运用分布式水文模型评估TRMM卫星降雨数据对渭河流域水文模拟的适用性（英文）

The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) data with rain gauge data and further to use this TRMM data to drive a Distributed Time-Variant Gain Model(DTVGM) to perform hydrological simulations in the semi-humid Weihe River catchment in China.Before the simulations,a comparison with a10-year(2001-2010)daily rain gauge data set reveals that,at daily time step,TRMM rainfall data are better at capturing rain occurrence and mean values than rainfall extremes.On a monthly time scale,good linear relationships between TRMM and rain gauge rainfall data are found,with determination coefficients R~2 varying between 0.78 and 0.89 for the individual stations.Subsequent simulation results of seven years(2001-2007)of data on daily hydrological processes confirm that the DTVGM when calibrated by rain gauge data performs better than when calibrated by TRMM data,but the performance of the simulation driven by TRMM data is better than that driven by gauge data on a monthly time scale.The results thus suggest that TRMM rainfall data are more suitable for monthly streamflow simulation in the study area,and that,when the effects of recalibration and the results for water balance components are also taken into account,the TRMM 3B42-V7 product has the potential to perform well in similar basins.     

基于DEM的分布式水文模型构建方法

基于 DEM的分布式水文模型是现代水文学同高科技 (如计算机技术、 3S技术等 )相结合的产物 ,是研究变化环境下水文循环与水资源演化规律的理想工具 ,代表了水文模型的最新发展方向。从 DEM的特性出发 ,本文探讨并总结了分布式水文模型的特点、建模思路和模型基本结构框图。在流域离散化方面 ,重点介绍了分布式水文模型常用的三种单元划分方法 ;最后 ,针对分布式水文模型构建问题 ,从“输入模块”、“单元水文模型”、“河网汇流模型”三方面 ,阐述了分布式水文模型微结构构建方法。     

黄河河源区变化环境下分布式水文模拟

将黄河河源区划分为38个自然子流域,利用分布式水文模型模拟径流量,采用唐乃亥水文站逐年、月实测径流资料进行验证,得到了较好的模拟效果。文章建立了5种土地覆被情景模型及24组不同气温和降水的情景组合,分别模拟不同情景下的年径流量。模拟结果表明,随着植被覆盖度的增加,流域年径流量减小,蒸发量增加。当气温降低2_oC且降水增加20%时,流域径流量增加得最大,增加39.69%。     

我国西南岩溶流域概念性分布式 水文模型的构建及应用

以贵州省三岔河流域为研究区,构建了一个以表层岩溶带产流过程为核心的岩溶流域概念性分布式水文模型。模型充分考虑了岩溶地区下垫面条件的复杂性,根据含水介质的不同,将岩溶水分为不同径流成分并分别汇流演算。模型中的大部分参数通过野外实验直接获得,通过对研究区1991―2012年共22 a逐日过程进行模拟演算,结果表明：该模型在三岔河流域有良好的适用性,径流深及洪峰误差均控制较好。     

Evaluating the suitability of TRMM satellite rainfall data for hydrological simulation using a distributed hydrological model in the Weihe River catchment in China

The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data with rain gauge data and further to use this TRMM data to drive a Distributed Time-Variant Gain Model (DTVGM) to perform hydrological simulations in the semi-humid Weihe River catchment in China. Before the simulations, a comparison with a 10-year (2001-2010) daily rain gauge data set reveals that, at daily time step, TRMM rainfall data are better at capturing rain occurrence and mean values than rainfall extremes. On a monthly time scale, good linear relationships between TRMM and rain gauge rainfall data are found, with determination coefficients R² varying between 0.78 and 0.89 for the individual stations. Subsequent simulation results of seven years (2001-2007) of data on daily hydrological processes confirm that the DTVGM when calibrated by rain gauge data performs better than when calibrated by TRMM data, but the performance of the simulation driven by TRMM data is better than that driven by gauge data on a monthly time scale. The results thus suggest that TRMM rainfall data are more suitable for monthly streamflow simulation in the study area, and that, when the effects of recalibration and the results for water balance components are also taken into account, the TRMM 3B42-V7 product has the potential to perform well in similar basins.     

基于DEM的清水河分布式水文模型

对于以冰雪融水和雨水混合补给为主的西北山区流域,需要结合山区特点建立分布式水文模型。通过取塔里木河流域中的清水河水系为研究区域,采用300 m×300 m DEM数据进行流域河网水系提取,同时用DEM数据对参数进行分布式异化,建立冰雪融水与降雨相结合的分布式水文模型。分析模拟结果表明:夏季模拟径流主峰值与实测径流值较为接近,而冬春季节两者之间的差别较大,反映了西北山区流域冰雪融水和雨水混合补给为主的特点;进而开拓塔里木河区域应用该类模型的可行性。     

基于标准化流量指数(SDI)的石羊河流域水文干旱特征

利用石羊河流域8个水文站1961－2017年逐月实测流量数据和4个气象站点的气象观测资料,采用标准化流量指数（SDI）、游程理论来获得干旱事件的特征指标,分析了石羊河流域水文干旱演变特征,并采用与降水量、最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、蒸发量的相关性来分析石羊河流域SDI的影响因素。结果表明：1961—2017年石羊河流域干旱历时、干旱烈度和干旱强度的变化不是很一致,流域水文干旱历时20世纪70年代最长,80年代最短;干旱烈度全流域90年代最强,烈度最弱出现在80年代;干旱强度全流域60年代最强,80年代强度最弱;石羊河流域及流域中、西部年SDI变化总体上表现为在波动中呈增加趋势,西部增加幅度最大,中部增加幅度很小,流域东部年SDI在波动中呈减小趋势;石羊河全流域及流域东、中和西部年及四季干旱发生频次总体都是中旱和重旱频次最多,四季水文干旱发生频率最高的是春季,冬季干旱发生频率最低;从流域不同地段看,水文干旱发生的频率流域东部最高;构建的SDI 临界值识别出的主要水文干旱事件和实际干旱事件基本一致,干旱等级也较一致,说明使用SDI能够较好地监测到石羊河流域干旱年份及干旱等级;石羊河流域年SDI值与最高气温、平均气温和蒸发量呈负相关,与降水量和平均气温呈正相关。     

潮白河源区生态流量的谱系及其变化

为保护和恢复河流生态系统健康,本文通过河流不同流量形态的生态意义的分析,探讨了生态流量的内涵 及其谱系结构,将生态流量谱系划分为极低流量、低流量、高脉冲流量、高流量、极高流量五种流量形态。以潮白河 源区为研究区域,利用大阁水文站1956～2003 年48 年的实测日流量资料,对参照期(1956～1974 年)和影响期 (1975～2003 年)的生态流量谱系特征进行分析,结果表明,影响期较参照期多年平均极低流量、低流量、高流量分别 减少了31%、4%、9%,极高流量消失,高脉冲流量则增加了5%,若以参照期生态系统的状况为生态保护和恢复的目 标,就生态流量而言,潮白河源区须通过合理的水量调控应重点增加极低流量的大小。     

遥感可视化建模工具的工作流模型及分布式调度算法

分布式工作流引擎相对集中式引擎在处理事务效率上有明显的优势.针对现有遥感可视化建模工具对于大规模、大数据的工作流程在效率上存在的问题.分析集中式与分布武工作流系统的特点,参考了当前流行的产品架构,结合实际应用需求,根据遥感影像处理的特征,提出基于有向图的分布式BFS算法的引擎调度算法,算法考虑了分布式系统中时间一致性以及数据一致性问题,引入一种新的冲突解决策略,解决分布式系统下由于时间不一致导致的部分结点不能得到正确的层号的问题;采用等待机制和数据流图的概念,控制较快的分支的执行速率,容许较慢的分支在没有被较快分支赶上时完成对流程图的搜索,保证任务结点所接收数据的完整性.     

基于遥感数据的叶尔羌河流域水文过程模拟与分析

在西北荒漠-绿洲生态系统中,山区水循环对下游水资源管理具有重要作用。为了准确地理解高寒山区水文过程,以降水、温度和潜在蒸散发的遥感数据为模型输入,建立叶尔羌河流域的MIKE SHE模型。根据模型输出,从径流、积雪和蒸散发三方面探讨了流域的水文过程。结果表明：经校正后的遥感产品在叶尔羌河流域的水文模拟中取得了良好的应用效果,出山口卡群站日径流的效率系数达0.71,相关系数达0.85。河道的年平均径流深为146.66 mm,其中稳定的基流补给占21.3%。流域的年平均降雪231 mm,占总降水的74%左右;73.9%的融雪发生在7-9月,积雪主要分布于5000 m以上区域。蒸散发以7-9月中低山区植被覆盖良好的针叶林和草地为主。选用合适的方法对遥感数据进行验证和率定,有助于提高对资料缺失的高寒山区流域水文过程的认识。对不同水文要素进行分析验证,可更准确地理解水资源的转化、储存方式及其时空分布,以便为下游水资源管理提供依据。     

黄土高原典型流域LCM模型集总、半分布和分布式构建对比分析

暴雨中心的空间分布是影响小流域暴雨洪水过程模拟精度的关键要素。不同模型构建方式对降雨空间异质性的响应差异很大,选择恰当的水文模型构建方式对提高模型计算效率,减少降雨空间异质性对模型的影响从而提高预测精度具有重要意义。为此,本文基于刘昌明提出的适用于黄土高原超渗产流机制的LCM （Liu Changming Model）模型,分别构建了集总式、半分布式和全分布式的暴雨—径流模型,旨在比较分析不同模型构建方式对于降雨空间异质性的响应及其对模拟精度和计算效率的影响。结果表明：分布式构建模拟精度最高,纳什效率系数达到0.81,相关系数达到0.82;集总式构建计算时间最短;相比较而言,半分布式构建方法纳什效率系数达到0.78,主峰值模拟精度分别达到76.1%和65.8%。总体上,全分布式构建方法模拟精度最高,集总式计算耗时最短效率最高,半分布式在保持较高模拟精度的同时也具有较高的计算效率。     

近50年怒江流域中上游枯季径流变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用长序列观测记录,分析怒江流域中上游1960~2009年枯季气温和降水的变化规律,探讨近50 a来该流域中上游枯季径流变化特征及其对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明：怒江流域中上游冬季和春季气温均有上升趋势; 怒江流域中上游春季和冬季降水量均有增加的趋势;怒江干流道街坝站冬季和春季平均流量都有显著的增加趋势;无论是年最小1、7、30及90 d流量等枯季极值流量,还是75%,90%,95%等不同保证率枯水径流特征值,1990 s和2000 s均远高于其他年代,说明20世纪90年代以来怒江流域枯水径流有较为明显的增长。     

Uncertainty analysis of runoff and sedimentation in a forested watershed using sequential uncertainty fitting method

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) was implemented in a small forested watershed of the Soan River Basin in northern Pakistan through application of the sequential uncertainty fitting(SUFI-2) method to investigate the associated uncertainty in runoff and sediment load estimation. The model was calibrated for a 10-year period(1991–2000) with an initial 4-year warm-up period(1987–1990), and was validated for the subsequent 10-year period(2001–2010). The model evaluation indices R~2(the coefficient of determination), NS(the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency), and PBIAS(percent bias) for stream flows simulation indicated that there was a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows. To assess the uncertainty in the model outputs, p-factor(a 95% prediction uncertainty, 95PPU) and r-factors(average wideness width of the 95 PPU band divided by the standard deviation of the observed values) were taken into account. The 95 PPU band bracketed 72% of the observed data during the calibration and 67% during the validation. The r-factor was 0.81 during the calibration and 0.68 during the validation. For monthly sediment yield, the model evaluation coefficients(R~2 and NS) for the calibration were computed as 0.81 and 0.79, respectively; for validation, they were 0.78 and 0.74, respectively. Meanwhile, the 95 PPU covered more than 60% of the observed sediment data during calibration and validation. Moreover, improved model prediction and parameter estimation were observed with the increased number of iterations. However, the model performance became worse after the fourth iterations due to an unreasonable parameter estimation. Overall results indicated the applicability of the SWAT model with moderate levels of uncertainty during the calibration and high levels during the validation. Thus, this calibrated SWAT model can be used for assessment of water balance components, climate change studies, and land use management practices.     

Quantification of human and climate contributions to multi-dimensional hydrological alterations: A case study in the Upper Minjiang River,China

Dual factors of climate and human on the hydrological process are reflected not only in changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of water resource amounts but also in the various characteristics of river flow regimes. Isolating and quantifying their contributions to these hydrological alterations helps us to comprehensively understand the response mechanism and patterns of hydrological process to the two kinds of factors. Here we develop a general framework using hydrological model and 33 indicators to describe hydrological process and quantify the impact from climate and human. And we select the Upper Minjiang River(UMR) as a case to explore its feasibility. The results indicate that our approach successfully recognizes the characteristics of river flow regimes in different scenarios and quantitatively separates the climate and human contributions to multi-dimensional hydrological alterations. Among these indicators, 26 of 33 indicators decrease over the past half-century(1961–2012) in the UMR, with change rates ranging from 1.3% to 33.2%, and the human impacts are the dominant factor affecting hydrological processes, with an average relative contribution rate of 58.6%. Climate change causes an increase in most indicators, with an average relative contribution rate of 41.4%. Specifically, changes in precipitation and reservoir operation may play a considerable role in inducing these alterations. The findings in this study help us better understand the response mechanism of hydrological process under changing environment and is conducive to climate change adaptation, water resource planning and ecological construction.