A NEW MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF DOLOMITE IN THE TRIASSIC DOLOMITES,NORTHERN ITALY

The Pale di San Martino and Pale di San Lucano (referred to together as the “Pale”) are remnants of an originally more extensive carbonate platform in the Dolomite Mountains of northern Italy. The platforms are composed of Middle Triassic dolomites and limestones up to 1.6km thick. Limestones comprise 2–3% of the platform carbonates and are restricted to narrow corridors (tens to a few hundred metres wide, hundreds of metres long and high) within the dolomite. The mainly sucrosic dolomites of the Pale are interpreted as the result of recrystallization of a depositional, nearly stoichiometric Mg calcite under burial temperatures of ca. 40–70°C. The principal arguments are:

• The quantitative composition indicates that all platform carbonates are composed mainly of micritic crusts (45%; boundstone fabric prevails) and early cement (35%; microcrystalline, fibrous). The platform carbonates were probably mainly bacterial precipitates and tight at the sediment‐water interface (porosities <5%, permeabilities in the micro‐Darcy range).
• The limestone‐dolomite transitions (centimetres to decimetres wide) lack dolomite gradients. The lack of evidence for flowing fluids causing dolomitization suggests stagnant pore waters.
• The δ¹³C of average dolomite is 1.3‰ heavier than that of coeval limestone (666 analyses). The difference corresponds to a primary difference of 50mol% MgCO₃ and is interpreted as the result of fractionation. It suggests a dolomite precursor of very high Mg calcite, whereas present‐day limestone of the Pale was probably deposited as a basically Mg‐free polymorph (aragonite and/or calcite).
• The dolomite δ¹⁸O (+1 to ?11‰ VPDB) values show a scatter over the platform thickness and preserve randomly distributed values around 0‰. The scatter is probably due to selective re‐setting of δ¹⁸O near pore spaces and is mainly a sampling effect.
• The observation that ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (77 analyses) of limestone and dolomite are either slightly higher or lower than Middle Triassic seawater, but almost never “normal marine”, suggests that the platform carbonates of the Pale were deposited from seawater contaminated with artesian freshwater. The limestone corridors are probably caused by artesian springs of somewhat higher than ambient depositional temperature, with low Mg calcite and/or aragonite deposited in or near fracture zones. The volumetrically subordinate cycle‐cap dolomite is possibly a primary precipitate.

     

DOLOMITIZATION AND RELATED FLUID EVOLUTION IN THE OLIGOCENE – MIOCENE ASMARI FORMATION, GACHSARAN AREA, SW IRAN: PETROGRAPHIC AND ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE

Petrographic and stable isotope investigations of Oligocene‐Miocene carbonates in the Asmari Formation from the Gachsaran oilfield and surrounding area in SW Iran indicate that the carbonates have been subjected to extensive diagenesis including calcite cementation and dolomitization. Diagenetic modification occurred in different diagenetic realms ranging from marine, meteoric and finally burial. Asmari carbonates were in general deposited in a ramp setting and are represented by intertidal to subtidal deposits together with lagoonal, shoal and low‐energy deposits formed below normal wave base. Lithofacies include bioclastic grainstones, ooidal and bioclastic, foraminiferal and intraclastic packstones, and mudstones. Multiple episodes of calcite cementation, dolomitization and fracturing have affected these rocks to varying degrees and control porosity. Four types of dolomites have been identified: microcrystalline matrix replacement dolomite (D1); fine to medium crystalline matrix replacement dolomite (D2); coarse crystalline saddle‐like dolomite cement (D3); and coarse crystalline zoned dolomite cement (D4). Microcrystalline dolomites (D1) (6–12 μm) replacing micrite, allochems and calcite cements in the mud‐supported facies prior to early compaction show δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of ?4.01 to +1.02‰ VPDB and ?0.30 to +4.08‰ VPDB, respectively. These values are slightly depleted with respect to postulated Oligocene‐Miocene marine carbonate values, suggesting their precipitation from seawater, partly altered by later fluids. The association of this type of dolomite with primary anhydrite in intertidal facies supports dolomitization by evaporative brines. Fine to medium crystalline matrix dolomites (D2) (20–60μm) occur mostly in grainstone facies and have relatively high porosities. These dolomites formed during early burial and could be considered as recrystallized forms of D1 dolomite. Their isotopic values overlap those of D1 dolomites, implying precipitation from similar early fluids, possibly altered by meteoric fluids. Coarse crystalline saddle‐like dolomites (D3) (200–300 μm) partially or completely occlude fractures and vugs. The vugs developed through the dissolution of carbonate components and rarely matrix carbonates, while fractures developed during Zagros folding in late Oligocene to early Miocene times. A final diagenetic episode is represented by the precipitation of coarse crystalline planar e‐s zoned dolomite (D4) (80–250 μm) that occurs in fractures and vugs and also replaces earlier dolomite and post‐dates stylolitization. Fluids responsible for the formation of D3 and D4 dolomites are affected by brine enrichment and increasing temperatures due to increasing burial. Reservoir porosity is dominated by microcrystalline pore spaces in muddy, dolomitized matrix and mouldic and vuggy porosity in grainstone. Porosity was significantly enhanced by the formation of multiple fracture systems.     

Origin of dolomite in the Middle Ordovician peritidal platform carbonates in the northern Ordos Basin,western China

The carbonates in the Middle Ordovician Ma_5~5submember of the Majiagou Formation in the northern Ordos Basin are partially to completely dolomitized.Two types of replacive dolomite are distinguished:(1) type 1dolomite,which is primarily characterized by microcrystalline(30 urn),euhedral to subhedral dolomite crystals,and is generally laminated and associated with gypsumbearing microcrystalline dolomite,and(2) type 2 dolomite,which is composed primarily of finely crystalline(30-100 urn),regular crystal plane,euhedral to subhedral dolomite.The type 2 dolomite crystals are truncated by stylolites,indicating that the type 2 dolomite most likely predated or developed simultaneously with the formation of the stylolites.Stratigraphic,petrographic,and geochemical data indicate that the type 1 dolomite formed from near-surface,low-temperature,and slightly evaporated seawater and that the dolomitizing fluids may have been driven by density differences and elevation-related hydraulic head.The absence of massive depositional evaporites in the dolomitized intervals indicates that dolomitization was driven by the reflux of slightly evaporated seawater.The δ~(18)O values(-7.5 to-6.1 ‰) of type1 dolomite are slightly lower than those of seawaterderived dolomite,suggesting that the dolomite may be related to the recrystallization of dolomite at higher temperatures during burial.The type 2 dolomite has lowerδ~(18)O values(-8.5 to-6.7 ‰) and Sr~(2+) concentration and slightly higher Na~+,Fe~(2+),and Mn~(2+) concentrations and~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.709188-0.709485) than type 1 dolomite,suggesting that the type 2 dolomite precipitated from modified seawater and dolomitic fluids in pore water and that it developed at slightly higher temperatures as a result of shallow burial.     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格地区奥陶系马家沟组白云石化

苏里格地区马家沟组为一套碳酸盐岩为主,夹蒸发岩的地层,沉积于超盐度的局限陆表海环境。白云石分为以泥晶结构为主的,以细—中晶结构为主和充填于孔、缝中3类。白云石Na含量(0~2099)×10-6,Sr含量(0~70)×10-6,Mn含量(0~112)×10-6,Fe含量(39~86746)×10-6,以变化较大的Na含量、低的Sr和Mn含量、高的Fe含量为特征。白云石δ18O值在-16.00‰~-5.73‰之间,δ13C值在-11.46‰~1.90‰之间,说明碳酸盐岩经历了淋滤作用和埋藏作用。大多数孔、缝充填白云石较围岩组分有较低的δ18O和δ13C值,说明孔缝充填的白云石形成较晚。白云石以低的有序度,非理想配比的CaCO₃和MgCO₃含量为特征。白云石的87Sr/86Sr值为0.707977±0.000070至0.711791±0.000064,绝大部分高于全球中、上奥陶统分界线对应的87Sr/86Sr值。微生物白云石化是形成白云石的机理。      

HYDROCARBON-INDUCED DIAGENETIC DOLOMITE AND PYRITE FORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE HORMOZ ISLAND SALT DOME,OFFSHORE IRAN

Hormoz Island, a salt diapir in the eastern Persian Gulf, is dominated by the Infracambrian Hormoz Complex comprising both evaporites (Hormoz Salt) and carbonates, siliciclastics and volcanic rocks. Minerals include black, white and grey dolomites, pyrite, gypsum, anhydrite, apatite and iron oxides. Formation of some of the dolomite crystals is interpreted to be linked to the oxidation of hydrocarbons. The δ¹³C values of black dolomite crystals range from −0.8 to −2.07‰ VPDB, indicating that little if any of their carbon is derived from hydrocarbon oxidation but that sea water has provided carbon and Mg for dolomite precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values for these dolomites range from −9.2 to −15.3‰ VPDB, reflecting a temperature effect on isotopic fractionation. By contrast, δ¹³C values for white to grey dolomites range from −17.81 to −35.68‰ VPDB, indicating that the carbon may be derived from the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Based on the δ¹⁸O_dolomite and temperatures obtained from fluid inclusion studies (215°C), the calculated δ¹⁸O_water in equilibrium with these dolomites (+2 < δ¹⁸O_fluid < +12‰) indicates the involvement of brines evolved via the interaction of seawater with the Hormoz Salt and associated sedimentary rocks. Some of the dolomite may have precipitated from post-Cambrian seawaters at lower temperatures (ca.100 °C). Thus, the dolomites may have begun to form during deep burial but have also formed during salt diapirism at more shallow depths. Pyrite and native sulphur are interpreted to have formed in reducing conditions where the source of sulphur was H₂S produced by the thermochemical reduction of sulphate in the Hormoz Salt evaporites. Heavy δ³⁴S values for the anhydrites (ranging from 28.7 to 30.8‰) and for sulphides (ranging from 17.2 to 23.4‰) preclude a major contribution of sulphur from volcanic sources or from Early Cambrian shales. Pyrites, apatites and dolomites formed at depth within the diapir. It is envisaged that hydrocarbons leaked along the flanks of the Hormoz Island salt dome, resulting in reducing conditions which promoted the formation of diagenetic minerals.     

羌塘盆地南部布曲组含油白云岩中自生文石胶结物的鉴定及其成因探讨

在羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地区中侏罗统布曲组砂糖状白云岩中首次发现针柱状胶结物,分布于沥青充填的溶蚀孔隙中。显微结构、微区X射线衍射以及电子探针分析表明,胶结物类型为自生文石,呈针柱状晶形,簇状、放射状集合体,MgO和SrO质量分数呈正相关。微区同位素测试显示,文石胶结物δ13C_PDB值为3.5‰~3.98‰,δ18O_PDB值介于-11.63‰~-9.98‰。文石在地质历史时期形成的碳酸盐岩中很少发现,常通过新生变形作用或溶解作用转变为低镁方解石。砂糖状白云岩中自生文石碳氧同位素组成与现代海洋沉积和大气淡水成因的文石存在较大差异,其形成过程中淡水淋滤作用影响较小,δ18O值的负偏主要受埋藏期地温梯度控制。储层成岩序列显示文石胶结物形成于埋藏白云石化作用之后,有机酸溶蚀伴随着碳酸钙自生矿物沉淀,烃类充注抑制了文石向方解石的转化。文石胶结物形成于晚成岩阶段,属于埋藏环境下碳酸盐矿物溶解再沉淀的产物,烃类充注可能对文石的保存起重要的控制作用。      

川南地区灯影组白云岩地球化学特征及流体来源

四川盆地灯影组白云岩是重要的优质油气储集岩,由于复杂的成岩演化和多期的构造作用,白云岩的成因一直存在争议。通过碳、氧同位素、微量元素等分析手段,对川南地区灯影组白云岩的地球化学特征及流体来源进行了研究。研究结果表明,该区白云岩主要类型为微晶、细晶-中晶以及含角砾白云岩。灯影组白云岩的δ¹³C介于0.52‰~2.06‰（均值1.42‰）,δ¹⁸O介于-11.9‰~-2.14‰（均值-9.09‰）,与同期原始碳酸盐岩δ¹³C值（4.43‰）和δ¹⁸O值（-0.62‰）相比明显偏小。结合白云岩具有高U/Th比值、低Sr值以及Eu正异常等特征,认为研究区灯影组白云岩具有埋藏白云石化特征,且在成岩后期受到了热液流体作用的改造。该区白云岩具有与海水来源白云岩相似的稀土元素配分特征以及远高于正常海水的盐度指数（Z值）,表明白云岩化流体主要来源于封存在地层中的浓缩海水。     

塔中地区热液改造型白云岩储层

塔里木盆地寒武系-下奥陶统以深灰色的粉-细晶白云岩发育为特征,在塔中等地区局部可见浅灰色-白色的中-粗晶白云岩.中-粗晶白云岩中的流体包裹体均一温度主峰区间为160~200℃,盐度为6.88%~14.15%;氧同位素δ¹⁸O_PDB值为-10.91‰~-7.65‰,平均为-8.98‰,与粉-细晶白云岩δ¹⁸O_PDB值相比,具有明显偏轻的特征.根据白云石与水之间的氧同位素分馏系数计算出形成中-粗晶白云岩流体的δ¹⁸O_SMOW值为+4.2‰~+10.2‰,据此判断该流体为岩浆热液流体.中-粗晶白云岩的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值为0.709 098~0.709 236,平均为0.709 171,高于粉-细晶白云岩和下古生界正常海相碳酸盐岩的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值.锶同位素组成特征也表明了中-粗晶白云岩的形成与热液流体作用有关.再结合其产状特征,可以推测塔中地区中-粗晶白云岩是粉-细晶白云岩在热液作用下发生重结晶作用的结果.重结晶形成的中-粗晶白云岩不但有丰富的晶间孔隙,而且还发育有大量的因热液溶蚀作用而形成的溶蚀孔隙,是良好的油气储集层,在塔里木盆地下古生界深层油气勘探中应该给予足够的重视.     

THE ORIGIN OF DOLOMITE IN THE ASMARI FORMATION (OLIGOCENE-LOWER MIOCENE), DEZFUL EMBAYMENT, SW IRAN

Dolomitisation is an important factor controlling reservoir quality in the Asmari Formation in many producing fields in SW Iran. Dolostones have higher average porosities than limestones. Petrographic and geochemical studies have been used to determine the causes of Asmari dolomitisation at the Bibi Hakimeh and Marun fields and at the Khaviz anticline. The formation is generally characterized by a large‐scale trend of upward‐decreasing accommodation. Basal strata were deposited under relatively open‐marine, high‐energy conditions, whereas the Middle to Upper Asmari succession was deposited in relatively protected settings with more frequent evidence of exposure and evaporitic conditions. There is a general upward increase in the abundance of both anhydrite (occurring as nodules and cement) and dolomite. Two main types of dolomite fabric are recognised, reflecting the textures of the precursor limestones: (1) finely crystalline pervasive dolomite (commonly <20μ) replacing mud‐rich facies; and (2) combinations of finely crystalline replacive dolomite and surrounding areas of coarser dolomite cement (crystals up to 100μ) in grain‐supported facies. Fluid inclusion data indicate that finely crystalline dolomites formed at low temperatures (ca. <50°C), while the coarser dolomite formed at higher temperatures (50–;140°C). Whole rock‐carbonate oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of pure dolostone samples show no apparent correlation with either depositional or diagenetic textures: δ¹⁸O is generally 0 to 2.7‰ PDB, and δ¹³C is ?1 to 4‰ PDB. The importance of evaporated seawater to Asmari dolomitisation is indicated by the ubiquitous occurrence of felty‐textured anhydrite nodules in dolostone beds and the presence of high‐salinity fluid inclusions in dolomite. The derivation of dolomitising fluids from contemporaneous seawater is supported by the general correspondence between age estimates derived from the strontium isotope composition of anhydrites and dolomites and those derived from stratigraphic considerations. This suggested synsedimentary dolomitisation. Dolomitisation of the upper half of the Asmari Formation may have occurred as a result of two syn‐sedimentary mechanisms: (1) by the reflux of evaporative brines concentrated in shallow lagoons or sabkhas, through immediately underlying strata (mainly during highstands); and (2) by the flushing of platform‐top carbonates by basinal evaporated waters during lowstand/early transgression. Continued dolomitisation during deeper burial is supported by the presence of high‐temperature fluid inclusions and iron‐rich crystal rims. Dolomite within the lower part of the Asmari Formation probably mostly formed during burial as a result of compaction of, and fluid exclusion from, the underlying Pabdeh marls and shales.     

东营凹陷超压顶封层及其附近砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的成因

东营凹陷超压顶界面埋深2.200～2.800 m,在深部超压流体影响下,超压顶封层及其附近砂岩中碳酸盐矿化作用发育,碳酸盐含量一般在15%～40%。对53块砂岩样品共101个碳酸盐胶结物原位微区电子探针成分数据进行数理统计后发现,碳酸盐矿物主要可分为准同生白云石、方解石与铁白云石3种类型,综合X-衍射、阴极发光等判断其成岩序列为准同生白云石→方解石→铁白云石。根据碳酸盐胶结物成岩流体包裹体观测结果,超压顶封层及其附近砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀伴随着超压流体环境,最小古压力系数为1.29～1.62,且沉淀温度明显高于背景温度值,指示与超压热流体侵入有关。结合前人研究成果认为,方解石、铁白云石胶结物的沉淀可能分别与东营组沉积末期、明化镇组沉积以来的超压流体活动有关;同时利用氧同位素地质温度计对上述认识进行了检验,其结果与实际观测值也较为吻合。方解石胶结物的沉淀温度90～120℃,其超压流体的δ¹⁸O_SMOW 值为零,方解石胶结物的δ¹⁸O_PDB 值为-16.86‰～-12.29‰;铁白云石胶结物的沉淀温度约110～135℃,其超压流体的δ¹⁸O_SMOW 值为0.25‰,铁白云石胶结物的δ¹⁸O_PDB 值介于−12.20‰～−10.20‰。晚成岩阶段碳酸盐胶结物的碳同位素值具有正漂移现象,δ¹³C_PDB 值介于−0.9‰～+3.58‰,说明其主要来源于沙四段湖相碳酸盐岩的溶解-再沉淀作用,有机酸的参与显得相对次要,或者是由于羧酸分子内碳同位素分馏作用的影响。     

四川盆地北部栖霞组-茅口组热液白云岩特征与成因

以四川盆地北部广元峡沟煤矿剖面白云岩为研究对象,剖面由下部地层向上,白云岩化程度逐渐增强,颜色由深到浅,岩性由生屑灰岩逐渐过渡到斑状白云岩,然后再到中-粗晶白云岩,上部覆盖茅口组泥灰(云)岩。中-粗晶白云岩发育于栖霞组顶部和茅口组底部,由中晶到粗晶的半自形-自形白云石组成,其中可见鞍状白云石。岩石中溶蚀孔洞发育,孔隙内有沥青充填。微晶灰岩的δ¹³C(PDB)值为3.23‰,δ¹⁸O(PDB)值为-5.03‰;白云石样品的碳、氧同位素具有一定的差异,δ¹³C(PDB)值为3.29‰~4.14‰,δ¹⁸O(PDB)值为-6.07‰~-6.75‰。流体来源可能为岩浆热液,或者是经历了深循环的大气降水。在断裂活动时,深部热液流体沿断裂向上运移,当运移到栖霞组和茅口组时,由于吴家坪组泥灰岩和泥云岩的封堵,流体的运移被减缓甚至停滞,促使围岩发生白云岩化,溶蚀作用也同时发生,产生溶蚀孔隙。由此,在栖霞组顶部和茅口组底部可能形成热液白云岩储层,该储层具有一定的储集意义。     

四川盆地南江栖霞组白云岩岩石学、地球化学特征及成因

四川盆地南江桥亭剖面中二叠统栖霞组二段灰岩局部白云岩化,基质白云岩主要由非平直晶面他形晶白云石构成,孔洞缝中充填鞍形白云石和结晶方解石,溶解作用主要发生在白云石中。在岩石学研究基础上,综合运用碳氧同位素、元素、包裹体均一化温度、阴极发光测试手段,结合埋藏史、热史以及峨眉山玄武岩喷发非正常地热增温事件,研究了基质白云石和鞍形白云石的特征和成因。研究表明:基质白云石、鞍形白云石和结晶方解石的包裹体均一化温度分别为100~110,130~230,130~230℃;富含基质白云石、鞍形白云石和结晶方解石样品的δ18O_PDB值分别为-4.27‰~-6.28‰,-4.87‰~-5.80‰,-5.16‰~-6.50‰,δ13C_PDB值分别为3.97‰~5.22‰,4.88‰~5.35‰,2.73‰~4.29‰;与基质白云岩相比较,鞍形白云石和结晶方解石的δ18O值略负,并显示三者碳源为同时期海水。反演的基质白云岩形成流体的δ18O_SMOW值分布在3‰~6‰之间,鞍形白云石δ18O_SMOW主要分布在7‰~14‰之间,盐度均显著高于同期海水,因而两者都是在高温和高盐度的流体中形成的。三者都受到了峨眉山玄武岩喷发活动所引起的热事件影响,高温和高盐度克服了白云石沉淀的动力学屏障,形成交代灰岩的基质白云岩和孔洞缝中充填的鞍形白云石,流体的持续高温和Mg2+的消耗,导致了高温方解石的沉淀,显示热液对碳酸盐岩的改造作用。      

Geochemical characteristics of the Permian Changxing Formation reef dolomites, northeastern Sichuan Basin, China

The recent discovery of deep and ultra-deep gas reservoirs in the Permian Changxing Formation reefs, northeastern Sichuan Basin is a significant development in marine carbonate oil & gas exploration in China. Reef dolomites and their origins have been major research topics for sedimentologists and oil & gas geologists. The petrography, trace element and isotope geochemistry of the reef dolomites indicated that the dolomites are characterized by low Sr and Mn contents, relatively low Fe contents, very similar δ 13 C and δ 18 O values and very different 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios. Although the calculated results of the fluid mixing suggested that a mixture with 85%-95% meteoric water and 5%-15% seawater seemed to be the dolomitizing fluids of the reef dolomites, the low Mn contents, relatively low Fe contents, high δ 13 C values and high homogenization temperatures of the dolomites did not support that there were large proportions of meteoric water in the dolomitization process, and the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios which were close to coeval seawater also did not support the possibility of the mixture of deep-burial circulated fluids from clastic rocks. High temperature deep-burial circulated seawater with low Mn and Fe contents, high Sr content and high δ 13 C values from the dissolution of widely distributed Triassic evaporites during the burial diagenetic processes (including dehydration of water-bearing evaporites) could have been the dolomitizing fluids of the reef dolomites.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中央古隆起区中寒武统鲕粒碳酸盐岩

鄂尔多斯盆地中央古隆起区中寒武统鲕粒碳酸盐岩沉积于碳酸盐斜坡中的小规模浅滩,其主要矿物成分为白云石和方解石。根据全岩样品分析结果,鲕粒碳酸盐岩的δ18O_V-PDB值在-11.3‰~-4.9‰之间,平均-6.5‰;δ13C_V-PDB值在-1.7‰~0.3‰之间,平均-0.8‰。该碳酸盐岩沉积于浅水鲕粒滩,因受到淡水淋滤影响,之后又长期处于深埋环境,δ18O值明显偏低。由于成岩作用过程中受有机质影响很小,δ13C值没有表现出异常。白云岩的δ18O值较石灰岩的高。显微激光采样分析结果表明,鲕粒较胶结物有较低的δ18O和δ13C值。前者形成于动荡的浅水环境,形成后常受淡水的淋滤。胶结物大多形成于埋藏期,孔隙水具有海水性质,盐度较高,胶结物沉淀后,受淡水影响较小。由于经受了强烈的埋藏作用,鲕粒碳酸盐岩表现出的特征为Na和Sr含量低、Fe含量高—特高及Mn含量较高。白云石大多数为埋藏作用阶段高Mg含量卤水条件下交代而成,整体上有较低的有序度,MgCO₃含量高。在强烈的埋藏作用和胶结作用下,鲕粒碳酸盐岩现存孔隙度极低。      

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩碳、氧稳定同位素特征

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组沉积于局限的、高盐度陆表海碳酸盐岩台地,以泥晶白云岩、泥晶石灰岩和蒸发岩为主。部分岩石经岩溶作用改造成岩溶角砾岩。马家沟组碳酸盐岩全岩或手选样品的δ¹⁸O值在-16.0‰~-1.9‰（VPDB标准,下同）之间,平均为-8.5‰;δ¹³C值在-16.1‰~4.83‰之间,平均为-0.90‰。激光显微采样样品δ¹⁸O值在-15.8‰~-0.8‰之间,平均为-7.7‰;δ¹³C值在-12.4‰~5.77‰（VPDB标准,下同）之间,平均为-0.15‰。总的来说,2种采样方法的结果没有大的差别,后者较前者能更准确地反映不同组分特征。原始沉积方解石和石灰岩δ¹⁸O最大值均为5.8‰,代表原始碳酸盐岩的δ¹⁸O值,与大多数学者的全球同位素地层学研究成果吻合。由于淡水淋滤和埋藏作用,原始沉积方解石和石灰岩δ¹⁸O最小值和平均值均较低。充填于孔隙的方解石受淡水淋滤和高温埋藏作用影响,一般有较低的δ¹⁸O值。原始沉积的白云石或白云岩δ¹⁸O最大值较原始沉积方解石和石灰岩相应值明显偏高,白云石沉积于高盐度、局限环境条件下,由微生物白云石机理形成。因形成较晚,充填于孔隙的白云石有较低的δ¹⁸O值。碳酸盐岩δ¹³C最大值明显偏高,与全球海水的δ¹³C值在晚奥陶世升高有关,鄂尔多斯盆地海水δ¹³C值在中奥陶世晚期已升高。受有机碳影响,部分样品具有低的δ¹³C值。     

塔里木盆地英南2气藏成藏机理

探讨了塔里木盆地东部英南2凝析气藏的非常规盖层———致密钙质胶结砂岩的形成机理。这种致密砂岩孔隙中钙质胶结物共有两期,早期方解石阴极发光下发出桔红色光,晚期发出桔黄色光,早期方解石被晚期交代。碳酸盐岩胶结物微区和全岩碳、氧同位素分析表明,钙质胶结物碳同位素组成表现出与生物成因有关的负值,δ¹³C分布在-7.17‰～-9.06‰,氧同位素组成具有淡水渗流成岩的特点,δ¹⁸O分布在-12.44‰～-21.85‰,这说明致密砂岩是"与烃类相关的成岩作用带(HRDZs)"的产物。HRDZs的形成是烃类缓慢渗漏遭受生物降解的过程,它使气藏的天然气组分的成分和同位素组成产生了分异。该气藏是特殊的下生上储、早期散失、晚期聚集成藏的次生凝析气藏,成藏过程伴随着圈闭致密性的逐渐加强,气藏的成藏过程是有机无机相互作用的结果。     

从岩石学及微区同位素探讨四川盆地灯影组皮壳-葡萄状白云石成因

四川盆地灯影组中的“皮壳、栉壳及葡萄状”白云石是一种非常特殊结构白云石。对四川盆地灯影组葡萄-皮壳状及基岩岩石学、碳氧与锶同位素等研究表明：皮壳-葡萄状白云石早期由内纤状（AC）、外为束状-放射状海底纤柱状（RFC）的文石及犬牙状高镁方解石或粒状方解石构成。不同尺度"球状-哑铃"或菱形的泥微晶白云石沿C轴呈台阶式相向生长,反映了海水潜流带为主的生长模式。微区同位素揭示了环带中的粉细晶白云石要比黑、白相间纤状白云石中的δ¹³C,δ¹⁸O负偏明显;黑色纤状又较白色纤状白云石δ¹³C,δ¹⁸O正偏。环带至少有3种变化情形：①δ¹⁸O（PDB）,δ¹³C（PDB）负偏,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr较高,较宽的明、暗阴极条带,指示了周期性弱氧化与弱还原环境的变化海水并叠加了大气淡水作用;②有序度变化大,从环带核部至边缘,δ¹³C（PDB）缓慢下降,δ¹⁸O（PDB）缓慢升高,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr接近同时代的海水平均值,核部中等橙红向外为不发光-暗淡发光,反映了核部弱还原向外变为弱氧化、海水并有持续大气淡水的补给;③有序度较低、从环带核部至边缘,δ¹³C（PDB）缓慢上升,δ¹⁸O（PDB）先升后降,边缘稍为偏负,中等橙红色、间隔有相对暗淡阴极发光,推测为停滞浓缩海水为主、后有弱氧化大气淡水补给。据此推断,皮壳-葡萄状白云石是在新元古南华纪冰期的特殊海水背景下,经历了过饱和海水中微生物中细菌参于下成核、准稳态含镁矿物沉淀（AC-RFC）、大气淡水下水岩作用粒状方解石（RFC-PC）和浓缩海水中的准同生云化作用过程。     

大港滩海地区沙一段下部砂岩储层中方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素研究

对大港滩海地区沙一段下部砂岩储层中方解石胶结物的12个样品进行了碳、氧同位素分析,结果表明碳同位素δ13C值分布范围在-9.58‰～+13.61‰,平均为5.29‰;氧同位素δ18O值分布范围在-12.46‰～+0.09‰,平均为-6.28‰.探讨了碳酸盐岩的成岩流体盐度及碳的来源和成因等问题,认为本区的方解石胶结物成岩流体为高盐度流体,方解石胶结物主要来自层内碎屑碳酸盐颗粒或者邻近碳酸盐岩层的溶解,其碳来源主要为还原有机碳.      

鄂尔多斯盆地天环坳陷北段桌子山组白云岩碳氧同位素特征及意义

通过空间展布和不同类型白云岩的碳氧同位素特征,诠释了鄂尔多斯盆地西部天环坳陷北段奥陶系桌子山组白云岩的成因和储层地质学意义。研究区白云岩主要有微-粉晶白云岩、残余砂屑细晶白云岩和细-中晶白云岩3种,其中微-粉晶白云岩δ13C、δ18O平均值为0.78‰和-5.0‰;残余砂屑细晶白云岩δ13C、δ18O平均值为0.53‰和-6.5‰;细-中晶白云岩δ13C、δ18O平均值为0.47‰和-6.3‰。桌子山组白云岩碳氧同位素的组成位于正常海相碳酸盐岩范围之内,说明其白云石化流体来源于囚禁的古海水。白云岩碳氧同位素演化特征及成岩作用特征,指示微-粉晶白云岩为准同生阶段白云石化的产物,而残余砂屑细晶白云岩及细-中晶白云岩则为浅埋藏白云石化的产物。      

酒西盆地砂岩储层碳酸盐胶结物分布及碳、氧稳定同位素富集特征

碳酸盐胶结物是酒西盆地石油沟油田古近系白杨河群间泉子组（N₁b₁）M油组砂岩储层中最重要的自生矿物,其含量及分布是储层定量评价的主要参数。通过矿物学、岩石学和地球化学测试分析认为,该区碳酸盐胶结物主要以方解石为主,少量白云石胶结物,胶结物分布范围为2.11%~56.39%,平均为12.93%。碳酸盐胶结物以基底式、孔隙式结构为主,部分斑点状、环边状。研究表明,不同微相砂体中碳酸盐胶结物相对含量明显不同,其中沙坝微相含量最高,平均为14.6%,河心滩微相含量最低,平均为8.09％,而滞留沉积微相含量居中,平均为7.73％。碳、氧稳定同位素分析表明,δ¹⁸O（PDB）值为-11.14‰~-3.25‰,δ¹³C（PDB）值为-7.32‰~-0.42‰,显示了该区碳酸盐胶结物来自淡水—微咸水环境,与溶解—沉积作用相关。δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O 值呈现由深部到浅部逐渐变小、变轻的趋势,说明由深到浅大气淡水影响逐渐增强,水体盐度减小,成岩温度逐渐增高。研究还发现,碳酸盐胶结物δ¹⁸O、δ¹³C值的分异与油气富集程度具较好的分区性,油浸—含油级砂岩碳酸盐胶结物富集δ¹³C,油斑—油迹级砂岩缺少δ¹⁸O同位素,荧光级砂岩胶结物同时缺少δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C同位素。