DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIRBORNE SAR REAL-TIME DIGITAL IMAGING PROCESSOR

An airborne SAR real-time digital imaging processor is presented, and its realtime digital imaging principle and main technical parameters are analyzed briefly. The system configuration and logical structure are described in detail. Finally the main features of this system and examples of imagery obtained with the system are also presented.     

机载平行等速双基SAR的极坐标格式成像算法

平行等速双基SAR是指收发平台速度大小和方向均相同的双基SAR系统,该构型具有广阔的应用前景。在此将传统适用于单基地SAR成像的极坐标格式算法（PFA）加以改进,使之适用于平行等速双基SAR成像处理。由于收发异置,回波信号在接收平面和发射平面的斜距几何关系比较复杂。为了便于后续的二维插值操作,用一个新的几何模型来描述收发平面上斜距的关系。该算法具有传统PFA算法的操作简单,易于实现的特点。最后通过仿真数据的成像处理对该方法进行了验证。     

机载下视阵列合成孔径雷达成像的微多普勒效应

机载阵列合成孔径雷达(SAR)采用机翼共形天线,机翼振动会引起回波相位误差而导致成像散焦。基于微多普勒模型和时频分析方法,研究了机载下视阵列调频连续波(FMCW)SAR成像的微多普勒效应。对振动模型进行了建模,结合阵元振动几何模型分析了信号特点,并基于时频分析方法对下视阵列FMCW SAR的微多普勒效应进行了成像仿真分析。结果表明,该方法可准确估计下视阵列SAR天线振动误差。     

Ocean wave dispersion surface measured with airborne IR imagingsystem

Image sequences of the ocean have been collected at long range and low grazing angle with an airborne infrared system. The images are geographically registered, and 3D frequency-wavenumber spectra are calculated and shown to have a strong 2D dispersion surface that is characteristic of wind waves and swell. Wave directions compare well with in situ measurements, and their speeds are consistent with the water depth. The authors conclude that temporal sequences of IR images acquired from long distance can provide information for extracting surface wave parameters     

The effect of IMU inaccuracies on airborne SAR imaging

When using motion compensation approaches based on the measurement of motion sensors, the residual uncompensated motion errors due to measurement instrument inaccuracies contribute to phase errors and hence degrade Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. This paper presents a model to compute the phase error caused by Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) measurement inaccuracies. By analyzing SAR motion compensation method and the effect of lever arm, this model derives the contribution of each term of IMU inaccuracies towards the residual uncompensated motion errors and provides a method to calculate each order of the residual phase error. According to the model, computed results of the airborne X-band SAR system with POS AV510 accord closely with the actual image quality.     

并行机载双站斜视SAR ELBF-CS成像算法

论文建立了并行机载斜视双站SAR的结构模型和信号模型,用收发载机多普勒贡献比为加权系数推导了点目标回波的扩展Loffeld频谱公式(ELBF)。在二维频域内补偿双站扭曲项,然后对剩余相位项做Taylor展开,利用Chirp Scaling(CS)方法,推导了并行机载双站斜视SAR的ELBF-CS成像算法。双站结构参数及双站扭曲项的距离向空变性用回波数据的距离向分块处理,推导了数据分块条件,由此可以实现宽场景成像。算法基于更精确的ELBF,并用CS方法校正点目标距离徙动,处理流程更简单,成像效率更高,仿真验证了本文算法处理并行机载双站斜视SAR数据的有效性。     

改进的机载阵列调频连续波合成孔径雷达前视成像方法

机载阵列前视合成孔径雷达(SAR)信号模型中忽略载机速度会影响成像。针对该问题,在调频连续波(FMCW)SAR信号模型中考虑了载机速度,分析了载机速度的影响和载机连续运动引入的多普勒频率偏移的特点,结合Frequency Scaling算法,研究了机载阵列FMCW SAR前视成像。成像仿真和性能参数分析表明:改进方法可精确实现载机运动条件下的FMCW SAR前视成像。     

The strip imaging of airborne squint sidelooking mode SAR

Airborne squint side-looking strip imaging mode SAR has the advantages of better flexibility and larger field in applications than the classic side-looking mode SAR. Because of the large range migration and serious range-azimuth coupling terms, the imaging processing of squint mode SAR is a full two-dimensional (2-D) phenomenon. In this paper, different algorithms, which can be used for the imaging processing of squint mode SAR, are compared with each other in terms of their focusing quality and their ability to handle the large range migration of the squint side-looking mode SAR. And their abilities of real-time imaging are also discussed. The algorithms contained here are 2-D FFT method, fast polynomial transform(FPT) method, and the direct correcting method based on range-Doppler focusing algorithms. Other new methods are also discussed here briefly.     

一种机载SAR成像实时角度补偿方案

为了解决载体的偏航、俯仰和滚转误差难以完全补偿的问题,提出一种利用SINS＋GPS组合导航信息的机载SAR成像实时角度补偿方案。成像处理启动时刻记录载体的姿态信息作为基准,成像过程根据导航信息实时补偿天线指向,计算准确的下视角和斜视角。挂飞实验证明,这种角度补偿方案能够为实时成像提供准确的输入参数,提高成像质量。     

基于LFMIGW的机载SAR前视成像研究

线性调频连续波(LFMCW)合成孔径雷达(SAR)收发隔离无法解决,用于前视成像时工作模式受到限制,跨航向分辨特性受到制约.针对这一问题,提出了基于线性调频中断连续波(LFMICW)的机载SAR前视成像.根据LFMICW原理论证了LFMICW SAR前视工作模式.在前视LFMICW SAR信号建模基础上分析了信号特性,...     

机载斜视聚束合成孔径雷达快速成像算法

极坐标格式算法(PFA)是传统聚束SAR的经典成像算法,但用于斜视聚束成像存在二维频域插值计算量巨大、插值精度受插值核函数长度制约以及最终图像旋转带来成像质量下降等问题。针对上述问题,文中提出一种基于尺度变化的快速PFA算法,不仅能避免斜视成像后的图像旋转操作,还具有计算效率高的优势。快速PFA算法只需要FFT和复乘运算即可完成,与直接插值PFA算法相比计算量降低到原来的30%~50%。仿真实验验证了文中方法的有效性。     

On the theory of SAR ocean wave imaging

Ocean wave imaging with a high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is considered. It is noted that the imaging is mainly due to a variable number of the subimages of different ocean surface elements superimposed at each image plane point. This mechanism is nonlinear, in principle, acting on the ocean surface represented as a random process. SAR image spectra are calculated for representative values of ocean state and imaging geometry parameters     

基于惯导系统的机载SAR运动补偿精度分析

该文分析了典型飞机惯性导航系统(INS)的误差特性及其对机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)运动补偿精度和高分辨率成像的影响。分析结果表明INS定位漂移误差是低频误差,并随时间呈级数增加。初始阶段INS漂移误差较小,与杂波锁定和自聚焦方法相结合,可以实现机载SAR高分辨率成像。     

基于机载双基地SAR的两种成像算法的比较

首先建立了机载双基地SAR的信号模型,然后简要描述了RD算法以及波数域算法的基本成像原理和算法流程,最后基于双基地SAR的信号模型运用RD算法及波数域算法对点目标及面目标进行成像,并分析比较了在正侧式飞行模式下用两种成像算法的优缺点。     

Cross-track three apertures millimeter wave SAR side-looking three-dimensional imaging

The airborne cross-track three apertures MilliMeter Wave (MMW) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) side-looking three-Dimensional (3D) imaging is investigated in this paper. Three apertures are distributed along the cross-track direction, and three virtual phase centers will be obtained through one-input and three-output. These three virtual phase centers form a sparse array which can be used to obtain the cross-track resolution. Because the cross-track array is short, the cross-track resolution is low. When the system works in side-looking mode, the cross-track resolution and height resolution will be coupling, and the low cross-track resolution will partly be transformed into the height uncertainty. The beam pattern of the real aperture is used as a weight to improve the Peak to SideLobe Ratio (PSLR) and Integrated SideLobe Ratio (ISLR) of the cross-track sparse array. In order to suppress the high cross-track sidelobes, a weighting preprocessing method is proposed. The 3D images of a point target and a simulation scene are achieved to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. And the imaging result of the real data obtained by the cross-track three-baseline MMW InSAR prototype is presented as a beneficial attempt.     

Complex SAR imagery and speckle filtering for wave imaging

A method is described to predict the wavenumber dependence of the speckle component in spectra of synthetic aperture radar intensity images. Filtering of this component is an important step in recovering waveheight spectra for synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images of the ocean, and an effective means of doing so is required for the 'wave mode' of the European satellite ERS-1. The method uses the correlation function of the corresponding complex images and has been tested using a variety of airborne and spaceborne imagery obtained over both land and sea. Examples are shown of both successful and unsuccessful applications of the method.<>     

Study on the signature of ground moving target for airborne squint SAR imaging

Compared with the side-looking Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), the flexible beam-pointing of squint SAR makes great application value. This paper derives the image signature of the ground moving target after the processing of Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm, the SAR signatures of ground moving targets are analyzed, including the geometry correction, the offsets and defocusing in both range and azimuth direction. Finally, computer simulation results validate its effectiveness. The research results are especially significant for moving targets detection and parameters estimation in squint mode SAR.     

散射波干扰对合成孔径雷达成像干扰效果的分析

研究了散射波干扰方法对合成孔径雷达(SAR)的干扰效果.分析了这种干扰方法对SAR距离向的干扰效果;提出了散射波干扰因子,利用驻定相位原理,分析了散射波干扰因子对SAR目标方位像特性的影响.进而提出了散射波干扰方法对SAR产生不同干扰效果所需的干扰条件,理论和仿真实验均表明:散射波干扰方法对机载SAR的干扰效果为虚假图...     

Estimation of ocean wave spectra using two-antenna SAR systems

Data from synthetic aperture radar, (SAR) systems can be used to estimate ocean wave directional spectra, but the method is limited by nonlinearities associated with the velocity bunching mechanism and the azimuth falloff effect, which reduces the range of azimuth wavelengths that can be observed. A theoretical analysis which suggests that the use of two or more receive antennas, spaced in the along-track direction, may reduce these limitations is presented. Specifically, the band of usable azimuth wavenumbers is shifted by an amount proportional to the antenna spacing, so that a broader range of wavenumbers can be covered by combining the spectrum obtained from the two-antenna signals with the conventional image spectrum     

Ambiguity-free Doppler centroid estimation technique for airborne SAR using the Radon transform

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing, the Doppler centroid estimation technique, called the "clutter-lock", is important because it is related to the signal-to-noise ratio, geometric distortion, and radiometric error of the final SAR image. Conventional algorithms have either ambiguity problems or somewhat high computational load. Using the fact that the Doppler centroid and the squint angle are directly related, we propose an ambiguity-free Doppler centroid estimation technique using Radon transform, named geometry-based Doppler estimator. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and shows good performance of estimating the absolute Doppler centroid.