removed under endoscopic guidance 15 weeks after its insertion. Bilirubin levels had significantly decreased 1 week after stent insertion (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Preliminary results suggest that placement of a flared polyurethane-covered self-expandable nitinol stent is feasible and effective in achieving biliary drainage. The stents do not migrate, but there is tumor ingrowth into the flared portion of the stent. Treatment of a larger group of patients will be mandatory to validate these long-term results.     

肝门部恶性胆道梗阻的MRC和PTC的对照研究

目的 :探讨MRC与PTC在肝门部恶性胆道梗阻中的临床应用价值。方法 :搜集经手术、病理或影像学证实并同时行MRC和PTC的肝门部恶性胆道梗阻患者 16例 ,其中 ,胆管癌 9例 ,转移癌 4例 (结肠癌 2例 ,胆囊癌 1例 ,胃癌 1例 ) ,肝门部肝癌 3例。分别在MRC和PTC图像上测量梗阻远端扩张的左、右肝管的宽径、狭窄段长度 ,计算并判断是否完全梗阻及其正确率。统计学处理采用配对t检验和 χ2 检验。结果 :MRC和PTC在显示扩张的左右肝管上无差异(t =1.2 7,P >0 .2及t=1.3 3 ,P >0 .2 ) ,MRC评价胆管狭窄长度和PTC相比有显著性差异 (t =3 .3 1,P <0 .0 1)。MRC判断狭窄程度的准确性明显低于PTC( χ2 =8.5 0 ,P <0 .0 0 5 )。结论 :MRC可很好的显示肝内胆管扩张程度 ,判断狭窄部位。但对狭窄程度的评估存在夸大效应。PTC不仅可评价肝内胆管扩张情况 ,并能准确测量狭窄段长度 ,判断狭窄部位是否完全梗阻。     

Afterloading intracavitary irradiation and expanding stent for malignant biliary obstruction

A double lumen catheter was developed as an applicator for the remote afterloading (RALS) of 60Co source for the intracavitary irradiation of an obstructed common bile duct caused by carcinoma of the gallbladder. This was followed by the placement of nylon-covered expandable metallic stents to maintain patency. This combination effectively provided palliation.     

Polyurethane-covered self-expandable nitinol stent for malignant biliary obstruction: preliminary results

Purpose: To evaluate the immediate and long-term results in ten patients with malignant biliary obstruction using a polyurethane-covered, self-expandable nitinol stent. Methods: A nitinol stent, fully covered with high-elasticity polyurethane, with an unconstrained diameter of 10 mm and a total length of 60–80 mm, was placed transhepatically under fluoroscopic guidance in ten patients. The length of the biliary obstruction varied between 30–50 mm. The follow-up examination included a clinical assessment, serum bilirubin measurement, and ultrasound examinations at one-month intervals in all patients. Results: Initial stent deployment was successful in eight patients. Two patients experienced proximal migration, which was solved by insertion of two, uncovered Wallstents. One patient had the stent removed after two weeks because of severe nausea and vomiting. One patient had delayed migration of the covered stent after 40 weeks. The follow-up duration was 3–40 weeks (Mean: 16.9 weeks). Seven patients died (3–26 weeks) and three patients survived (24–40 weeks). The bilirubin measurements in all patients had significantly decreased one week after stent insertion. The levels of amylase and lipase had did not increase after stent insertion. Conclusions: A polyurethane-covered, self-expandable nitinol stent can be used effectively and safely in the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. The preliminary results are favorable, but there is a need for further large studies to determine both long-term survival and patency.