Effect of Hydrophobic Acrylic versus Hydrophilic Acrylic Intraocular Lens on Posterior Capsule Opacification: Meta-Analysis

Purpose

This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the differences in performance of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) between hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOLs) and hydrophilic acrylic IOLs.

Setting

Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China.

Design

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or meta-analysis.

Methods

An electronic literature search was performed using the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library database before May in 2013 to identify prospective RCTs comparing hydrophobic acrylic IOLs and hydrophilic acrylic IOLs in patients after phacoemulsification with IOL implantation with a follow-up time of at least 1 year. Pertinent studies were selected by meeting predefined criteria and reviewed systematically by meta-analysis. The PCO scores and YAG capsulotomy rate, as indicator of PCO, were measured and discussed in a meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences (SMD), relative risk ratio (RR), and the pooled estimates were computed according to a random effect model or fixed effect model.

Results

Nine prospective RCTs involving 861 eyes were included in the current meta-analysis. The hydrophobic acrylic IOLs were favored and the pooled SMD of PCO severity was1.72 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20 to 1.23, P = 0.0002) and 1.79 (95% CI, 0.95 to 2.64, P<0.0001) with 1-year follow-up and 2-year follow-up respectively. The pooled RR of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy rates at postoperative 2-year follow-up was 6.96 (95% CI, 3.69 to 13.11, P<0.00001) comparing hydrophilic acrylic IOLs with hydrophobic acrylic IOLs.

Conclusions

Compared with hydrophilic acrylic IOLs, the hydrophobic acrylic IOLs showed superior reduction in rates of PCO and laser capsulotomy in 2-year follow-up. More RCTs with standard methods for longer follow-up are needed to validate the association.     

Nd:YAG激光治疗人工晶体植入术后后囊膜混浊的临床应用

目的：总结Nd：YAG激光治疗人工晶体(intraocular lens,IOL)植入术后后囊膜混浊(posterioc rcapsular opacification,PCO)的疗效和并发症,探讨此类手术临床应用的技巧与适用范围。方法：在不散瞳的条件下,应用Nd：YAG激光切开瞳孔区后囊膜混浊。结果：患者术后视力改善显著,术后并发症有眼压升高、AI晶体损伤、出血及玻璃体疝形成。结论：Nd：YAG激光治疗人工晶体植入术后晶体后囊膜混浊效果显著,严格掌握适应症以及熟练的手术技巧是获得最佳疗效的关键。     

Comparison of Optical Quality and Intraocular Scattering after Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens with and without a Central Hole (Hole ICL and Conventional ICL) Implantation Using the Double-Pass Instrument

Purpose

To objectively compare the optical quality and the intraocular scattering after implantation of the posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens (Visian ICL™, STAAR Surgical) with and without a central artificial hole for moderate to high ametropia.

Methods

This retrospective study comprised 28 eyes of 28 consecutive patients undergoing Hole ICL implantation (mean age ± standard deviation, 30.3±5.8 years), and 24 age-matched eyes of 24 patients undergoing conventional ICL implantation (age, 30.4±6.1 years). We quantitatively assessed the postoperative values of MTF cutoff frequency, Strehl ratio, objective scattering index (OSI), and OQAS values (OVs), using an Optical Quality Analysis System™. We compared these postoperative variables between the two groups.

Results

The mean MTF cutoff frequency, Strehl ratio, OSI, OV100%, OV 20%, and OV9%, were 26.21±8.32 cycles/degree, 0.16±0.04, 1.16±0.57, 0.87±0.28, 0.80±0.35, and 0.80±0.33, respectively, 3 months after Hole ICL implantation. We found no significant differences in the MTF cutoff frequency (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.59), the Strehl ratio (p = 0.82), the OSI (p = 0.63), or the OVs at contrasts of 100% (p = 0.58), 20% (p = 0.40), and 9% (p = 0.87), between the two groups.

Conclusions

Both Hole ICL and conventional ICL implantation provides an excellent optical performance including intraocular scattering. Newly developed Hole ICL implantation appears to be essentially equivalent in the optical quality variables to conventional ICL implantation, suggesting that the presence of the central artificial hole does not significantly affect the optical quality and the intraocular scattering after surgery.     

Comprehensive Analysis of Inflammatory Immune Mediators of the Intraocular Fluid Aspirated from the Foldable Capsular Vitreous Body Filled-Eyes

Purpose

To analyze the level of human inflammatory immune mediators in the intraocular fluid aspirated from foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) filled-eyes during FCVB removal surgery, 3 months after implantation.

Methods

8 samples of intra-FCVB fluids (n = 8) were collected from 8 FCVB filled patients in our previous FCVB exploratory clinical trial. The intra-FCVB fluids were aspirated from the FCVB filled-eyes during the FCVB removal surgeries at the third month. For the control groups, the vitreous fluids were collected from patients with idiopathic macular hole (n = 9) or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (n = 6) during pars plana vitrectomy. A multiplex immunoassay was used to determine levels of 9 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ and VEGF) in these samples. The VEGF level of some intra-FCVB fluids (n = 6) were re-tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

In the intra-FCVB fluids, 9 cytokines concentrations of most samples (n = 5) measured by Multiplex immunoassay showed low values, except for Patient 02, 06, and 09. The VEGF concentrations of some intra-FCVB fluids (n = 6) tested by ELISA were in accordance with Multiplex immunoassay results. For all eight patients (n = 8), the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and VEGF were slightly higher as compared to the idiopathic macular hole control group. While, the concentrations of IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17 were not statistically significant different compared with the idiopathic macular hole control samples. Most cytokines concentrations (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, VEGF) were not statistically significant different compared to the rhegmatogenous retinal detachment control group except IL-1β.

Conclusions

The FCVB had sufficient porosity to allow cytokines to pass through. This study first discovered that the FCVB possesses favorable permeability of proteins in the human eye.     

Feedback Regulation of Intracellular Hydrostatic Pressure in Surface Cells of the Lens

In wild-type lenses from various species, an intracellular hydrostatic pressure gradient goes from ∼340 mmHg in central fiber cells to 0 mmHg in surface cells. This gradient drives a center-to-surface flow of intracellular fluid. In lenses in which gap-junction coupling is increased, the central pressure is lower, whereas if gap-junction coupling is reduced, the central pressure is higher but surface pressure is always zero. Recently, we found that surface cell pressure was elevated in PTEN null lenses. This suggested disruption of a feedback control system that normally maintained zero surface cell pressure. Our purpose in this study was to investigate and characterize this feedback control system. We measured intracellular hydrostatic pressures in mouse lenses using a microelectrode/manometer-based system. We found that all feedback went through transport by the Na/K ATPase, which adjusted surface cell osmolarity such that pressure was maintained at zero. We traced the regulation of Na/K ATPase activity back to either TRPV4, which sensed positive pressure and stimulated activity, or TRPV1, which sensed negative pressure and inhibited activity. The inhibitory effect of TRPV1 on Na/K pumps was shown to signal through activation of the PI3K/AKT axis. The stimulatory effect of TRPV4 was shown in previous studies to go through a different signal transduction path. Thus, there is a local two-legged feedback control system for pressure in lens surface cells. The surface pressure provides a pedestal on which the pressure gradient sits, so surface pressure determines the absolute value of pressure at each radial location. We speculate that the absolute value of intracellular pressure may set the radial gradient in the refractive index, which is essential for visual acuity.     

The Production of Antisera to the Klebsiella Capsular Antigens

Three methods of antiserum production have been compared. One of these consistently gave rise to greater homologous quellung titres and was used routinely. A modification of this method using vaccines consisting of washed, killed suspensions of type strains resulted in no significant increase in titres or decrease in cross-reactions. Considerable differences were found between the homologous quellung titres and cross-reactions of antisera prepared in the same laboratory on different occasions.     

Tuning the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Balance to Control the Structure of Chitosan Films and Their Protein Release Behavior

The control over the crystallinity of chitosan and chitosan/ovalbumin films can be achieved via an appropriate balance of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions during the film formation process, which then controls the release kinetics of ovalbumin. Chitosan films were prepared by solvent casting. The presence of the anhydrous allomorph can be viewed as a probe of the hydrophobic conditions at the neutralization step. The semicrystalline structure, the swelling behavior of the films, the protein/chitosan interactions, and the release behavior of the films were impacted by the DA and the film processing parameters. At low DAs, the chitosan films neutralized in the solid state corresponded to the most hydrophobic environment, inducing the crystallization of the anhydrous allomorph with and without protein. The most hydrophilic conditions, leading to the hydrated allomorph, corresponded to non-neutralized films for the highest DAs. For the non-neutralized chitosan acetate (amorphous) films, the swelling increased when the DA decreased, whereas for the neutralized chitosan films, the swelling decreased. The in vitro release of ovalbumin (model protein) from chitosan films was controlled by their swelling behavior. For fast swelling films (DA?=?45%), a burst effect was observed. On the contrary, a lag time was evidenced for DA?=?2.5% with a limited release of the protein. Furthermore, by blending chitosans (DA?=?2.5% and 45%), the release behavior was improved by reducing the burst effect and the lag time. The secondary structure of ovalbumin was partially maintained in the solid state, and the ovalbumin was released under its native form.     

Fine-Tuning the Antimicrobial Profile of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles by Sequential Surface Functionalization Using Polyoxometalates and Lysine

Antimicrobial action of nanomaterials is typically assigned to the nanomaterial composition, size and/or shape, whereas influence of complex corona stabilizing the nanoparticle surface is often neglected. We demonstrate sequential surface functionalization of tyrosine-reduced gold nanoparticles (AuNPs^Tyr) with polyoxometalates (POMs) and lysine to explore controlled chemical functionality-driven antimicrobial activity. Our investigations reveal that highly biocompatible gold nanoparticles can be tuned to be a strong antibacterial agent by fine-tuning their surface properties in a controllable manner. The observation from the antimicrobial studies on a gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli were further validated by investigating the anticancer properties of these step-wise surface-controlled materials against A549 human lung carcinoma cells, which showed a similar toxicity pattern. These studies highlight that the nanomaterial toxicity and biological applicability are strongly governed by their surface corona.     

超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼的临床疗效分析

摘要目的：探讨超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼的的临床疗效。方法：将2007年8月-2012年8月入住我院的100例经诊断为白内障合并青光眼患者随机地均分为对照组与观察组,各为50例。对照组仅给予超声乳化人工晶状体植入术,观察组在此基础上给予联合小梁切除术进行治疗,比较两组治疗前后的视力、眼压、中央房前深度、房角开放状态变化、视野及并发症发生率。结果：（1）对照组患者术后1周、1个月及3个月视力均要高于术前,且术后1个月与3个月视力较术前差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组患者术后1周、1个月及3个月均要明显高于术前,术后视力较术前均具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）,且与对照组术后相比,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（2）两组手术前后眼压、房角开放状态变化、中央前房深度及视野差异均具有统计学意义（P〈O．05,P〈O．01）,且观察组术后较对照组术后差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）对照组并发症发生率为22．00％,明显高于观察组（8．00％）,二者差异具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼,临床疗效显著,术后恢复快,并发症发生率低,应在临床上加以推广并应用。     

Topographical and Physicochemical Modification of Material Surface to Enable Patterning of Living Cells

ABSTRACT:?

Precise control of the architecture of multiple cells in culture and in vivo via precise engineering of the material surface properties is described as cell patterning. Substrate patterning by control of the surface physicochemical and topographic features enables selective localization and phenotypic and genotypic control of living cells. In culture, control over spatial and temporal dynamics of cells and heterotypic interactions draws inspiration from in vivo embryogenesis and haptotaxis. Patterned arrays of single or multiple cell types in culture serve as model systems for exploration of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. More recently, the patterned arrays and assemblies of tissues have found practical applications in the fields of Biosensors and cell-based assays for Drug Discovery. Although the field of cell patterning has its origins early in this century, an improved understanding of cell-substrate interactions and the use of microfabrication techniques borrowed from the microelectronics industry have enabled significant recent progress. This review presents the important early discoveries and emphasizes results of recent state-of-the-art cell patterning methods. The review concludes by illustrating the growing impact of cell patterning in the areas of bioelectronic devices and cell-based assays for drug discovery.     

Role of the RGD sequence in parasite adhesion to host cells

For many protozoan parasites, one of the first events in the process of infection is attachment to the surface of host cells. This adhesion phase usually involves ligand-receptor interactions, and has stimulated interest in the biochemical characterization of those host cell and parasite surface components involved. In this article, Ali Ouaissi discusses the strategy employed by pathogens such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Trichomonas, Leishmania and Treponema pallidum, in binding to their host cells' fibronectin receptors. Two systems appear available - to bind to the dimeric cell surface fibronectin through the Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) sequence that is not occupied by the host cell surface receptors, or to present a surface antigen representing a 'fibronectin-like' molecule containing the RGD sequence directly to the host cell fibronectin receptors.     

超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼的临床疗效及安全性评价

目的：探讨超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼的临床疗效及安全性。方法：将100例白内障合并青光眼患者按照抽签法随机地均分为对照组与观察组,对照组给予单纯超声乳化人工晶状体植入术,观察组在此基础上给予联合小梁切除术进行治疗。比较两组治疗前后相关指标以及术后并发症发生率等。结果：（1）对照组治疗前后IOP、ACD及AL均无统计学差异,观察组治疗前后IOP与CAD差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,但该组治疗前后AL无统计学差异;（2）两组术前与术后1周、1个月及3个月平均视野缺损值、平均模式标准差相比,差异均具有统计学意义,且观察组术后与对照组术后相比,差异均具有统计学意义;（3）对照组并发症发生率为20．00％,明显大于观察组（10．00％）。结论：超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼,疗效显著,不良反应发生率低,值得加以推广并应用。     

On the Role of Microfilaments In Cell-Shape-Mediated Growth Control of Lens Epithelial Cells

With regard to the fact that, in anchorage-dependent lens epithelial cells, DNA synthesis can be switched on and off by cell flattening and cell rounding, respectively, the state of the microfilaments has been followed by labelling actin with FL-phalloidin during cell-shape alterations. Cell flattening proved to be accompanied by both a structural organization of actin filaments into stress fibres and an enlargement of the area of the cell nucleus. Cell rounding, on the other hand, caused the microfilament bundles to disappear and the area of the nucleus to become smaller. From the time course of the inhibition of DNA synthesis by cytochalasin B, it was inferred that functionally intact microfilaments are required for the entrance of the cells into DNA synthesis but not for the maintenance of ongoing DNA synthesis. the assumption has been made that the tension, generated by microfilaments during cell spreading, will affect the state of the plasma membrane as well as the shape and the structure of the nucleus, which in turn seems to be preparatory for cells to enter the cycle.     

The Effect of Material and Roughness of the Probe Surface on Probe Characteristics

Plasma Physics Reports - In the region of the surface of the probe introduced into the plasma, there are emission flows that introduce changes in the determination of its parameters. Despite the...     

Tmod1 and CP49 Synergize to Control the Fiber Cell Geometry,Transparency, and Mechanical Stiffness of the Mouse Lens

The basis for mammalian lens fiber cell organization, transparency, and biomechanical properties has contributions from two specialized cytoskeletal systems: the spectrin-actin membrane skeleton and beaded filament cytoskeleton. The spectrin-actin membrane skeleton predominantly consists of α₂β₂-spectrin strands interconnecting short, tropomyosin-coated actin filaments, which are stabilized by pointed-end capping by tropomodulin 1 (Tmod1) and structurally disrupted in the absence of Tmod1. The beaded filament cytoskeleton consists of the intermediate filament proteins CP49 and filensin, which require CP49 for assembly and contribute to lens transparency and biomechanics. To assess the simultaneous physiological contributions of these cytoskeletal networks and uncover potential functional synergy between them, we subjected lenses from mice lacking Tmod1, CP49, or both to a battery of structural and physiological assays to analyze fiber cell disorder, light scattering, and compressive biomechanical properties. Findings show that deletion of Tmod1 and/or CP49 increases lens fiber cell disorder and light scattering while impairing compressive load-bearing, with the double mutant exhibiting a distinct phenotype compared to either single mutant. Moreover, Tmod1 is in a protein complex with CP49 and filensin, indicating that the spectrin-actin network and beaded filament cytoskeleton are biochemically linked. These experiments reveal that the spectrin-actin membrane skeleton and beaded filament cytoskeleton establish a novel functional synergy critical for regulating lens fiber cell geometry, transparency, and mechanical stiffness.     

Polymorphisms of the Cell Surface Receptor Control Mouse Susceptibilities to Xenotropic and Polytropic Leukemia Viruses

The differential susceptibilities of mouse strains to xenotropic and polytropic murine leukemia viruses (X-MLVs and P-MLVs, respectively) are poorly understood but may involve multiple mechanisms. Recent evidence has demonstrated that these viruses use a common cell surface receptor (the X-receptor) for infection of human cells. We describe the properties of X-receptor cDNAs with distinct sequences cloned from five laboratory and wild strains of mice and from hamsters and minks. Expression of these cDNAs in resistant cells conferred susceptibilities to the same viruses that naturally infect the animals from which the cDNAs were derived. Thus, a laboratory mouse (NIH Swiss) X-receptor conferred susceptibility to P-MLVs but not to X-MLVs, whereas those from humans, minks, and several wild mice (Mus dunni, SC-1 cells, and Mus spretus) mediated infections by both X-MLVs and P-MLVs. In contrast, X-receptors from the resistant mouse strain Mus castaneus and from hamsters were inactive as viral receptors. These results suggest that X-receptor polymorphisms are a primary cause of resistances of mice to members of the X-MLV/P-MLV family of retroviruses and are responsible for the xenotropism of X-MLVs in laboratory mice. By site-directed mutagenesis, we substituted sequences between the X-receptors of M. dunni and NIH Swiss mice. The NIH Swiss protein contains two key differences (K500E in presumptive extracellular loop 3 [ECL 3] and a T582 deletion in ECL 4) that are both required to block X-MLV infections. Accordingly, a single inverse mutation in the NIH Swiss protein conferred X-MLV susceptibility. Furthermore, expression of an X-MLV envelope glycoprotein in Chinese hamster ovary cells interfered efficiently with X-MLV and P-MLV infections mediated by X-receptors that contained K500 and/or T582 but had no effect on P-MLV infections mediated by X-receptors that lacked these amino acids. In contrast, moderate expression of a P-MLV (MCF247) envelope glycoprotein did not cause substantial interference, suggesting that X-MLV and P-MLV glycoproteins interfere nonreciprocally with X-receptor-mediated infections. We conclude that P-MLVs have become adapted to utilize X-receptors that lack K500 and T582. A penalty for this adaptation is a reduced ability to interfere with superinfection. Because failure of interference is a hallmark of several exceptionally pathogenic retroviruses, we propose that it contributes to P-MLV-induced diseases.     

Functional Principles of Posterior Septal Inputs to the Medial Habenula

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