宫腔镜检查联合病理对绝经后子宫出血的290例诊断评价

目的:评价宫腔镜联合病理对绝经后子宫出血诊断和治疗价值.方法:对我院2003-02～2009-04收治的290例绝经后阴道流血患者进行宫腔镜检查加病理,对其中114例良性、器质性病变患者宫腔镜手术治疗.结果:子宫内膜息肉62例、萎缩宫腔58例、炎症54例、宫颈管息肉46例、子宫内膜增殖症38例、子宫内膜不典型增生及子宫内膜癌12例、节育器14例、子宫黏膜下肌瘤6例.B超下子宫内膜＜4.0 mm者宫腔内器质性病变33.3%,而≥4.0 mm者器质性病变58.6%,12例子宫内膜癌及癌前病变患者内膜均≥4.0 mm,良性子宫内膜器质性病变者均宫腔镜下手术1次治愈.结论:宫腔镜检查辅以病理是诊断绝经后子宫出血的有效方法.     

宫腔镜检查联合病理对绝经后子宫出血的290例诊断评价

目的：评价宫腔镜联合病理对绝经后子宫出血诊断和治疗价值。方法：对我院2003—02—2009—04收治的290例绝经后阴道流血患者进行宫腔镜检查加病理，对其中114例良性、器质性病变患者宫腔镜手术治疗。结果：子宫内膜息肉62例、萎缩宫腔58例、炎症54例、宫颈管息肉46例、子宫内膜增殖症38例、子宫内膜不典型增生及子宫内膜癌12例、节育器14例、子宫黏膜下肌瘤6例。B超下子宫内膜〈4．0mm者宫腔内器质性病变33．3％，而≥4．0mm者器质性病变58．6％，12例子宫内膜癌及癌前病变患者内膜均≥4．0mm，良性子宫内膜器质性病变者均宫腔镜下手术1次治愈。结论：宫腔镜检查辅以病理是诊断绝经后子宫出血的有效方法。     

宫腔镜手术治疗绝经期子宫内膜息肉的应用

 目的探讨官腔镜手术在治疗绝经期子宫内膜息肉方面的临床效果.方法回顾性分析1999年10月～2004年10月在我院经门诊宫腔镜诊断为子宫内膜息肉而行官腔镜手术的49例绝经后妇女的临床资料.41例行单极电切手术:其中13例行单纯息肉切除,15例息肉切除同时行滚球电极子宫内膜剥除,13例息肉切除同时行热球子宫内膜剥除;5例行双极汽化电切息肉及子宫内膜剥除;余3例患者因术中诊为黏膜下子宫肌瘤而行官腔镜下肌瘤切除术.结果49例中术后病理诊断为子宫内膜息肉46例,其中1例合并子宫内膜复杂性伴轻度非典型增生;黏膜下子宫肌瘤3例.宫腔镜检查诊断子宫内膜息肉的符合率为93.88%(46/49).所有患者均耐受手术,无麻醉意外及手术并发症.31例绝经后出血患者均未再出现异常出血.结论官腔镜手术是绝经后妇女子宫内膜息肉的首选微创诊治方法,为了防止息肉复发可于息肉切除同时行子宫内膜去除术.     

腹部超声和宫腔镜检查绝经后子宫出血的诊断价值

目的超声和官腔镜联合检查诊断绝经后子宫出血的病因。材料与方法经腹部超声检查测量子宫内膜厚度,超声和宫腔镜联合检查观察子宫腔内病变并在超声监导下诊断性刮宫。结果75例患者中,子宫内膜厚度>5mm者55例,其中子宫内膜息肉、子宫粘膜下肌瘤、以及子宫内膜息肉合并粘膜下肌瘤43例,子宫内膜癌5例,萎缩子宫内膜7例。子宫内膜厚度<5mm者20例,其中子宫内膜息肉3例,息肉直径<5mm,宫颈息肉7例,刮宫后子宫内膜厚度>5mm者为萎缩的子宫内膜息肉或萎缩的子宫粘膜下肌瘤。结论超声检查可以作为绝经后子宫出血患者的首选检查方法,超声和官腔镜联合检查可进一步提高病因诊断。     

宫腔镜检查诊断子宫异常出血1245例临床分析

目的探讨宫腔镜技术诊治子宫异常出血的效果和安全性。方法选取2008年6月—2014年2月我院收治的子宫异常出血患者1 245例,按绝经及婚育史分为:绝经组476例,育龄有妊娠史组537例,育龄未孕组232例。并分别进行宫腔镜检查和治疗。结果 (1)绝经组:检出子宫内膜息肉146例,子宫内膜癌23例,子宫内膜不典型增生15例,子宫内膜复杂增生39例,子宫内膜单纯增生98例,子宫肌瘤26例。宫腔镜阳性诊断率为72.9%。(2)育龄有妊娠史组:检出子宫内膜息肉128例,子宫内膜癌19例,子宫内膜不典型增生17例,子宫内膜复杂增生48例,子宫内膜单纯增生86例,子宫肌瘤36例,胚物残留5例,宫腔镜阳性诊断率为63.1%。(3)育龄未孕组:检出子宫内膜息肉101例,子宫内膜癌6例,子宫内膜不典型增生8例,子宫内膜复杂增生6例,子宫内膜结核8例,宫腔镜阳性诊断率为55.9%。结论宫腔镜检查技术的临床应用对于子宫异常出血患者的诊断及指导治疗有重要意义。     

宫腔镜电切术治疗宫内占位病变的临床分析

目的评价宫腔镜电切术治疗宫内占位病变的疗效及安全性。方法应用宫腔电切镜经阴道切除宫腔内占位病变126例,其中宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉切除术(TCRP)70例,子宫黏膜下肌瘤切除术(TCRM)56例,并对其术中术后情况进行临床分析。结果手术成功率达100.0%,手术时间(45.9±11.2)min,术中出血量(40.8±8.7)ml。术前月经异常者102例,术后月经恢复正常或好转者96例(94.1%),贫血缓解率96.1%。18例痛经患者术后有12例缓解。5例不孕患者术后有3例正常妊娠分娩,其余仍在随访观察中。结论宫腔镜电切术治疗宫腔内占位病变,具有不开腹、不切开子宫肌层、创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、术后恢复快,以及更多地保留器官功能、更利于生殖预后等优点。     

宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉的诊断和激光治疗

目的　研究宫腔镜下诊断和Nd∶YAG激光治疗子宫内膜息肉的有效性和可行性。 方法　门诊可疑子宫内膜息肉患者38例,其中主诉月经过多12例、不规则阴道流血14例、经期延长8例、阴道排液1例及无临床症状3例。38例子宫内膜息肉切除均采用Nd∶YAG激光在宫腔镜下手术。激光功率30W,光斑直径2mm,照射时间1～5min。经宫腔镜操作孔置入石英光纤至宫腔,汽化切割息肉体部或息肉蒂部。 结果　所有手术均顺利进行,宫腔深度8.0cm±1.5cm(7～10cm),手术时间平均5.0min±10.2min。38例子宫内膜息肉激光汽化均一次手术成功,术中术后无一例发生严重并发症,临床治愈率为94.3%。经妇科检查、B型超声等随访1～3个月,宫腔内赘生物均消失。 结论　对诊刮不能明确或诊刮后仍有宫腔赘生物的患者,应行宫腔镜检查。Nd∶YAG激光治疗子宫内膜息肉是安全有效的治疗手段。     

宫腔镜在辅助生殖中的应用意义分析

目的探讨宫腔镜检查术在辅助生殖技术中应用的重要性。方法回顾性分析2010年9月—2011年10月在我院接受检查的265例不孕症患者宫腔镜检查资料,其中90例患者因试管婴儿失败而行宫腔镜检查。结果 265例不孕患者中宫腔正常者124例,占46.8%,宫腔异常者141例,占53.2%。宫腔粘连86例(占32.5%),子宫内膜息肉39例(占15%),子宫内膜炎22例(占8.3%)。宫腔粘连在继发不孕中的检出率高于原发不孕。子宫内膜息肉的检出率在两组中无统计学差异。90例因试管婴儿失败而行宫腔镜检者中有68例存在宫腔病变(占76%),包括子宫内膜炎、子宫内膜息肉、宫腔粘连等。结论宫腔镜检查具有良好的可接受性和准确性,有较高的阳性发现率,可及时发现不孕症患者的宫内病变,应作为辅助生殖技术治疗前的常规检查。     

宫腔镜在不孕症诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨电视宫腔镜检查在不孕症诊断中的应用价值。方法对本院电视宫腔镜检查的62例不孕症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果总病例中原发性不孕36例,继发性不孕26例。所有病例B超检查发现宫内异常者24例(38.7%)。宫腔镜检查发现宫内异常者37例(59.7%),比B超检出率高。宫内异常包括:子宫内膜息肉10例(16.1%),子宫肌瘤7例(11.3%),宫腔粘连6例(9.7%),子宫内膜炎4例(6.5%),子宫内异物1例(1.6%),子宫内畸形(部分或完全子宫纵隔,单角子宫等)5例(8.1%),宫颈息肉4例(6.5%)。结论宫腔镜检查宫内病变比B超灵敏。宫腔镜检查能直观、准确、全面地明确宫腔内病因,是了解宫腔疾病的最有效方法之一,它在诊断不孕症中有较高的应用价值,是诊断不孕症有效、可行的方法。     

C-myc、cyclinE在绝经前子宫内膜息肉中的表达

目的研究c-myc、cyclinE在子宫内膜息肉中的表达情况,进一步从分子水平阐明子宫内膜息肉的发病机制。方法绝经前子宫内膜息肉组织64例作为息肉组,同时选择同一患者宫腔内远离息肉组织的正常内膜64例作为对照组1,绝经前宫腔镜下取环的正常子宫内膜及行子宫纵隔宫腔镜电切术的正常子宫内膜64例作为对照组2。采用免疫组织化学法检测c-myc、cyclinE在各组腺体和间质的表达情况并进行比较。结果 c-myc在息肉组腺体、间质中表达的阳性率分别为76.6%、71.9%,同样cyclinE在腺体、间质中表达的阳性率分别为81.3%、75.0%,这些率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。c-myc和cyclinE在子宫内膜息肉腺体和间质中的表达均呈正相关(r=0.585,P<0.01;r=0.522,P<0.01)。结论 c-myc、cyclinE在绝经前子宫内膜息肉的腺体和间质中的过度表达可能是子宫内膜息肉发生、发展的原因。     

Endometrial evaluation with transvaginal US and hysterosonography in asymptomatic postmenopausal women with breast cancer receiving tamoxifen

PURPOSE: To determine performance characteristics of transvaginal ultrasonography (US) and hysterosonography for diagnosing endometrial abnormality in asymptomatic postmenopausal women with breast cancer receiving tamoxifen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors prospectively examined 138 women receiving tamoxifen by using transvaginal US, hysterosonography, and office hysteroscopy. The combined hysteroscopic-histopathologic diagnosis was the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios of transvaginal US and hysterosonography were calculated. RESULTS: All 138 women underwent transvaginal US; 104, successful hysterosonography; and 117, successful hysteroscopy. Uterine abnormality was present in 47 (40.2%) of 117 women: 45 with polyps and two with submucosal fibroids. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed 6 mm to be the optimal endometrial thickness cutoff for diagnosing endometrial abnormalities. When a thickness greater than 6 mm or a focal endometrial finding was considered abnormal, transvaginal US had a sensitivity of 85.1% and a specificity of 55.7%. In 92 women who completed transvaginal US, hysterosonography, and hysteroscopy, hysterosonography was more specific (79.2%; P =.008) but not significantly more sensitive (89.7%; P =.508) than transvaginal US. When women with abnormal transvaginal US findings were further examined with hysterosonography, the sequential combination of transvaginal US and hysterosonography was more specific (77.1%) than transvaginal US alone (P <.001), without a significant decrease in sensitivity (78.7%; P =.25). CONCLUSION: In asymptomatic postmenopausal women receiving tamoxifen, 6 mm is the optimal endometrial thickness cutoff for diagnosing endometrial abnormalities with transvaginal US. Further examination with hysterosonography can improve specificity by reducing the high false-positive rate of transvaginal US.     

US evaluation of the uterus in patients with postmenopausal bleeding: A positive effect on diagnostic decision making

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of hysterosonography (HSG) and its role in diagnostic confidence and therapeutic clinical decision making among referring physicians caring for patients with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-three patients with PMB underwent transvaginal ultrasonography (US) and HSG. They were examined for cancer, polyp, leiomyoma, and hyperplasia. Physicians assessed the effect of the studies on diagnostic confidence and care, including biopsy, dilation and curettage, hysteroscopy, hormone manipulation, and/or patient reassurance. Abnormality was proved with histopathologic evaluation, and normality, with 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: In 10 patients, HSG was unsuccessful, and in 15, follow-up was incomplete; this left 98 patients. Endometrial polyps were seen in 46 (47%) patients; leiomyoma, in 11 (11%); cancer, in four (4%); hyperplasia, in eight (8%); and normal findings, in 29 (30%). Our calculations yielded a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 88%. In 86 (88%) patients, US added certainty to the diagnosis; in 78 (80%), it resulted in a change in patient treatment. CONCLUSION: HSG and transvaginal US in patients with PMB improves diagnostic accuracy, clinical decision making, and the clinician's diagnostic certainty. In patients with benign causes of PMB, the absence of abnormality at HSG and a normal endometrial biopsy result may eliminate the need for further studies.     

Association of endometrial thickness assessed at trans-vaginal ultrasonography to endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women asymptomatic or with abnormal uterine bleeding

PURPOSE: To define the normal cut off of endometrial thickness as measured at transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) in order to define postmenopausal women without symptoms or with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) at risk of endometrial carcinoma (EC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3460 postmenopausal women (2240 asymptomatic, 1220 with AUB) undergoing TVUS. These series was linked with the Tuscany Cancer Registry archives in order to identify subjects who developed EC subsequent (within two years) to TVUS. RESULTS: Thickness (half layer) was significantly reduced in 2234 subjects not developing EC (1.68 mm; range = 0-20, SD 3.14) as compared to 6 subjects developing EC (4.67 mm, range = 0-10, SD 3.67) (p=0.02). A 4 mm cut off was associated with a sensitivity of 66.7%, a specificity of 92.1%, a positive predictive value of 2.2% and a negative predictive value of 99.9%. Similarly, in subjects with AUB, thickness (half layer) was significantly smaller in the 1175 subjects not developing EC (2.46 mm, range 0-20, SD 3.59) as compared to 45 subjects developing EC (8.0 mm, range 0-44, SD 6.76) (p<0.001). The best cut off for clinical purposes was 4 mm, with a sensitivity of 91.1%, a specificity of 79.8%, a positive predictive value of 14.8% and a negative predictive value of 99.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the usefulness of measuring endometrial thickness (half layer cut off = 4 mm) with TVUS in asymptomatic postmenopausal women, both in asymptomatic subjects to indicate further special surveillance and in subjects with AUB to indicate immediate invasive assessment.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the endometrium in postmenopausal vaginal bleeding

Transvaginal ultrasound with SIS is a cost-minimizing screening tool for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding. Its use decreases the need for invasive diagnostic procedures for women without abnormalities, and ultrasound increases the sensitivity of detecting abnormalities in women with pathologic conditions. Vaginal sonography is preferred over uniform biopsy of postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding because it (1) is a less invasive procedure, (2) is generally painless, (3) has no complications, and (4) may be more sensitive for detecting carcinoma than blind biopsy. Transvaginal sonography is rarely nondiagnostic. Endometrial sampling is less successful in women with a thin endometrial stripe on ultrasound than in women with real endometrial pathologic condition. A limitation of ultrasound is that an abnormal finding is not specific: ultrasound cannot always reliably distinguish between benign proliferation, hyperplasia, polyps, and cancer. Although ultrasound may not be able to distinguish between hyperplasia and malignancy, the next step in the clinical treatment requires tissue sampling. Because of the risk of progression of complex hyperplasia to carcinoma, patients with this finding may benefit from hormonal suppression, dilatation and curettage, endometrial ablation, or hysterectomy, depending on the clinical scenario. The inability to distinguish these two entities based on ultrasound alone should not be seen as a limitation because tissue sampling is required in either case. Occasionally (in 5% to 10% of cases), a woman's endometrium cannot be identified on ultrasound, and these women also need further evaluation. Ultrasonography also may be used as a first-line investigation in other populations with abnormal uterine bleeding. In a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 400 women with abnormal uterine bleeding, the investigators found that transvaginal sonography combined with Pipelle endometrial biopsy and outpatient hysteroscopy was as effective as inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage. The subject, included women older than 35 years with PMB, menorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or irregular menses. Transvaginal sonography may be a cost-effective. sensitive, and well-tolerated method to evaluate most women with abnormal bleeding in combination with physical examination and endometrial biopsy and hysteroscopy us indicated. Hysteroscopy is likely to become the new gold standard in the future because of its ability to visualize directly the endometrium and perform directed biopsies as indicated. As office-based hysteroscopy becomes more practical and widespread, the technique may become more cost effective. An evaluation plan using transvaginal sonography as the initial screening evaluation followed by endometrial biopsy or, more likely, hysteroscopy is likely to become the standard of care (Fig. 12). It remains unproven whether certain patients at higher risk for carcinoma should proceed directly to invasive evaluation. Women on tamoxifen with persistent recurrent bleeding, women with significant risk factors for carcinoma, and women with life-threatening hemorrhage comprise this group. Further studies are still necessary to evaluate high-risk patients and determine whether ultrasound or biopsy is really the most cost-effective initial test.     

Sonohysterography for evaluation of the endometrium in women treated with tamoxifen.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate sonohysterography for the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities in women treated with tamoxifen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty sonohysterograms were obtained in 48 consecutive tamoxifen-treated women. All women were postmenopausal and had been undergoing tamoxifen therapy for a mean of 2.6 years. Forty-six sonohysterograms (92%) were completed and four were unsuccessful. Sonohysterogram findings were correlated with prior endometrial biopsy results for 23 sonohysterograms (46%) that were preceded by endometrial biopsy. Sonohysterogram findings were also compared with histopathology results, available for 38 sonohysterograms (76%) that were followed by hysteroscopy with dilatation and curettage. RESULTS: Sonohysterography revealed 31 endometrial polyps (62%), six thickened endometria (12%), five normal endometria (10%), and four subendometrial cysts (8%). Surgery was avoided when seven sonohysterograms (14%) revealed normal endometria or subendometrial cysts. In the group with histopathologic correlation, 23 of 28 polyps were confirmed and two of five thickened endometria were shown to represent endometrial hyperplasia. Twelve (63%) of 19 sonohysterograms with prior normal endometrial biopsy findings had abnormalities on sonohysterography, including 10 polyps and two thickened endometria. CONCLUSION: Sonohysterography aids the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities in tamoxifen-treated women even if prior endometrial biopsies have negative findings. In 14% of cases, visualization of a normal endometrium on sonohysterography obviated surgery.     

阴道超声与宫腔镜检查对异常子宫出血的诊断价值

目的观察阴道超声与宫腔镜检查在异常子宫出血患者中的诊断价值。方法对56例异常子宫出血患者分别行阴道超声检查和宫腔镜检查,并将其检查结果分别与患者手术、病理检查结果进行对照比较并进行分析。结果将病理检查结果作为金标准,宫腔镜诊断组诊断符合率为91.07%,其敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为94.44%、62.50%、94.44%、62.50%,阴道超声诊断符合率为71.43%,阴道超声检查的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为87.93%、41.67%、87.93%、33.33%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论阴道超声与宫腔镜检查对异常子宫出血均有重要的诊断价值,但宫腔镜检查应用于异常子宫出血的诊断,检查时间短,对患者损伤小,而且与手术、病理诊断符合率更高,更利于异常子宫出血的诊断。