基于MRI动态图像观察吞咽时器官动度对头颈部肿瘤调强放疗靶区影响

目的 利用MRI技术连续采集头颈部肿瘤患者吞咽时图像,观察并测量软腭、舌、喉的运动规律及最大活动度。方法 随机选取2018年7月-10月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受调强放疗的原发头颈部恶性肿瘤20例患者,其中男17例、女3例,中位年龄58.5岁(28~78岁)。20例患者中鼻咽癌7例,口腔癌3例,口咽癌5例,下咽癌3例,鼻腔鼻旁窦2例。根据AJCC第八版分期Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者2例,Ⅲ期8例,Ⅳ期10例。结果 吞咽时软腭向上移动移动距离为(1.06±0.31) cm且服从正态分布,向后移动距离为(0.83±0.24) cm且近似正态分布。舌体向后移动距离为(0.77±0.22) cm,且服从正态分布。含压舌板行图像采集患者舌上移位移为0,无压舌板患者舌体中位上移距离为1.23 cm (0.59~1.41 cm)。喉向上移动距离为(1.14±0.22) cm且服从正态分布,向前移动的中位距离为0.4 cm (0.27~0.90 cm)。结论 吞咽运动有可能发生于头颈部肿瘤患者放疗过程中,并引起大体肿瘤体积(GTV)及周围正常组织移动;因此在制定放疗计划时应注意GTV至PGTV的个体化外放距离,以保证肿瘤处方剂量。     

自然吞咽过程中舌骨及喉室移动度的研究

目的 测量自然吞咽过程中舌骨及喉室的最大移动度。方法 选取40例志愿者为研究对象, 使用普通X线模拟机采集自然吞咽视频, 通过视频分析软件对吞咽视频进行连续快速截图, 测量自然吞咽过程中舌骨及喉的最大移动度。采用单因素方差分析差异。结果 40例志愿者平均吞咽时间为(1.13±0.28) s。吞咽过程中舌骨及喉室的移动是先向上, 然后向外最后回到静息位置。舌骨前后方向最大移动度为(0.90±0.30) cm, 垂直方向最大移动度(0.93±0.36) cm;喉室前后方向最大移动度为(0.69±0.25) cm, 垂直方向最大移动度(1.04±0.45) cm。进一步研究发现年龄因素对吞咽时间有影响(P=0.03), 男女之间相近(P=0.13)。性别、年龄因素对舌骨和喉室移动度无影响(P=0.28~0.81、0.20~0.88)。结论 自然吞咽会引起舌骨及喉室向前上方移动, 这种移动在头颈部放疗计划制定过程中值得考虑。     

基于4DCT的食管癌靶区运动的初步研究

目的 探讨4DCT下的平静呼吸状态食管癌靶区运动特征。方法 20例食管癌患者在平静呼吸状态下采用4DCT采集食管肿瘤运动信息,勾画GTV,测量并记录每个GTV等中心点坐标、体积,并计算中心点在不同呼吸时相的移动距离及体积变化情况。结果 同段食管癌靶区中心在头脚方向位移(0.521±0.319) cm,较左右方向的(0.169±0.083) cm、前后方向的(0.167±0.095) cm均大(P均<0.05)(颈段P=0.009;胸上段P=0.016;胸中段P=0.000)。不同段食管癌靶区中心在同一方向最大位移不同(左右P=0.023;前后P=0.212;头脚P=0.007)。各呼吸时相中食管癌运动规律并不完全一致,以T0时相为基准时相,食管癌GTV等中心点在T50时相时各三维方向上的位移最大。呼气末与吸气末食管靶区体积无变化(P=0.313)。结论 同段食管癌靶区在不同方向运动幅度不同,不同段病灶同一方向的运动幅度也不同,行精确放疗时应综合考虑。对于颈段及胸中上段食管癌,依据吸气末和呼气末融合图像获得ITV可行。颈段及胸中上段食管靶区在呼吸周期中形变不明显。     

应用四维CT评价肺癌大体肿瘤体积随呼吸运动的位移及影响因素

目的 应用四维CT(4DCT)测量肺癌大体肿瘤体积(GTV)在三维方向上随呼吸运动的位移并分析其影响因素.方法 选择21例肺癌患者共22个肺部病灶行4DCT扫描,勾画10个呼吸时相中的GTV0%～GTV90%.测量GTV变化及GTV质心、边界在三维方向上随呼吸运动的位移,计算出三维空间位移向量→(II)v并分析其影响因素.结果 GTV变化的平均值为+14.3%或-8.4%,GTV 中心点和GTV各边界在左右、前后、头脚方向上随呼吸运动的位移分别为(0.20±0.16)、(0.18±0.12)、(0.53±0.59)cm和(0.42±0.23)、(0.41±0.22)、(0.57±0.70)cm,其中GTV中心点在头脚方向上的位移大于左右(Z=-2.12,P=0.034)、前后方向(Z=-2.10,P=0.035),GTV各边界在头脚方向上的位移与左右、前后方向差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.81,P=0.417;Z=-0.86,P=0.391).GTV中心点随呼吸的位移大小只与所在肺叶有关,GTV位于下叶者在头脚方向的位移大于位于上叶者[(0.87±O.64)和(0.35±0.49)em,(t=-2.12,P=0.047)],在前后、左右方向上的位移无差异[(0.23±0.10)和(0.19±0.18)cm(t=-0.49,P=0.629)、(0.21±0.13)和(0.17±0.11)cm(t=-0.76,P=0.460)].GTV体积大小与GTV中心点在头脚、前后、左右方向位移以及三维空间位移向量→(II)v间无明显相关性(r=0.306、-0.062、-0.279、-0.300,P=0.189、0.796、0.234、0.199).结论 肺癌患者GTV随呼吸运动的位移个体化差异明显,头脚方向位移尤为显著,应用4DCT可进行较好评价;下叶病灶位移大,GTV大小与位移间无明显相关性.

Abstract：

Objective This study was to assess the three-dimensional gross tumor volume(GTV)motion of lung cancer caused by respiration using four-dimensional computed tomography(4DCT),and to analyze the influenee factors.Methotis Four-DCT scans of 22 lung focuses in 21 patients with lung cancer were analyzed.The gross tumor volume was contoured in all 10 respiration phases of 4DCT scans.The changes in volume of GTV,the 3D motion of the centroid,boundary of GTV and the 3D spatial motion vectors were calculated and the irdluenee factors were analyzed.Results The average change in volume of GTV was+14.3%(0.2%.42.5%)/-8.4%(0.4%-38.6%),the average movement amplitude of GTV centroid and GTV boundary were(0.18±0.12)cm,(0.20±0.16)cm,(0.53±0.59)cm and(0.42±0.23)cm,(0.41±0.22)cm,(0.57±0.70)cm in medio-lateral,vertro-dorsal,cranio-caudal(CC) direction,respectively.The CC movement was larger than other directions(Z=-2.12,P=0.034;Z:-2.10,P=0.035),and no significant difference was observed in 3D motion of GTV boundary(Z=-0.81.P=0.417;Z=-0.86,0.391).The CC motion of GTV eentroid in lower lobe was larger than that in upper lobe[(0.87±0.64)and(0.35±0.49)cm,(t=-2.12,P=0.047)],and no significant difference was found in other directions[(0.23±0.10)and(0.19±0.18)em(t=-0.49,P=0.629),(0.21±0.13)and(0.17±0.11)cm(t=0.76,P=0.460)].There was no correlation of the 3D movement and 3D spatial motion vector of GTV to the volume of GTV(r=-0.306,-0.062,-0.279,-0.300;P=0.189,0.796.0.234,0.199).Conclusions GTV motion of patients with lung cancer is individual,the CC movement is the moat obvious,using 4DCT to assess is comparatively accurate.The motion amplitude of lower lobe focuses is larger.No significant correlation of the GTV motion to the volume was observed.Larger sample study is needed to analyze the influence of adjacency to the GTV motion.     

图像引导放疗在58例肺癌患者中的应用观察

目的 观察图像引导放疗(IGRT)在肺癌中的应用价值.方法 搜集近1年内采用IGRT的58例肺癌病例,其中左肺癌22例,右肺癌30例,肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移5例,椎体转移1例.比较摆位前后IGRT数据,比较大体肿瘤体积(GTV)在IGRT图像与模拟定位CT图像的变化.结果 摆位误差在x、y、z轴上分别为(0.02±0.26)、(-0.14±0.49)、(-0.13±0.27)cm和旋转轴上的分别为-0.15°±1.59°、-0.01°±1.50°、0.12°±1.08°.15例IGRT图像显示GTV有移位,其中左上肺最多见有5例.向腹方向移位9例,4例为左上肺病变.23例疗中GTV缩小,其中右上肺10例,左上肺5例.16个病变有在右方向上缩小,其中右上肺7个.22个病变均呈非对称性缩小,GTV平均缩小4.9 cm3.GTV缩小时放疗剂量为4～46 Gy,其中9例为20～30 Gy.结论 IGRT的应用明显减少了肺癌患者放疗摆位误差.IGRT观察到25.9%GTV有移动,44.2%疗中GTV缩小,何时进行靶区修改有待进一步研究.     

应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部软组织缺损

背景与目的：股前外侧皮瓣（ALT）对供区创伤小,有独特优点,但目前临床应用还不常见。本文探讨应用ALT皮瓣修复头颈部软组织缺损的临床价值。方法：回顾2004年11月至2008年5月期间于中山大学肿瘤医治中心20例应用ALT皮瓣修复重建头颈部软组织缺损的病例资料。总结皮瓣切取的技术细节。报告术中解剖和成功率。结果：20例游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部软组织缺损均获成功。ALT皮瓣血管蒂长介于5～14cm,平均9．9cm。切取的面积介于（4～9cm）×（6～16cm）。皮肤穿支的解剖类型分为肌间隔穿支4例（占20％）,肌皮穿支16例（占80％）。股前外侧皮瓣用于修复的头颈部缺损包括口腔内黏膜缺损14例（其中修复舌体及口底9例、口颊黏膜3例、硬腭1例、以及磨牙后区黏膜1例）．面部及颈部皮肤缺损6例。皮瓣供区除1例以外均可一期缝合。结论：股前外侧皮瓣是头颈部各种软组织缺损修复重建中一个很有价值和应用潜力的供区,具有成功率高,对供区影响小的特点。     

3DCT和4DCT扫描下不同运动频率对运动中大体肿瘤体积的影响

目的 探讨不同运动频率下基于3DCT和4DCT扫描所构建的运动肿瘤体积和中心点坐标位置差异。方法 利用Modus公司呼吸运动平台和8个不同形态和体积模体模拟肺部肿瘤运动,在10、15、20 次/min运动频率下分别行3DCT和4DCT扫描,依次勾画3种运动频率下GTV₁₀、GTV₁₅、GTV₂₀和IGTV₁₀、IGTV₁₅、IGTV₂₀并得到中心点坐标位置,对GTV₁₀、GTV₁₅、GTV₂₀、IGTV₁₀、IGTV-15、IGTV₂₀、中心点坐标位置值行Friedman检验。结果 GTV₁₀、GTV₁₅、GTV₂₀分别为(12.41±14.26)、(10.38±11.18)、(12.50±15.23) cm³(P=0.687),x轴位置值分别为(-8.2±96.2)、(-8.6±96.1)、(-8.6±95.7) mm (P=0.968),y轴为(108.2±25.0)、(110.4±22.5)、(109.0±24.2) mm (P=0.028),z轴为(65.2±13.7)、(65.4±13.4)、(65.4±13.2) mm (P=0.902)。3种运动频率下IGTV分别为(17.78±19.42)、(17.43±19.56)、(17.44±18.80) cm³(P=0.417),x轴位置值分别为(-7.7±95.9)、(-7.9±95.6)、(-7.9±95.1) mm (P=0.325),y轴为(109.4±24.5)、(109.6±24.1)、(109.2±24.3) mm (P=0.525),z轴为(65.5±13.3)、(65.6±13.4)、(65.5±13.3) mm (P=0.093)。结论 胸部肿瘤模拟定位时,呼吸运动频率对4DCT扫描靶区构建无明显影响;不同呼吸频率下所构建的3D靶体积大小差别不明显,但对靶区中心点y轴位置影响明显。     

头颈部癌前哨淋巴结的临床研究

目的 探讨头颈部肿瘤前哨淋巴结的检测及其对淋巴结转移的预测价值。方法 用手术中注射蓝染料的方法,对51例未经治疗的头颈部癌颈淋巴结NO的患者进行了手术中前哨淋巴结的临床研究。手术中取前哨淋巴结作快速冰冻病理,并与手术后常规石蜡切片病理对照,观察冰冻病理前哨淋巴结转移和常规病理颈淋巴结转移的相关性及其对颈淋巴结转移 癌的预测值。结果 51例中48例成功的显示了前哨淋巴结,成功率94．1％,前哨淋巴结平均每例每侧2．5枚。11例前哨啉巴结阳性,其中2例有前哨淋巴结以外的颈淋巴结转移,2例为假阴性。前哨淋巴结对颈淋巴结转移的总阳性预测值为85％。结论 前哨淋巴结检测对头颈部癌的淋巴结转移有重要的预测价值。     

The impact of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in edge delineation of gross tumor volume for head and neck cancers

PURPOSE: To study anatomic biologic contouring (ABC), using a previously described distinct halo, to unify volume contouring methods in treatment planning for head and neck cancers. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-five patients with head and neck cancer at various sites were planned for radiation therapy using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). The ABC halo was used in all PET/CT scans to contour the gross tumor volume (GTV) edge. The CT-based GTV (GTV-CT) and PET/CT-based GTV (GTV-ABC) were contoured by two independent radiation oncologists. RESULTS: The ABC halo was observed in all patients studied. The halo had a standard unit value of 2.19 +/- 0.28. The mean halo thickness was 2.02 +/- 0.21 mm. Significant volume modification (>or=25%) was seen in 17 of 25 patients (68%) after implementation of GTV-ABC. Concordance among observers was increased with the use of the halo as a guide for GTV determination: 6 patients (24%) had a 相似文献   

头颈部癌调强放疗过程中腮腺及靶区体积变化的临床分析

目的 研究头颈部癌患者在放疗过程中腮腺体积及GTV变化。方法 5例头颈部鳞癌（4例口咽鳞癌和1例喉鳞癌）患者均接受全程调强放疗。从第一次放疗开始至结束，1次／周三维锥形束CT（CBCT）检查。每次的CBCT图像与疗前CT图像进行融合，在每层图像上勾画出腮腺外轮廓，同时将GTV内放疗中出现的气腔勾画出来。经统计后分析放疗中腮腺体积、GTV内气腔大小的变化。结果 放疗结束时腮腺体积为疗初的90．1％，52．3％，即腮腺体积缩小了9．9％～47．7％；GTV内气腔由疗前的0体积逐渐增加，疗终时气腔体积占GTV的3．7％。16．8％。结论 放疗过程中腮腺体积及GTV内气腔体积存在着明显变化，利用CBCr可分析这种变化，为二次调强计划的实施奠定基础。     

Hypoxia imaging with FAZA-PET and theoretical considerations with regard to dose painting for individualization of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of hypoxia positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]fluoroazomycin-arabinoside (FAZA) in head and neck cancer for radiation treatment planning using intensity-modulated radiotherapy and dose painting. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighteen patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer were included. Both FAZA-PET and axial CT were performed using mask fixation. The data were coregistered using software based on mutual information. Contours of tumor (primary gross tumor volume, GTV/CT-P) and lymph node metastases (GTV/CT-N) were outlined manually, and FAZA standardized uptake values (SUVs) were calculated automatically. The hypoxic subvolume (GTV/PET-FAZA) having at least 50% more FAZA uptake than background (mean SUV) neck muscle tissue was contoured automatically within GTV/CT-P (GTV/PET-FAZA-P) and GTV/CT-N (GTV/PET-FAZA-N). RESULTS: The median GTV/PET-FAZA-P was 4.6 mL, representing 10.8% (range, 0.7-52%) of the GTV/CT-P. The GTV/PET-FAZA-P failed to correlate significantly with the GTV/CT-P (p = 0.06). The median GTV/PET-FAZA-N was 4.1 mL, representing 8.3% (range, 2.2-51.3%) of the GTV/CT-N. It was significantly correlated with the GTV/PET-N (p = 0.006). The GTV/PET-FAZA-P was located in a single confluent area in 11 of 18 patients (61%) and was diffusely dispersed in the whole GTV/CT-P in 4 of 18 patients (22%), whereas no hypoxic areas were identified in 3 of 18 patients (17%). The GTV/PET-FAZA-N was outlined as a single confluent region in 7 of 18 patients (39%), in multiple diffuse hypoxic regions in 4 of 18 patients (22%), and was not delineated in 7 of 18 patients (39%). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that FAZA-PET imaging could be used for a hypoxia-directed intensity-modulated radiotherapy approach in head and neck cancer.     

Second head and neck cancers following radiation therapy of T1 and T2 cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

The risk of second cancer in the head and neck region following definitive radiation therapy was evaluated among 600 patients who were treated for T1 and T2 cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx at the Henri Mondor hospital between January 1970 and March 1987. Seventy-five patients (12.5%) were managed with external irradiation only, 243 (40.5%) with RT and Iridium 192, and 282 (47%) with Iridium 192 alone. One hundred fifteen patients (19%) developed a second cancer from 3 to 183 months after initial therapy (median: 32 months), including 69 patients (11.5%) in whom the second malignancy was diagnosed in the head and neck region. An increased and constant actuarial risk of development of second head and neck cancer was found (2.7%/year of observation). Univariate analysis showed that age, sex, stage, and modality of the initial treatment did not influence the risk of second head and neck cancer; there was a greater risk of second head and neck malignancy for those patients with soft palate carcinoma (p less than 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the only group of patients who developed a second head and neck cancer more frequently were those who were irradiated with Iridium 192 only (p = 0.0076). There was a trend toward a greater risk of second head and neck malignancy for those with soft palate carcinoma (p = 0.059). Radical treatment of the second head and neck malignancy by surgery and/or re-irradiation was performed for 67% of patients. Patients initially treated by Iridium 192 only could undergo salvage treatment more often than those who previously received external beam radiotherapy (79% vs 53%, p = 0.02). The overall 2-year and 5-year survivals after the diagnosis of the second head and neck cancer were 32% and 10%, respectively.     

CTvision技术在头颈部肿瘤放射治疗摆位中的应用

目的:评估CTvision技术对头颈部肿瘤放射治疗摆位的影响及应用价值.方法:对20例头颈部肿瘤患者放疗前采用CTvision完成放疗计划的图像采集,将CTvision扫描图像与CT平扫定位图像匹配,评估放疗摆位误差.结果:头颈部摆位误差:X(-0.02±0.14)cm,Y(-0.01±0.23)cm,Z(0.02±0.11)cm.结论:治疗前获取的即时图像,可以减少分次治疗间摆位误差,提高放疗的摆位精度,保证治疗计划的精确实施.     

基于四维CT对肺癌原发灶位移和体积变化相关性研究

目的 探讨自由呼吸状态下基于四维CT的肺癌原发灶位移及其与感兴趣器官和体表标记位移相关性,以及各呼吸时相肿瘤体积与肺脏体积变化相关性.方法 16例肺癌患者进行自由呼吸状态下四维CT模拟定位扫描.以四维CT吸气末图像为基准图像,分别勾画肿瘤、感兴趣解剖结构和体表标志,记录配准后10套图像中的三维坐标.测量和比较各时相大体肿瘤体积( GTV)和肺脏体积以及相关性,测量肿瘤、感兴趣结构及体表标记的三维方向位移并计算三维运动矢量及其相关性.结果 不同肺叶肿瘤运动范围相差较大,肺上叶为0.8～5.0 mm,肺中叶为5.7～5.9 mm,肺下叶为10.2～13.7 mm.肿瘤位移上下方向为(4.3+4.3) mm,大于前后方向(2.2±1.0) mm和左右方向(1.7+1.5) mm (x2=16.22,P=0.000).肿瘤GTV与各感兴趣结构三维运动矢量间均无相关性(r=-0.50～-0.01,P=0.058～-0.961),不同呼吸时相GTV变化与肺脏体积变化也无相关性(r=0.23,P=0.520).结论 不同肺叶肿瘤位移和肿瘤三维方向上位移差异显著,肺癌放疗时内在靶体积外扩边界应基于四维CT测定个体化确定.     

三种方法确定食管癌GTV长度的比较研究

目的 与胸部CT相比,超声胃镜可以更准确的确定食管癌病灶的上、下界,对超声胃镜确定的上、下界用钛夹标记有助于食管癌放疗靶区勾画。比较食管钡餐造影、胸部CT和超声胃镜下钛夹标记法在确定食管癌放疗GTV长度中的作用,为合理确定食管癌放疗GTV提供依据。采用成组t检验差异。方法 选择组织学或细胞学诊断明确、拟行放疗的胸段食管癌初治患者30例进入研究。每例患者均在治疗前行食管钡餐造影、胸部CT和超声胃镜下钛夹置入后CT模拟定位。比较食管钡餐造影、胸部CT和超声胃镜下钛夹法确定食管癌放疗GTV的长度。结果 食管钡餐造影、胸部CT、超声胃镜下钛夹标记法确定食管癌GTV长度分别为(6.1±1.4)、(6.8±1.9)、(6.3±1.9) cm。与胸部CT确定的GTV长度相比,超声胃镜下钛夹标记法确定食管癌GTV长度与之相仿(P=0.11)。食管钡餐造影确定食管癌GTV长度小于胸部CT确定的GTV长度(P=0.03)。全组患者中超声胃镜下钛夹标记法确定的GTV长度大于胸部CT确定GTV长度的比例为22.2%;超声胃镜下钛夹标记法确定GTV长度与胸部CT确定GTV长度相同的比例为11.1%;超声胃镜下钛夹标记法确定GTV的长度小于胸部CT确定GTV长度的比例为66.7%。结论 超声胃镜下钛夹标记法确定食管癌GTV长度较食管钡餐造影和胸部CT均有一定差异,可成为确定食管癌放疗GTV长度的有效方法之一。     

Photoradiation therapy of head and neck cancer

We have embarked upon a pilot study of photoradiation therapy (PRT) in the treatment of persistent or recurrent cancer of the head and neck, utilizing the photosensitizing agent, hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). This treatment is based upon selective concentration of HPD within malignant tissue, with resultant necrosis upon illumination with light of the appropriate wavelength (640 nm). Patients entered in this trial have failed all forms of conventional therapy. Twenty-one patients with local recurrence were treated. Sites of recurrence were: tongue (9); nasopharynx (3); floor of mouth (2); soft palate (2); oropharynx (1); buccal mucosa (1); maxilla (1); larynx (1); and basal cell nevus (1). There were six complete responses and twelve partial responses (greater than 50% reduction). These responses are clinically significant, with some complete responses lasting over 1 year after a single course of therapy. Ten patients with cutaneous metastases from head and neck primary tumors were also treated. There were two complete responses and three partial responses. However, these patients rapidly developed new tumors in areas adjacent to those previously treated. Less than complete responses could be augmented by repeated applications of this technique. The success of this pilot study combined with the accessibility of head and neck primaries suggest that there should be a clinical trial of HPD-PRT in early mucosal cancer of the head and neck region.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的:晚期头颈肿瘤外科治疗时,留下的完全或者不完全的组织缺损,是目前头颈外科的一个难点。胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中仍起着不可替代的作用。本研究旨在探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈缺损重建中的适应指征,提高胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的成功率。方法:中山大学肿瘤防治中心2004年1月至2007年1月间共22例行胸大肌肌皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤术后缺损患者,其中颈部大面积皮肤缺损8例,口咽缺损4例,舌缺损5例,口底缺损3例,下咽缺损2例;13例患者采用血管蒂穿行锁骨下,9例经锁骨上转移至颈部;重建的最大面积为15cm×12cm,最小面积为8cm×5cm。结果:无手术死亡病例,1例出现皮瓣坏死,1例出现部分皮瓣坏死,皮瓣重建成功率为95.5%;手术后并发症伤口积血1例,口底瘘1例,并发症发生率为9.1%(2/22)。结论:胸大肌肌皮瓣是头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建的良好供区皮瓣,是颈部大面积皮肤缺损重建的首选皮瓣;血管蒂穿行锁骨下可以增加胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复半径,且有利于保护血管蒂不受压迫。     

Early side effects of radiation treatment for head and neck cancer

Purpose of this review of medical literature is to present the immediate side effects of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer and their treatment. The likelihood and severity of these immediate side effects depends on a number of factors, including the total dose of radiation delivered, over what time it was delivered and what parts of the head and neck received radiation. Early side effects include: inflammation of the oropharyngeal mucosa (mucositis), painful swallowing (odynophagia), difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), hoarseness, lack of saliva (xerostomia), orofacial pain, laryngeal radionecrosis, dermatitis, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, inadequate nutrition and hydration, and weight loss. These complications can interfere with, and delay treatment. Most of these side effects generally dissipate over time. In conclusion, radiation treatment for the head and neck cancer causes significant early side effects. Many of these side effects present difficult challenges to the patients. Their recognition and treatment can significantly improve the patients’ health, long-term survival and quality of life. The review provides information that can assist head and cancer survivors deal with radiation side effects.     

面罩及乳腺托架固定下乳腺癌保乳术后放疗锁骨上下区摆位误差分析

目的 利用锥形束CT分析乳腺癌保乳术后全乳及锁骨上下区照射时使用头罩固定后的摆位误差,与不使用头罩固定时做比较,并计算两种不同固定方式的CTV-PTV外放边界。方法 选取2016-2018年于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院行保乳术后全乳加锁骨上下区放疗的乳腺癌患者,10例采用单纯乳腺托架固定体位,20例在托架基础上联合U型面罩固定。利用CBCT图像比较两组患者在不同方向上的摆位误差,并行独立样本t检验和χ²检验差异。用2.5Σ＋0.7δ计算CTV-PTV外放边界。结果 面罩组共110套图像,对照组共56套图像。对照组和面罩组在x、y、z轴向摆位误差分别为(0.212±0.174) cm和(0.272±0.242) cm (P=0.070)、(0.364±0.246) cm和(0.242±0.171) cm (P=0.001)、(0.423±0.302) cm和(0.364±0.269) cm (P=0.204)。对照组和面罩组在x、y、z轴向摆位误差位移量在0.5 cm以内的累积分布比例分别为91.07%和85.32%(P=0.294)、67.86%和89.91%(P=0.001)、67.86%和74.31%(P=0.381)。x、y、z轴向外放边界对照组分别为0.645、0.981、1.317 cm,面罩组分别为0.873、0.709、0.961 cm。BMI未超重患者在x轴向的摆位误差明显小于超重组患者(P=0.001)。结论 保乳术后照射全乳及锁骨上下区患者在使用乳腺托架的基础上加用面罩固定可显著改善头脚方向上的摆位误差。无论是否使用面罩固定,前后方向上的摆位误差较大,仍需进一步改良体位固定方法和优化摆位操作流程。BMI超重患者的摆位误差增大,在摆位时需特别关注,以保证放疗的精确度。     

Survival analysis of 5595 head and neck cancers--results of conventional treatment in a high-risk population.

This is a study of 5595 head and neck cancer patients treated during 1987-89 at TMH, Mumbai. The study included 1970 oral cancers (ICD 140-145), 1495 oropharyngeal cancers (ICD 1410, 1453, 146), 1255 hypopharyngeal cancers (ICD 148), 125 nasopharyngeal cancers (ICD 147) and 750 laryngeal cancers (ICD 161). The clinical extent of disease at presentation was based on TNM group staging (UICC 1978). For the majority of sites, patients attended the hospital during stage III and stage IV of the disease; the only exception was for cancers of the lower lip, anterior tongue and vocal cord when between 46.2% and 56.5% of patients with localized cancer (stage I and II) were seen. Generally, surgery either alone or with radiation has been administered for oral cancer patients whereas radiation either alone or in combination with chemotherapy was administered for other head and neck sites. The overall 5-year survival rate was in the range of 20-43% for oral cancer, 8-25% for pharyngeal cancers and 25-62% for laryngeal cancer. The 5-year relative survival rates were more or less in agreement with the results published by the Eurocare study for head and neck cancers. The importance of primary prevention in head and neck cancer is stressed.