脊柱脊髓型严重多发伤的救治进展

随着交通运输业和建筑业的发展，高能量创伤明显增多，其中脊柱脊髓损伤为主的严重多发伤，整体伤情严重，治疗困难且预后较差，是严重创伤治疗的一个难题”（1）。回顾文献多见颅脑损伤为上、胸腹部损伤为主或四肢损伤为主的多发伤报道，但对于强调脊柱脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤的治疗却少有研究。目前此类疾病可见于复合性脊柱损伤或多发伤合并脊柱损伤的报道旧刊，以往的脊柱分类学也未阐述此类疾病，造成脊柱脊髓型严重多发伤治疗模式的混乱。近来一些新的治疗进展提高了脊柱脊髓型严重多发伤的救治成功率，本文就此综述如下。     

复合性骨盆伤的早期失血及救治相关因素

目的 研究复合性骨盆伤的早期失血及损伤特点，及其与救治关系、对预后结局的影响，探讨其分类救治的方法。方法 对233例具有严重骨盆伤伴有血液动力学不稳定患者按暴力方式、骨盆骨折类型及合并伤情分组，采用生理状态、解剖损伤及输血容量等方面的量化指标进行伤情评定分级，并计算生存概率(Ps)，以此进行比较和统计学分析。结果 骨盆骨折多伴有合并损伤，常为高能量交通伤所致；其出血源、出血量及血流动力学改变为非对称相关；其中不稳定型骨盆骨折合并脏器破裂出血者伤后血压改变和早期输血量均较为显著，骨盆AIS和ISS分值较高，生存概率(Ps)较低。结论 高能量所致骨盆伤多为高危性创伤，易合并多发伤，常有多源性出血，加强整体伤势和出血来源的认识，区别不同伤情，有利于对其进行分类救治。     

汶川地震中脊柱骨折伤员的救治体会

[目的]分析汶川地震后脊柱骨折伤员的临床特点及救治经验.[方法]分析整理本科94例地震脊柱骨折伤员的临床资料,包括一般情况、受伤机制、合并伤情况及救治措施.[结果]在所有脊柱骨折伤员中,男性伤员的发病率明显高于女性伤员,21～60岁年龄段为脊柱骨折高发年龄段.同时,脊柱骨折的合并伤有54例,占57.4%.脊柱骨折分型显示屈曲压缩性骨折及爆裂型骨折共89例,占94.7%.[结论]地震伤脊柱骨折的伤员数量较大,送达时间集中,损伤严重,合并伤多,因而,科学组织,合理分工,可以在短时间内完成大批伤员的及时治疗.     

脊柱脊髓损伤合并严重多发伤的诊断与治疗

目的 :探讨脊柱脊髓损伤合并严重多发伤的救治。方法 :回顾分析 6 7例脊柱脊髓损伤合并严重多发伤患者的诊治特点、救治程序及脊髓减压和围手术期处理。结果 :生存率 92 5 % (6 2 / 6 7) ,生存者损伤严重度评分 (injuryseverityscore,ISS)平均为 2 9;死亡率 7 5 % (5 / 6 7) ,死亡者ISS平均为 4 4 ,明显高于生存组 (P <0 0 1)。严重合并伤误诊率 10 4 % (7/ 6 7) ,脊髓损伤误诊率 7 5 % (5 / 6 7)。平均随访 18个月 ,36例FrankelA级患者中部分感觉恢复 9例 (2 5 % ) ,31例不全瘫者Frankel分级提高 1～ 3级 ,平均 1 6级。结论 :认识合并严重多发伤的脊柱脊髓损伤诊治特点 ,掌握正确救治程序 ,加强脊髓减压围手术期综合治疗 ,是挽救生命、恢复机能的关键。     

急性脊柱脊髓损伤早期并发症及防治

目的：分析急性脊柱脊髓损伤的伤情、合并伤和并发症，提出早期治疗原则。方法：对1352例急性脊柱脊髓损伤病例进行回顾性分析。结果：脊髓完全性损伤875例，不完全性损伤477例，合并症有肺部感染、泌尿系感染、褥疮等，合并伤有颅脑损伤、四肢骨盆骨折、血气胸等。保守治疗包括大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击疗法、高压氧治疗、脱水剂、神经营养药物等；对存在脊柱不稳、脱位和脊髓压迫者，进行减压内固定手术。合并伤均给予专科处理。结论：及时正确的早期处理，重视处理合并伤，预防脊髓继发性损伤和并发症的发生，重视早期康复指导是提高救治水平的关键。     

地震后送老年伤员的伤情特点与治疗对策

目的 探讨60岁以上地震伤后送老年伤员的伤情特点与治疗对策.方法 回顾性分析2008年5月26日至28日汶川地震后收治的15名60岁以上老年伤员的具体伤情、救治过程和结果,并总结经验.结果 除1例87岁高龄伤员人院后4d因误吸死亡外,其余14名伤员获得成功救治,未发生伤情加重或死亡,且心理状况良好,均表现出对伤痛康复充满信心,现在生命体征平稳,身体状况及伤情较转入前明显改善.结论 地震伤后老年伤员的伤情复杂,常伴有严重的复合伤及内科并发症.多科室通力协作,全面、系统评估老年伤员全身情况,及时制定合理的治疗方案,必要的心理干预和人文护理,是降低老年伤员手术风险及死亡率、提高治疗效果以及康复的关键.     

脊柱骨折的急诊急救与护理

随着交通和建筑意外事故的日益增加，世界范围内急性脊柱损伤的发生率已达50万-100万例／年。因脊柱组织构成的多样性，且常合并其他重要器官或脊髓的损伤，使此类损伤具有伤势严重、伤情复杂、伤残率高的特点。急性脊髓损伤病情复杂，常为复合伤，依据脊柱损伤的分型提出护理方法，即抓住“生命-神经功能-脊柱稳定性-功能康复”这条主线，将急性脊柱脊髓损伤分为有严重合并伤、有神经症状、有神经损伤倾向和单纯稳定性4型，针对不同类型患者的特点进行护理。2005年1月至2006年12月，我科对急性脊柱脊髓损伤患者采用现场急救、转运途中救护、院内急诊救治三个急救环节的急救措施，取得良好效果。     

汶川、玉树、芦山地震伤员伤情分析与救治比较

目的分析比较汶川、玉树、芦山地震伤员的伤情特点及治疗方法,总结经验,为应急救治提供参考。方法首先对后送的406例伤员进行损伤分类,成立以骨科为主的医疗小组,请专家会诊手术,优先处理急、危重伤员,制定综合治疗措施。结果所有救治的伤员均未死亡,汶川地震中10例(11肢)行截肢术,3例截瘫,无严重并发症发生。结论汶川、玉树、芦山地震因地震强度、地域差异及发生时间的不同导致伤情不同,但治疗策略相同,根据伤员自身特点制定其具体治疗方案,疗效满意。     

四川汶川大地震骨科伤员的早期救治

[目的]"5.12"四川汶川大地震发生后,本院野战医疗所紧急赶赴极重灾区安县(紧临极重灾区北川县),1周内作者所在的医疗分队共处理284例骨科伤员,本文初步探讨大地震骨科伤员早期紧急救治的经验和体会.[方法]对284例骨科伤员的救治情况进行回顾、分析.[结果]骨科伤员包括脊柱四肢骨折脱位、手足外伤、周围神经损伤和四肢软组织伤.年龄 11～92岁,平均49.3岁.男133例,占46.8%,女151例,占53.2%.骨折脱位伤员188例,其中上肢骨折85例,下肢骨折73例,脊柱骨折23例,肩或髋关节脱位7例.手足外伤、周围神经损伤和四肢软组织伤96例.开放性创伤67例,其余为闭合性创伤.131例经过治疗痊愈出院,其余患者病情稳定后转送至后方医院继续治疗.术后X线复查,21例外固定架术后的患者骨折复位固定满意,肩或髋关节脱位均成功复位,一期缝合患者无伤口感染,也未发现其它手术并发症.[结论]正确判断伤情,采取科学合理的治疗措施,严格把握手术适应证,不做确定性骨折内固定治疗,外固定架固定四肢骨折是地震伤员紧急救治中一个简便有效的治疗方法.     

汶川地震后送伤员的伤情调查分析

目的：调查分析汶川地震后送伤员的伤情。方法：对汶川地震后2周转来长海医院的34例地震伤员伤情进行调查，重点对伤员伤情、分类、救治方法进行分析。结果：受伤现场伤员急救、分类与转送，对合并软组织损伤的骨折伤员选择性应用外固定支架、积极修复软组织损伤，辅以积极的心理评估与干预，能有效地提高地震伤治愈率，减少并发症的发生。结论：总结汶川地震后送伤员的伤情特点与救治经验，为地震伤员的救治提供了初步依据和方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.