去除血浆中高丰度蛋白质的二维液相色谱体系的建立

血浆中高丰度蛋白质的存在严重干扰低丰度蛋白质的检测,是困扰血浆蛋白质组学研究的技术瓶颈之一。针对这一热点问题,建立了一种二维液相色谱(强阴离子交换色谱-反相高效液相色谱)分离系统,对血浆中的高丰度蛋白质进行了色谱定位并进行去除。选择TSKgel SuperQ-5PW为第一维色谱分离柱,第二维色谱分离采用Jupiter C4柱,对第一维的馏分进行进一步的分离。通过梯度优化,血浆样品经过二维系统得到充分分离。第二维分离过程中从紫外信号强度高(215 nm,大于20 mAU)的峰中选择10个峰,利用液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定出32种高丰度蛋白质,包括人血清白蛋白、免疫球蛋白G等高丰度蛋白质。该体系为血浆中更多高丰度蛋白质的去除以及血浆蛋白质组学的更深入研究提供了重要思路。     

蛋白质高效分离两维色谱柱的选择优化

为了构建高效的离子交换/反相二维液相色谱(IEC/RPLC)分离平台系统,提高复杂蛋白质样品的分离效率,对色谱柱进行了评价与筛选。通过对实际人肝蛋白质样品的分离效果的比较,选择确定了TSKgel DEAE-5PW弱阴离子交换色谱柱(WAX)作为第一维色谱分离柱;考察了同一规格的10支代表性反相色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm, 30 nm, C4、C8或C18),通过评价其对尿嘧啶、硝基苯、萘和芴的分离性能以及对3种标准蛋白质样品的非特异性吸附、对人肝蛋白质样品的WAX馏分的分离效果,最终确定以Jupiter 300 C4反相色谱柱作为第二维色谱分离柱。对两维色谱柱的选择优化为蛋白质高效分离二维液相色谱平台的搭建提供了可靠基础。     

凝胶过滤/离子交换全二维液相色谱系统的构建与评价

基于蛋白质的尺寸及带电性质,将凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)与离子交换色谱(IEC)两种分离模式结合,采用双捕集柱接口构建了GFC/2×IEC二维液相色谱(2-D LC)分离系统,同时考虑离子交换色谱分离蛋白质对等电点范围的限制,进一步结合中心切割平行柱的方法实现对蛋白质的全二维分离。为与后续蛋白质在线酶解、多肽分离及质谱鉴定匹配,系统中采用常规柱以保证蛋白质质谱鉴定对样品量的要求,3种常规分离柱分别选用凝胶过滤色谱柱TSK-GEL G3000SW_(XL)(300 mm×7.8 mm,5μm)、强阴离子交换色谱柱Hypersil SAX(100 mm×4.6 mm,10μm)和强阳离子交换色谱柱Hypersil SCX(100 mm×4.6 mm,10μm)。最终以酵母细胞蛋白质提取液为样品,对构建的二维系统加以评价,在总蛋白质浓度13.5 mg/mL、上样体积100μL的条件下,将第一维分离等时间切割17次,并将切割馏分全部导入第二维继续分离,二维系统在148 min内获得的总峰容量达到884。说明所构建的系统可以用于蛋白质的在线全二维分离。     

二维液相色谱接口的改进及其在蛋白质组学研究中的应用

随着蛋白质组学、本草物质组学等组学概念的提出,所需分析的样品的成分越来越复杂,因此具有强大分离能力的多维液相色谱技术受到人们越来越多的关注。二维液相色谱中第二维的分离性能和速度是整个分离系统性能的关键。基于捕集柱模式,我们采用经特殊设计的流路系统,使得双捕集柱型接口具有预分离的功能。样品从第一维流出以后被富集在捕集柱1的柱头,经过脱盐后,正冲捕集柱,捕集柱1与第二维色谱柱联用对富集的样品进行分离,增加了第二维分离效率。当捕集柱上的样品全部被洗脱到第二维色谱柱上时,捕集柱2已经完成对第一维洗脱液中样品的捕集和脱盐,此时将阀进行切换,捕集柱2与第二维色谱柱直接相连进行洗脱。循环切换捕集柱1和捕集柱2,维持较高的阀切换频率,实现了第二维色谱柱的连续洗脱。因此保证了第二维分离具有较快速度,同时具有较高的分离效率。使用35 mm长捕集柱和十通阀为接口,以弱阴离子交换(WAX)色谱为第一维分离模式,以反相(RP)色谱为第二维分离模式,构建了WAX-RP二维液相色谱系统(2D-LC system)。以小鼠血清为样品对系统进行了初步评价。色谱流出曲线出现了明显的界面现象,这是由于捕集柱流动相中含有的较多盐分流出时的背景吸收造成的。同时,由于界面两侧的流动相黏度不同产生了黏性指进(VF)现象。当第二维色谱柱长度为50 mm时,理论上可将第二维分离效能提高70%。该接口可以应用于多种二维液相色谱模式,适用于蛋白质组学和本草物质组学研究中对于复杂样品的分离分析。     

IEX/RP二维液相色谱中弱保留组分收集模式的构建及系统评价

以十通阀和捕集柱接口形式,构建了弱阴离子交换/反相(WAX/RP)二维液相色谱分离系统.通过将第一维离子交换色谱分析中的前部集中洗脱出的弱保留组分收集后单独分析,剩余样品进一步采用二维液相色谱分析,可以有效避免第二维色谱柱对特殊样品局部集中流出导致的第二维分离超柱容量问题,提高了系统的整体分离能力.使用4种蛋白胰蛋白酶酶解后的多肽样品评价该系统,在不分流的系统中共检测到115个峰.对第一维分离的前15 min分流后得到的组分单独分析,共识别出58个峰,后续的二维分离中共得到78个峰.2种方法相比,第二种方法检测峰数增加了21个,一些低丰度的组分在弱保留组分收集后被识别.     

基于在线二维色谱的不同生长时期鹿茸的比较蛋白质组分析

建立了基于在线二维弱阴离子交换色谱-反相液相色谱(2D-WAX-RPLC)的蛋白质分离系统,并用于不同生长时期鹿茸的比较蛋白质组分析。以5种标准蛋白质的混合物为样品,考察了系统的重现性。通过改变标准蛋白质之间的浓度比,研究了该系统进行蛋白质相对定量的能力。在此基础上,针对4个不同生长时期的鹿茸样品,分别采用5种不同的方法进行蛋白质提取,经2D-WAX-RPLC分离后,收集各生长时期对应蛋白质的峰高最大比超过2的组分。酶解后,采用微柱反相液相色谱-串联质谱(μRPLC-MS/MS)进行肽段的分离鉴定;共从9个差异蛋白质峰中鉴定到了22个差异蛋白质。研究结果表明,利用基于蛋白质水平的在线二维液相色谱分离技术找寻差异蛋白质,具有重现性好、自动化程度高等优点,可用于开展比较蛋白质组学的研究。     

强阳离子交换毛细管液相色谱-反相加压毛细管电色谱二维系统的构建及其在中药黄柏提取物分离中的应用

加压毛细管电色谱(pCEC)具有电泳和液相色谱的双重分离机理,其柱效高、选择性强、分辨率高和分离速度快并可进行梯度洗脱。我们在此基础上加入离子交换色谱模式,构建了强阳离子交换-反相加压毛细管液相色谱(micro strong cation exchange liquid chromatography/reversed phase pressurized capillary electrochromatography, μ-SCXLC/RP-pCEC)二维系统,并对中药黄柏的提取物进行了优化分离。第一维μ-SCXLC采用线性盐梯度分离,样品被切割成11个馏分洗脱收集后进入第二维,第二维脱盐后,采用RP-pCEC进行分离分析,梯度洗脱。以中药黄柏提取物为样品,此二维系统的分辨率和峰容量都较一维系统有很大提高,理论峰容量可达900左右,证明构建的二维体系非常适合复杂样品的分离分析。     

六味地黄丸组分的二维液相色谱分离

以1个常规六通阀直接连接两支常规尺寸的色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.),构建简单的SCX/RP在线二维液相色谱系统,对中成药六味地黄丸组分进行了优化分离。样品经过第一维阳离子交换色谱(Hypersil SCX),洗脱产物分离后通过六通阀直接富集到反相分析柱(C18)顶端,被转移到第二维色谱柱上继续进行分离。经过11步不连续的线性梯度洗脱,二维分离系统出峰数量达到550多个,峰容量达到2266。构建的二维液相色谱系统结构简单,与一维色谱相比,具有分辨率高、峰容量大的特点。     

在线单柱二维液相色谱法快速纯化牛胰腺中细胞色素C

用二维（弱阳,疏水）色谱柱首次完成了在线单柱二维液相色谱法快速纯化牛胰腺中的细胞色素C.在将牛胰腺粗提液进样到该二维色谱柱后,在弱阳离子交换模式下,以梯度洗脱方式进行一维色谱分离,并将分离得到的细胞色素C样品液收集到色谱仪的附加样品储液管内.然后将储液管中样品液全部排出,并二次进样到同一根二维色谱柱中,与此同时也完成了对该样品液的缓冲溶液交换,按疏水色谱（HIC）分离模式进行分离.最终对细胞色素C完成了第二维的HIC纯化.上述全部操作均为在线,在一具有正压的封闭体系中进行并可在52分钟内完成.细胞色素C的最终产品纯度高达94.7%（RSD=1.91%）,质量回收率为80.5%（RSD=2.20%）.预计此在线单柱二维液相色谱法也可能用于牛胰腺中其他功能蛋白的快速纯化,并可能将其放大到制备和生产规模.     

六昧地黄丸组分的二维液相色谱分离

以1个常规六通阀直接连接两支常规尺寸的色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.),构建简单的SCX/RP在线二维液相色谱系统,对中成药六味地黄丸组分进行了优化分离.样品经过第一维阳离子交换色谱(Hypersil SCX),洗脱产物分离后通过六通阀直接富集到反相分析柱(C18)顶端,被转移到第二维色谱柱上继续进行分离.经过11步不连续的线性梯度洗脱,二维分离系统出峰数量达到550多个,峰容量达到2266.构建的二维液相色谱系统结构简单,与一维色谱相比,具有分辨率高、峰容量大的特点.     

Multidimensional capillary array liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry for high-throughput proteomic analysis

A two-dimensional capillary array liquid chromatography system coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) was developed for high-throughput comprehensive proteomic analysis, in which one strong cation-exchange (SCX) capillary chromatographic column was used as the first separation dimension and 10 parallel reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) capillary columns were used as the second separation dimension. A novel multi-channel interface was designed and fabricated for on-line coupling of the SCX to RPLC column array system. Besides the high resolution based on the combination of SCX and RPLC separation, the developed new system provided the most rapid two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) separation. Ten three-way micro-splitter valves used as stop-and-flow switches in transferring SCX fractions onto RPLC columns. In addition, the three-way valves also acted as mixing chambers of RPLC effluent with matrix. The system enables on-line mixing of the LC array effluents with matrix solution during the elution and directly depositing the analyte/matrix mixtures on MALDI plates from the tenplexed channels in parallel through an array of capillary tips. With the novel system, thousands of peptides were well separated and deposited on MALDI plates only in 150min for a complex proteome sample. Compared with common 2D-LC system, the parallel 2D-LC system showed about 10-times faster analytical procedure. In combination with a high throughput tandem time of flight mass spectrometry, the system was proven to be very effective for proteome analysis by analyzing a complicated sample, soluble proteins extracted from a liver cancer tissue, in which over 1202 proteins were identified.     

高温二维液相色谱系统的构建及其评价

在二维液相色谱中, 第二维的分离速度是制约其发展的重要因素. 升高色谱柱温度可以有效降低流动相粘度, 加快溶质在两相间的传质速率, 有效加快分析速度. 以离子交换色谱法(WAX)为第一维分离模式和反相色谱法(RP)为第二维分离模式, 十通阀和两个捕集柱为接口, 通过将第二维色谱柱温度升高到80 ℃和提高流量到3 mL/min, 构建了高温WAX/RP二维液相色谱系统. 以4种标准蛋白的酶解物为样品评价系统的分离性能, 第一维共有33个馏分被捕集并导入到第二维分析, 高温二维液相色谱系统识别出187个色谱峰.     

Evaluation and application of a mixed‐mode chromatographic stationary phase in two‐dimensional liquid chromatography for the separation of traditional Chinese medicine

In this study, two mixed‐mode chromatography stationary phases (C8SAX and C8SCX) were evaluated and used to establish a two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system for the separation of traditional Chinese medicine. The chromatographic properties of the mixed‐mode columns were systematically evaluated by comparing with other three columns of C8, strong anion exchanger, and strong cation exchanger. The result showed that C8SAX and C8SCX had a mixed‐mode retention mechanism including electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction. Especially, they were suitable for separating acidic and/or basic compounds and their separation selectivities could be easily adjusted by changing pH value. Then, several off‐line 2D‐LC systems based on the C8SAX in the first dimension and C8SAX, C8SCX, or C8 columns in the second dimension were developed to analyze a traditional Chinese medicine—Uncaria rhynchophylla. The two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system of C8SAX (pH 3.0) × C8SAX (pH 6.0) exhibited the most effective peak distribution. Finally, fractions of U. rhynchophylla prepared from the first dimension were successfully separated on the C8SAX column with a gradient pH. Thus, the mixed‐mode stationary phase could provide a platform to separate the traditional Chinese medicine in practical applications.     

全二维液相色谱(NPLC×RPLC)接口及其应用

用内径为0.53 mm的填充毛细管正相液相色谱为第一维, 用4.6 mm(i.d.)×50 mm RP-18e整体柱反相色谱为第二维, 建立了定量环-阀切换接口的全二维液相色谱系统(NPLC×RPLC). 第一维色谱分离洗脱出的组分交替存储在十通阀上的两个定量环中, 同时定量环中前一个组分被转移到第二维进行反相分离. 因为第一维的流动相流量仅是第二维的1/500, 自然解决了流动相兼容问题. 采用芳香族化合物的混合物和中药丹参正己烷提取液对该全二维液相系统的分离能力进行了评价.     

Proteomic analysis of rat plasma by two-dimensional liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The proteomic analysis of plasma and serum samples represents a formidable challenge due to the presence of a few highly abundant proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins. Detection of low abundance protein biomarkers therefore requires either the specific depletion of high abundance proteins using immunoaffinity columns and/or optimized protein fractionation methods based on charge, size or hydrophobicity. Here we describe a two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography separation method for the fractionation of rat plasma. In the first dimension proteins were separated by chromatofocusing according to their isoelectric point (pI). In the second dimension, proteins were further fractionated by non-porous, reversed-phase chromatography according to their hydrophobicity. The data from both separations was displayed as a 2D protein expression map of pI versus retention time (relative hydrophobicity). Both separations were carried out on the ProteomeLab PF 2D system (Beckman Coulter), an instrument platform that provides a high degree of automation and real-time monitoring of the separation process. The reproducibility of the first-dimension separation was evaluated in terms of pH gradient formation. The second-dimension separation was evaluated in terms of peak retention times on the reversed-phase column. We found in four consecutive chromatofocusing separations that the pH gradient differed by less than 0.2 pH units at any time during the elution step. Second dimension retention times of peaks from identical pI fractions differed by less than 7 s in six consecutive separations. Each 2D separation generated a total of 540 fractions which were analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We detected approximately 275 peptides and proteins with molecular masses ranging from 3 to 225 kDa. Most fractions were found to contain multiple low and high molecular weight proteins. Differential display of 2D protein expression maps from retinol-sufficient and -deficient rat plasma samples identified a fraction with several proteins that appeared to be down-regulated in the vitamin A-deficient animal. Quantitative proteomic analysis of complex samples such as plasma is still a difficult task. We discuss the potential of this approach for biomarker discovery and address the experimental challenges that remain.     

正相模式/反相模式的二维液相色谱系统的构建与应用

以4.6mm×50 mm i. d.的Hypersil SiO2正相色谱柱为第一维,4.6mm×250 mm i. d.的Kromasil C18反相色谱柱为第二维,通过升高第二维色谱温度的方法增加两维流动相间互溶性的方法构建了定量环-阀切换接口的二维液相色谱系统(NPLC×RPLC)。根据有机溶剂的特征,在第一维正相色谱流动相中加入二氧六环;第二维反相色谱流动相中加入异丙醇,在改善流动相兼容性的同时,有效调整分离选择性。采用此系统对正天丸样品进行分离分析,达到1120的峰容量。     

Comprehensive two‐dimensional monolithic liquid chromatography of polar compounds

Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography largely increases the number of separated compounds in a single run, theoretically up to the product of the peaks separated in each dimension on the columns with different selectivities. On‐line coupling of a reversed‐phase column with an aqueous normal‐phase (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) column yields orthogonal systems with high peak capacities. Fast on‐line two‐dimensional liquid chromatography needs a capillary or micro‐bore column providing low‐volume effluent fractions transferred to a short efficient second‐dimension column for separation at a high mobile phase flow rate. We prepared polymethacrylate zwitterionic monolithic micro‐columns in fused silica capillaries with structurally different dimethacrylate cross‐linkers. The columns provide dual retention mechanism (hydrophilic interaction and reversed‐phase). Setting the mobile phase composition allows adjusting the separation selectivity for various polar substance classes. Coupling on‐line an organic polymer monolithic capillary column in the first dimension with a short silica‐based monolithic column in the second dimension provides two‐dimensional liquid chromatography systems with high peak capacities. The silica monolithic C₁₈ columns provide higher separation efficiency than the particle‐packed columns at the flow rates as high as 5 mL/min used in the second dimension. Decreasing the diameter of the silica monolithic columns allows using a higher flow rate at the maximum operation pressure and lower fraction volumes transferred from the first, hydrophilic interaction dimension, into the second, reversed‐phase mode, avoiding the mobile phase compatibility issues, improving the resolution, increasing the peak capacity, and the peak production rate.     

Two-dimensional and serial column reversed-phase separation of phenolic antioxidants on octadecyl-, polyethyleneglycol-, and pentafluorophenylpropyl-silica columns

The separation selectivity of octadecyl-silica (C18) and of bonded pentafluorophenylpropyl-silica (F5) and PEG-silica columns was compared for natural phenolic antioxidants. The separation selectivities for phenolic antioxidants on C18 and F5 columns are strongly correlated, but low selectivity correlation indicating strong differences in the retention mechanism was observed between the C18 and PEG columns. Hence, the combination of a C18 and a PEG column is useful for separation of phenolic antioxidants that are not fully separated on single columns. Two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography using a short PEG-silica column in the first dimension and a conventional C18-silica in the second dimension has the advantage of on-column focusing of the fractions transferred onto the C18 column in the second dimension, as a weaker mobile phase is used in the first dimension than in the second dimension. However, a stop-flow set-up in the first dimension system is necessary after the transfer of each fraction to the second dimension. Peak capacity is considerably larger but the separation time is much longer than with serially coupled PEG and C18 columns, which were employed for separation of beer and hop extract samples in connection with coulometric detection.     

Online high‐pH reversed‐phase liquid chromatography × low‐pH reversed‐phase liquid chromatography tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with pulse elution gradient in the first dimension for the analysis of alkaloids in Macleaya cordata (willd.) R. Br

An online high‐pH reversed‐phase liquid chromatography× low‐pH reversed‐phase liquid chromatography tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with pulse elution gradient in the first dimension was constructed to separate and identify alkaloids from Macleaya cordata (willd.) R. Br. The modulation was performed by using a dual second dimensional columns interface combined with a make‐up dilution pump, which is responsible for dilution and neutralization of the first dimensional effluent, and the dual second dimensional columns integrated the trapping and the separation function to reduce the second dimension system dead volume. Taking advantage of the dissociable characteristics of alkaloids, mobile phases with different pH values were applied in the first dimension (pH 9.0) and the second dimension (pH 2.6) to improve the orthogonality of two‐dimension separation. Besides, the pulse elution gradient in first dimension and second dimensional gradient were carefully optimized and much better separation was achieved compared to the separation with the traditional two‐dimensional liquid chromatography approach. Finally, mass measurement was performed for alkaloids in M. cordata (willd.) R. Br. by coupling proposed two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and 39 alkaloids were successfully identified by comparing the obtained result with the former reported results.