经十二指肠镜括约肌切开胆总管结石的处理

目的；采用各种方法处理不同大小的胆总管结石。方法：于１９８６年３月至１９９６年９月经内镜括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石１６８例，其中单颗结石６３例，２颗结石５６例，３颗以上结石４９例，最多一例８颗结石，结石的直径为５￣２５ｍｍ不等。     

经内镜乳头括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石298例体会

我院1997年5月至2003年4月成功对298例胆总管结石患者进行内镜下乳头括约肌切开(EST)治疗 现将资料总结、报告如下。 一、临床资料 298例均为胆总管结石患者,男136例,女162例,年龄16～90岁,60岁以上157例,占52.7％,结石均经内镜下     

经内镜乳头括约肌切开取胆总管结石失败的原因分析

2001年9月-2003年10月，我院行经内镜乳头括约肌切开取胆总管结石135例，其中取石失败19例，失败率达14．19％。现将资料总结报告如下。     

内镜下乳头括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石及炎性狭窄31例分析

目的评价乳头括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石、狭窄的临床疗效和并发症。方法采用十二指肠乳头切开及网篮碎石取石。结果所有病人通过1～2次治疗后结石均全部取净，梗阻狭窄症状解除，无出血、穿孔、感染等并发症。结论乳头切开治疗胆总管结石及狭窄安全有效，并发症少。     

经内镜乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石108例临床分析

目的 :探讨经内镜乳头括约肌切开术 (EST)治疗胆总管结石的临床效果。方法 :EST治疗胆总管结石 1 0 8例。其中结石直径 <0 .5cm 1 2例 ,0 .6～ 1 .0cm 38例 ,1 .1～ 1 .5cm 30例 ,1 .6～ 2 .0cm 1 3例 ,2 .1～ 2 .5cm 9例 ,>2 .5cm 6例。单颗结石 68例 ,2颗结石2 7例 ,3颗以上结石 1 3例 ,最多的 1例结石 1 4颗。结果 :EST取石成功 1 0 5例 ,成功率 97.2 % ,失败 3例。采用取石网篮、取石球囊和机械碎石网篮取石。EST术后并发症 6例 ,发生率 5 .6 %。其中切口出血 3例 ,急性胰腺炎 2例 ,重症胆管炎 1例。随访 88例 ,时间 1个月～ 2年 ,全身状况良好 ,B超或CT检查无再发结石。结论 :经内镜乳头括约肌切开术是一种治疗胆总管结石安全、有效的治疗方法     

内镜乳头括约肌切开胆总管取石63例的护理体会

胆总管结石是胆管炎的常见病因，一旦病情加重则往往演绎成急性化脓性胆管炎，其并发症及病死率则明显增高，所以，早期诊断采取合适的治疗措施非常重要。近年来，通过内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopan—creatography，ERCP)进行内镜下乳头括约肌切开(Endoscopic Sphincterotomy，EST)取石，已成为治疗胆总管结石的重要手段。EST取石治疗胆总管结石具有治疗效果确切、创伤小、并发症低、治疗费用相对低廉等优点。我们自2001-01／2003-12开展此项技术以来，已成功进行EST胆总管取石63例，现将护理体会介绍如下。     

经内镜括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石164例分析

近年来,ERCP、EST治疗胆总管结石已越来越多地应用于临床.2007年10月至2009年10月,我院经EST治疗胆总管结石164例,现回顾、报道如下. 1.一般资料：164例患者中,男75例,女89例;年龄32～79岁,平均54岁,其中60岁以上老年患者78例,占47.6%;病程3 d～6个月;所有病例均经腹部B超、CT等检查确诊.本组病例原发性胆总管结石62例,胆道外科手术后复发性结石102例;164例患者中118例为单颗结石,34例为2枚结石,12例为3枚或3枚以上结石,最多1例8枚结石.治疗采用Olympus TJF-100、240型十二指肠镜,PSD10型高频电发生器、电切刀、取石网篮、球囊导管、碎石网篮,Boston斑马导引丝及气囊扩张导管等.造影剂选用泛影葡胺.     

十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石

经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（EST）取石用于治疗胆总管结石已得到广泛认可,但并发症发生率仍较高,经内镜乳头气囊扩张术（EPBD）取石具有与EST取石相近的成功率,出血、穿孔并发症相对较少,且保护了十二指肠乳头括约肌功能,但因球囊压迫胰管开口,术后胰腺炎的发生率相对较高。我们采用内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合EPBD治疗了38例胆总管结石,现总结资料,探讨其有效性、安全性和在减少近期、远期并发症方面的作用。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石诊治胆总管结石163例体会

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）十二指肠乳头括约肌切开（EST）诊断、治疗胆总管结石的临床效果和价值。方法163例临床诊断胆总管结石者行ERCP检查，造影成功159例，150例确诊为胆总管结石并经内镜行乳头括约肌切开术。结果胆总管结石ERCP与临床诊断符合率为94．3％；胆总管结石150例，取石成功141例，成功率94．0％；EST术后发生急性胰腺炎4例，少到中等量肠道出血3例，高淀粉酶血症5例，无肠穿孔、大出血及死亡等并发症发生。结论ERCP可提高胆管结石的诊断准确率；EST取石是肝外胆管结石治疗的优良方法，对已作胆囊切除后肝外胆管残留或复发结石并应为首选治疗方法。     

内镜下括约肌切开治疗老年胆总管结石的临床应用

目的 探讨内镜下括约肌切开术(EST)对老年胆总管结石患者的治疗价值,并对其安全性进行评估. 方法 回顾性分析4年来105例≥65岁胆总管结石患者进行EST切开取石的成功率和并发症发生率. 结果 取石获得成功102例,取石成功率97.1%.未成功3例,其中插管造影失败2例,因心肺功能异常终止手术1例.术后并发症:急性胰腺炎4例,活动性出血1例,急性胆管炎1例,心律失常1例. 结论 EST治疗老年胆总管结石是一种创伤小、疗效确切、安全系数高的治疗方法,娴熟的内镜操作技术与规范的治疗可以减少并发症的发生.     

Composition of common bile duct stones in Chinese patients during and after endoscopic sphincterotomy

AIM: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is a well-established therapeutic modality for the removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones. After ES there are still around 10% of patients that experience recurrent CBD stones. The aim of this study is to investigate the composition of CBD stones before and after ES and its clinical significance in Chinese patients. METHODS: From January 1996 to December 2003, 735 patients with CBD stones received ES at Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital and stone specimens from 266 patients were sent for analysis. Seventy-five patients had recurrent CBD stones and stone specimens from 44 patients were sent for analysis. The composition of the stones was analyzed by infrared (IR) spectrometry and they were classified as cholesterol or bilirubinate stones according to the predominant composition. Clinical data were analyzed. RESULTS: In the initial 266 stone samples, 217 (82%) were bilirubinate stones, 42 (16%) were cholesterol stones, 3 were calcium carbonate stones, 4 were mixed cholesterol and bilirubinate stones. Patients with bilirubinate stones were significantly older than patients with cholesterol stones (66±13 years vs56±17 years, P= 0.001). In the 44 recurrent stone samples, 38 (86%) were bilirubinate stones, 3 (7%) were cholesterol stones, and 3 were mixed cholesterol and bilirubinate stones. In 27 patients, both initial and recurrent stone specimens can be obtained, 23 patients had bilirubinate stones initially and 2 became cholesterol stones in the recurrent attack. In the four patients with initial cholesterol stones, three patients had bilirubinate stones and one patient had a cholesterol stone in the recurrent attack. CONCLUSION: Bilirubinate stone is the predominant composition of initial or recurrent CBD stone in Chinese patients. The composition of CBD stones may be different from initial stones after ES.     

Outcomes of endoscopic sphincterotomy vs open choledochotomy for common bile duct stones

BACKGROUND Endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) for the management of common bile duct stones(CBDS) is used increasingly widely because it is a minimally invasive procedure. However, some clinical practitioners argued that EST may be complicated by post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)pancreatitis(PEP) and accompanied by a higher recurrence of CBDS than open choledochotomy(OCT). Whether any differences in outcomes exist between these two approaches for treating CBDS has not been thoroughly elucidated to date.AIM To compare the outcomes of EST vs OCT for the management of CBDS and to clarify the risk factors associated with stone recurrence.METHODS Patients who underwent EST or OCT for CBDS between January 2010 and December 2012 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Follow-up data were obtained through telephone or by searching the medical records. Statistical analysis was carried out for 302 patients who had a follow-up period of at least 5 years or had a recurrence. Propensity score matching(1:1) was performed to adjust for clinical differences. A logistic regression model was used to identify potential risk factors for recurrence, and a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was generated for qualifying independent risk factors.RESULTS In total, 302 patients undergoing successful EST(n = 168) or OCT(n = 134) were enrolled in the study and were followed for a median of 6.3 years. After propensity score matching, 176 patients remained, and all covariates were balanced. EST was associated with significantly shorter time to relieving biliary obstruction, anesthetic duration, procedure time, and hospital stay than OCT(P <0.001). The number of complete stone clearance sessions increased significantly in the EST group(P = 0.009). The overall incidence of complications and mortality did not differ significantly between the two groups. Recurrent CBDS occurred in18.8%(33/176) of the patients overall, but no difference was found between the EST(20.5%, 18/88) and OCT(17.0%, 15/88) groups. Factors associated with CBDS recurrence included common bile duct(CBD) diameter > 15 mm(OR =2.72; 95%CI: 1.26-5.87; P = 0.011), multiple CBDS(OR = 5.09; 95%CI: 2.58-10.07; P< 0.001), and distal CBD angle ≤ 145°(OR = 2.92; 95%CI: 1.54-5.55; P = 0.001). The prediction model incorporating these factors demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81(95%CI: 0.76-0.87).CONCLUSION EST is superior to OCT with regard to time to biliary obstruction relief, anesthetic duration, procedure time, and hospital stay and is not associated with an increased recurrence rate or mortality compared with OCT in the management of CBDS.     

内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术在胆总管结石治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术在胆总管结石治疗中的效果和安全性。方法选取胆总管结石患者46例行乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术取石,观察治愈率,近期、远期并发症。结果取石成功率为95.7%;近期并发症发生率为6.5%,其中急性胰腺炎1例,胆管炎2例,远期并发症发生率为4.4%,反流性胆管炎、结石复发各1例。结论内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石,与乳头括约肌切开取石术同样有效,且安全性更好,操作更简单。     

经内镜乳头括约肌切开术与气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石临床评价

目的:评价经内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)和气囊扩张术(EPBD)联合机械碎石(EML)治疗胆总管结石的临床疗效．方法:选取我院住院胆总管结石患者60例,随机分成EST组(n=30)和EPBD组(n=30),分别采用EST和EPBD联合机械碎石进行内镜下取石．观察二组的治愈率,近期并发症、远期并发症．结果:正结果EST组与EPBD组的取石成功率为93．3％和90％．无显著性差异(P>0．05): 两组近期并发症发生率(包括胰腺炎、胆道感染、出血)为30％和13．3％,无显著性差异 (P>0．05);而远期并发症(包括胆道感染、结石复发)26．7％和3.3％,有显著性差异(P<0．05)．结论:EST和EPBD的结石清除率及近期并发症相似,但EPBD远期并发症的发病率较低, 表明EPBD能够在一定程度上保护Oddi括约肌功能。     

Restoration of common bile duct diameter within 2 weeks after endoscopic stone retraction is a preventive factor for stone recurrence

Background: Little information is available about the relationship between restoration of common bile duct(CBD) diameter after endoscopic stone retraction and recurrence of CBD stones in elderly patients.The present study was to determine whether restoration of CBD diameter is a preventive factor for CBD stone recurrence in elderly patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP).Methods: From January 2006 to December 2010, 238 patients underwent the first and the second session of ERCP for the removal of CBD stones. Among them, 173 were over 65 years old. These patients were divided into recurrent group and non-recurrent group. Restoration of CBD diameter and patients' characteristics were compared.Results: There was no statistical difference in patients' characteristics, associated diseases, or ERCP-related complications between the two groups. Reduction of CBD diameter was significantly larger in the nonrecurrent group(2.7 ± 1.7 mm) compared to that in the recurrent group(1.4 ± 2.3 mm, P = 0.002). The proportion of patients with restoration of CBD diameter were significantly lower in the recurrent group(6/42, 14.3%) compared with that in the non-recurrent group(67/131, 51.1%)(P 0.01).Conclusions: There is an inverse relationship between restoration of CBD diameter and CBD stone recurrence. Therefore, patients without restoration of CBD diameter within 2 weeks after endoscopic stone removal should be monitored more frequently.     

内镜下十二指肠乳头小切开后球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石的临床研究

目的探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开后球囊扩张术在胆总管结石治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法将150例临床确诊为胆总管结石的患者随机分为乳头括约肌切开组(EST组)和乳头括约肌小切开后球囊扩张术组(SEST+EPBD组),比较两组疗效及并发症的发生率。结果 EST组和SEST+EPBD组取石成功率分别为92%和97%(χ2=1.19,P0.05)。EST组术后出现急性胰腺炎2例,出血4例,结石复发11例,逆行性胆道感染15例。SEST+EPBD组术后出现急性胰腺炎1例,出血1例,结石复发2例,逆行性胆道感染6例。两组取石成功率及近期并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),远期并发症比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论内镜下乳头括约肌小切开后球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石安全、有效,并发症少,并且尽可能的保留了十二指肠乳头括约肌的功能,值得临床推广。     

Recurrence of bile duct stones after endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation combined with limited sphincterotomy: long-term follow-up study

Background/Aims

Endoscopic papillary large-balloon dilation combined with limited endoscopic sphincterotomy (EPLBD+ES) is promising for the treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones. The aim of this study was to clarify the recurrence rate and the risk factors for CBD stones after EPLBD+ES.

Methods

In total, 100 patients who underwent EPLBD+ES from 2006 to 2007 were evaluated retrospectively. One hundred and nine patients who were treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) from 2004 to 2005 were set as the historical control group. Various risk factors for the recurrence of bile duct stones were analyzed.

Results

Of the 209 patients, the duration of follow-up was 32.5±4.5 months in the EPLBD+ES group and 31.8±6.0 months in the ES group. The recurrence rate of CBD stones was 11.0% (11/100) in the EPLBD+ES group and 13.8% (15/109) in the ES group (p=0.546). The cumulative recurrence rate of stones was not significantly different between the EPLBD+ES and ES groups (log rank, p=0.537). Univariate analysis showed that the diameter of the CBD (≥22 mm) was the only predictive variable that could differentiate recurrence from nonrecurrence in the EPLBD+ES group. Multivariate analysis revealed that the diameter of the bile duct was the only risk factor for stone recurrence (p=0.022; odds ratio, 1.175; 95% confidence interval, 1.023 to 1.348).

Conclusions

The recurrence rate of CBD stones after EPLBD+ES is comparable to that of the ES group, and a dilated CBD appears to increase the risk of bile duct stone recurrence.     

十二指肠乳头切开术联合球囊扩张术在肝外胆管结石内镜治疗中的作用

目的 探讨十二指肠乳头切开术(EST)联合十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术(EPBD)在肝外胆管结石内镜治疗中的安全性及其疗效.方法 164例肝外胆管结石患者接受内镜取石治疗,其中78例取石前进行EST联合EPBD治疗(EST+ EPBD组),其余86例取石前进行单一EST治疗(EST组),对比分析2组并发症发生率、结石取净率和碎石发生率.结果 EST+ EPBD组出现高淀粉酶血症3例、轻症急性胰腺炎2例,EST组出现高淀粉酶血症5例、轻症急性胰腺炎3例、出血2例,2组均未出现重症急性胰腺炎、穿孔等严重并发症.EST+ EPBD组并发症发生率为6.4％( 5/78),略低于EST组的11.6％ (10/86)(x2=1.340,P=0.288);结石取净率为100.0％ (78/78),明显高于EST组的93.0％( 80/86)(x2=5.649,P=0.030);碎石发生率为33.3％( 26/78),明显低于EST组的60.5％(52/86)(x2=12.073,P=0.001).结论 EST联合EPBD应用肝外胆管结石内镜治疗中安全、有效,对于结石大、乳头条件差的患者效果尤其明显.     

内镜下机械碎石术治疗胆总管大结石

目的 探讨内镜下机械碎石术治疗胆总管大结石的价值。方法 32例经ERC证实胆总管结石直径≥1．5cm。其中结石直径1．5～1．9cm17例，2．0～2．4cm9例，≥2．5cm6例，单颗结石24例，2颗结石5例，3颗或以上结石3例。先行乳头肌切开，然后使用机械碎石器于胆管内将结石粉碎取出。结果 机械碎石成功31例，成功率96．9％，失败1例。1次碎石取净结石28例，2次3例，3次1例。发生并发症4例，发生率12．5％，其中切口渗血和出血2例，急性胰腺炎1例．急性胆管炎1例，症状均较轻微。结论 对于直径≥1．5cm的胆总管大结石，单纯使用普通取石网篮难以取出，机械碎石术可不受结石大小限制，是理想、有效的碎石取石方法。     

Endoscopic papillary balloon intermittent dilatation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones

AIM: To compare the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic papillary balloon intermittent dilatation (EPBID) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in the treatment of common bile duct stones. METHODS: From March 2011 to May 2012, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 560 patients, 262 with common bile duct stones. A total of 206 patients with common bile duct stones were enrolled in the study and randomized to receive either EPBID with a 10-12 mm dilated balloon or EST (103 patients in each group). For both groups a conventional reticular basket or balloon was used to remove the stones. After the procedure, routine endoscopic nasobiliary drainage was performed. RESULTS: First-time stone removal was successfully performed in 94 patients in the EPBID group (91.3%) and 75 patients in the EST group (72.8%). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of operation time between the two groups. The overall incidence of early complications in the EPBID and EST groups was 2.9% and 13.6%, respectively, with no deaths reported during the course of the study and follow-up. Multiple regression analysis showed that the success rate of stone removal was associated with stone removal method [odds ratio (OR): 5.35; 95%CI: 2.24-12.77; P=0.00], the transverse diameter of the stone (OR: 2.63; 95%CI: 1.19-5.80; P=0.02) and the presence or absence of diverticulum (OR: 2.35; 95%CI: 1.03-5.37; P=0.04). Postoperative pancreatitis was associated with the EST method of stone removal (OR: 5.00; 95%CI: 1.23-20.28; P=0.02) and whether or not pancreatography was performed (OR: 0.10; 95%CI: 0.03-0.35; P=0.00). CONCLUSION: The EPBID group had a higher success rate of stone removal with a lower incidence of pancreatitis compared with the EST group.