Impact of impregnation with boron compounds on the surface hardness of varnished wood

This study was performed to determine the impact of impregnation with boron compounds on the surface hardness of varnished wood materials. For this purpose, test specimens prepared from Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and oak (Quercus petreae Lipsky), which met the requirements of ASTM D 358, were impregnated according to ASTM D 1413 with boric acid and borax by a vacuum technique. After impregnation, the surfaces were coated by cellulosic, synthetic, polyurethane, waterborne, acrylic, and acid hardening varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023. The surface hardness of the specimens after the varnishing process was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366. According to the wood type, impregnation material, and varnish type, the surface hardness was highest for the oak impregnated with borax and acrylic varnish and lowest for the oak impregnated with borax and synthetic varnish. Therefore, impregnation with boron compounds showed an increasing impact on the surface hardness of the varnished wood. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Impacts of impregnation with boron compounds on surface roughness of woods and varnished surfaces

This study determines the effects of the process of impregnation of boron compounds on the surface roughness of Oriental beech, Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uluda? fir woods and varnished surfaces. For this purpose, samples are prepared according to ASTM D 358 and impregnated according to ASTM D 1413‐99 with a 5.5% solution of boric acid (Ba), borax (Bx), and Ba with Bx (Ba + Bx) and varnished with synthetic varnish (Sv) and water‐based varnish (Wb) in accordance with ASTM D 3023. The surface roughness is determined according to ISO 4287 and TS 930 standards. The results indicate that the surface roughness is the highest in Uluda? fir, Wb, and Bx and the lowest in Oriental spruce, Sv, and Ba + Bx. For the combination of wood, impregnation material, and varnish, the surface roughness is the highest in Oriental beech with Bx and Wb and the lowest in Scotch pine with Ba + Bx and Sv. The surface roughness is less in impregnated samples than unimpregnated samples and in impregnated and varnished samples than impregnated and unvarnished samples. According to these results, boron compounds decrease the surface roughness of varnishes and wood materials. Thus, impregnation of wood with boron compounds decreases the surface roughness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4952–4957, 2006     

Impact of impregnation and bleaching on the surface hardness of oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood

The impact of impregnation and bleaching on the hardness of varnish layers on oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood was investigated. A number of solutions [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂); NaOH, calcium hydroxide, and H₂O₂; NaOH, magnesium sulfate, and H₂O₂; sodium bisulfate and H₂C₂O₄ · 2H₂; sodium silicate and H₂O₂; and potassium permanganate, sodium bisulfate, and H₂O₂] were applied at a concentration of 18% to bleach both impregnated [Tanalith‐CBC (T‐CBC) or Imersol‐WR 2000 (I‐WR 2000)] and unimpregnated (natural) wood panels. Subsequently, a water‐based varnish (WB) was coated over the samples, and the hardness of the varnished layers was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366. Among the samples that were varnish‐coated without bleaching, T‐CBC/WB yielded the highest hardness (59.50), whereas I‐WR 2000/WB exhibited the lowest (49.17). However, among the samples varnish‐coated after bleaching, the highest (56.50) and lowest (40.83) varnish hardness values were obtained with T‐CBC/solution 2/WB and I‐WR 2000/solution 4/WB, respectively. All the chemicals used for the bleaching process reduced the surface hardness. However, after the varnish coating, except for solutions 4 and 6, all the solutions showed hardness values similar to those of varnish‐coated natural (control) samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 498–504, 2004     

Thermal degradation and fire performance of wood treated with PMUF resin and boron compounds

Plantation Chinese fir wood was modified by low molecular weight phenol melamine urea formaldehyde (PMUF) resin, boron compounds (BB), and the mixture of PMUF/BB (PMUF‐BB), followed by a curing step. The fire performance and thermal degradation of wood was measured by limiting oxygen index instrument, cone calorimeter, and simultaneous thermal analysis. The results showed that the limiting oxygen index increased to 50.7%, 43.5%, and 55.0% for BB, PMUF, and PMUF‐BB samples, respectively. The PMUF resin decreased the heat release rate of wood but increased the total heat release compared with the control samples. The thermal analysis results demonstrated that PMUF resin enhanced the thermal stability of wood, however, had little impact on the residual chars. Combinative treatment with boron compounds could substantially reduce the fire risk for PMUF‐modified wood, making them especially useful for application in public settings.     

Effects of the interaction of hardness,resilience, and fatigue properties on the abrasion properties of rubber blends

The establishment of prediction model for abrasion properties of vulcanizates, based on their simple physio‐mechanical properties, is a hot research field in tribology. The hardness (H), resilience (R), and dynamic fatigue fracture parameters (m) of rubber vulcanizates were combined together in this article, named as hardness–resilience product (H^mR), and its relationships with the abrasion loss for various vulcanizates [natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR), and their blends] was investigated by using Akron and DIN abrader. The results showed that, for NR/SBR blends with different SBR content, compared with log(H⁴R), the abrasion loss had much better linear relationship with log(H^mR) for both Akron and DIN abrasion. This good linear relationship, for both Akron and DIN abrasion, also appeared in the SBR/BR blends with different BR content. Furthermore, for both blending systems (NR/SBR and SBR/BR), when all the data above were put together, the abrasion loss also had good linear relationships with its log(H^mR) no matter for Akron or DIN abrasion, which indicated that this linear relationship had some universality. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1212‐1219, 2013     

Intrinsic hardness of boron carbide: Influence of polymorphism and stoichiometry

Boron carbide comprises of polymorphs that differ in crystallographic arrangement and stoichiometry. Consequently, specimens extracted from the same batch can exhibit variability in mechanical properties depending on the constituent mixture of polymorphs. In this work, density functional theory simulations and estimates from three models (bond resistance model, bond strength model, and electronegativity model) are utilized to (i) investigate the influence of polymorphism and stoichiometry on the intrinsic hardness of boron carbide, (ii) reveal the sensitivity of the estimates to the model used, and (iii) test their conformance to experimental data. The study finds intrinsic hardness of boron carbide to be primarily a function of stoichiometry, with polymorphism having a lower influence. Furthermore, hardness estimates are shown to exhibit substantial sensitivity to the model used, differing by as much as 9 GPa for the same polymorph. Thus, the search for new superhard materials should be guided by more than just one model. Our analysis finds bond resistance model to offer the best conformance to experimental data, indicating that bond length is a much stronger influencer of intrinsic hardness in covalent crystals than coordination numbers and electronegativities of bonding atoms.     

用室内磨耗试验机研究胎面胶的耐磨性和抗湿滑性

使用室内磨耗试验机LAT100研究含NR、SBR、BR及不同品种炭黑胎面胶的耐磨性和抗湿滑性。结果表明,在各种使用条件下,BR耐磨性最佳。其中在极苛刻条件下,SBR耐磨性略优于NR;在温和路面条件下,SBR耐磨性略低于NR。抗湿滑性大小顺序依次为SBR,NR,BR。在极苛刻路面条件下,轮胎胎面胶建议使用N220和N330系列炭黑;胎面胶采用炭黑N234和N375,其耐磨性基本相同。     

Impacts of impregnation with Timbercare Aqua on the red and yellow color tone of some woods and varnishes

This study has been performed for determining the effects of impregnation with Timbercare Aqua (Tc) on the red and yellow color tone of some woods and varnishes. For this purpose, the test samples prepared from Oriental beech, European oak, Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uludag fir woods, which met the requirements of ASTM D 358, was impregnated with Tc according to ASTM D 1413 and producer's definition. After impregnation, wood surfaces have been coated by Sayerlack parquet varnish (Sp), Sayerlack interior varnish (Si), and Sayerlack exterior varnish (Se) varnishes in accordance with the ASTM D 3023 standards. According to ASTM D 2244, the red and yellow color tone of samples after varnishing process was determined. As a result, the value of red color tone was the highest in Oriental beech (15.21) and the lowest in Uludag fir (5.38). For the wood material, impregnation material, and varnish interaction, the red color tone value was the highest in Oriental beech + Tc + Sp (18.43) and the lowest in Uludag fir + Tc + Si (3.92). The value of the yellow color tone was the highest in pine (34.45) and the lowest in Oriental beech (26.50). For the wood material, impregnation material, and varnish interaction, the yellow color tone value was the highest in Oriental spruce + Tc + Sp (42.12) and the lowest in Oriental beech + Tc + Si (21.47). This effect may be due to the impacts of impregnation chemical on wood extractives and color pigments in varnish. Accordingly, it should be taken into care for applications where the red and yellow color tone value is important. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Determination of some physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber impregnated with boron compounds

The viability of producing environment‐friendly blends of HDPE and LDPE with a commercial biodegradable masterbatch containing starch and polyethylene was studied. The service life of these blends was simulated by means of a thermo‐oxidative treatment, and their further disposal in landfill was modeled using an accelerated soil burial test. Characterization was carried out in terms of their calorimetric and thermogravimetric properties. Thermo‐oxidative treatment causes an increase in the crystalline content of both components of the blends, and promotes a segregation of the crystallite sizes of polyethylene. The soil burial test leads to changes in the crystalline content of the biodegradable material, which is influenced by the polyolefinic matrix used. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of these blends was studied using the Hirata and the Broido models. Thermogravimetric results reveal that the thermo‐oxidative treatment causes a decrease in the activation energy of the thermal decomposition process of both components in the blends, regardless of the type of polyethylene used. The thermo‐oxidative treatment mainly modifies the thermal properties of starch during the degradation process in soil, especially in the LDPE blends. Synergetic degradation of these blends is a complex process that is dependent on the polyolefinic matrix used and mainly causes morphological changes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

天然橡胶/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的耐磨耗性能研究

采用4种不同牌号的有机化蒙脱土(OMMT),利用机械共混法制备出了NR/OMMT纳米复合材料,研究了复合材料的力学性能和耐磨性能,进行了透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析。结果表明复合材料的力学性能和耐磨性都有不同程度的提高。TEM结果表明制备出了分散均匀的剥离型NR/OMMT纳米复合材料,通过纳米复合材料磨耗后的磨耗图纹及SEM表面形貌进行对比分析来探讨OMMT在橡胶中的耐磨机理。     

陶瓷耐磨耐热重防腐蚀涂料耐蚀性的表征

简介了高固体分、耐磨、耐热、重防腐涂料的配方研制，并对其涂料的防腐蚀性能和耐磨性能进行了重点说明及表征。     

氧化锌晶须改善轮胎胎面胶耐磨性能的研究

研究了采用氧化锌晶须改善轿车子午线轮胎胎面胶的耐磨性能。试验结果表明，在胎面胶配方中加入3份左右氧化锌晶须，可使硫化胶的磨耗量减小约23％。145SR12LT规格样胎于100％负荷下运行110h尚完好。其作用机理在于氧化锌晶须具有各向同性增强效果，可较好地分散因磨损而产生的热量，且四针状体连接于同一中心，能较好地协同发挥作用。     

快固耐磨型模板漆的研制

采用多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯（PAPI）、增塑剂、阻聚剂、聚醚等制成快固耐磨模板漆,该模板漆具有快干、耐磨、耐酸碱性强,此外还具有价格便宜易于施工等优点.     

Effect of impregnation and in‐situ polymerization of methacrylates on hardness of sugar maple wood

The improvement of Brinell hardness of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) samples through impregnation and in‐situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate, 2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers was investigated. The formulation combinations were determined by a mixture design. Sugar maple samples were impregnated with these mixtures by a vacuum and pressure process and polymerized in situ by a catalyst‐thermal procedure. The effects of the monomers and their combinations on Brinell hardness and hardness modulus were analyzed. Chemical impregnation enhanced both Brinell hardness and hardness modulus. A significant relationship between hardness modulus and Brinell hardness was found. Modulus of elasticity of sugar maple was also improved through impregnation with methacrylates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1674–1683, 2006     

提升单组分水性木器涂料性能的高质量聚氨酯分散体

探讨了自交联型聚氨酯分散体Hypomer WPU-3401在单组分水性木器涂料中的应用。试验表明,其克服了传统的丙烯酸乳液与聚氨酯分散体在耐水性、耐醇性、抗粘连性方面的不足,并具有优秀的施工性、成膜性、耐磨性、硬度和凸显木纹的表观效果,是一支在DIY木器涂料市场以及工业木器涂料市场用于单组分木器涂料体系的具有吸引力的树脂产品。     

Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion

Nonbiocidal techniques for wood protection have become more and more important in the last few years. One of the possible treatments to enhance wood durability is use of water repellents. In this research, the influence of one of the possible water repellents, the montan wax emulsion, on the moisturizing and the sorption characteristics of impregnated wood was investigated. To achieve a better protection against wood decay fungi, wood was impregnated with montan wax emulsion enriched with boric acid. The equilibrium moisture content (MC) was monitored during the adsorption and the desorption processes at five levels of relative air humidity (RH₁ = 20%, RH₂ = 33%, RH₃ = 65%, RH₄ = 88%, and RH₅ = 98%). Water repellence efficiency was monitored in the chamber with high RH (87%) and during dipping in the water. Impregnated samples were also exposed outdoors in a covered position for 5 months to determine MC changes according to changes in outdoor humidity and temperature. The results showed that the sorption properties of the impregnated wood are strongly related to retention of preservative solutions after impregnation and its composition. Montan wax reduced equilibrium MC of the impregnated wood up to 25% (relatively), whereas specimens impregnated with combination of montan wax and boric acid resulted in decreased MC in some cases and in increased MC in some cases. The Guggenheim–Andersen–deBoer model of sorption isotherms was fitted to experimental data to explain the sorption mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

添加硼化合物对含钴沥青活化产物形态结构的影响

含钴沥青添加不同硼化合物进行化学活化,采用XRD和SEM对活化产物的形态、结构进行分析,研究不同硼化合物对活化产物形态、结构的影响。研究结果表明,含钴沥青添加一定比例的硼氢化钠,以氢氧化钾为活化剂,在900℃进行化学活化,活化产物中形成较多的纤维状纳米碳结构,并且具备良好的石墨微晶结构;而添加硼酸和硼酸钠的活化产物中没有发现纳米碳结构的形成。该结果说明,硼氢化钠对活化产物中纳米碳结构形成的促进作用主要是由于其强还原剂的特性,而不是由于硼的催化石墨化作用。     

中国含硼无机产品60年发展历程及未来发展趋势

总结概况了中国含硼无机产品60 a来的发展历程。中国含硼无机产品经历了从硼酸、硼砂工业的诞生到碳化硼、氮化硼等各类含硼新材料新产品的开发生产,经历了从工艺路线的不断更新到新工艺、新装备的趋于完善。但是,目前中国高品位硼资源日趋紧缺,环境保护更加严格,基础硼产品竞争力弱。基于国内外发展现状展望了含硼无机产品的未来发展趋势。指出中国的硼化工企业应充分利用国外进口的基础硼产品,以市场为导向,结合国家重大战略需求,生产高附加值硼产品和含硼材料,比如含硼导热及耐高温材料、含硼新能源材料、含硼催化材料等。     

纳米SiO2对丙烯酸罩光漆耐磨性的改性研究

经偶联剂表面处理的纳米SiO2,通过超声分散和离心处理后均匀分散在丙烯酸罩光漆中,制得了丙烯酸/纳米SiO2复合罩光漆。对该罩光漆漆膜耐磨性、附着力、磨损行为等进行了研究。研究结果表明:纳米SiO2对漆膜的摩擦行为及耐磨性等产生较大的影响,当纳米SiO2添加量为3.0%时,丙烯酸/纳米SiO2复合罩光漆漆膜的耐磨性可提高48.7%,漆膜的附着力、柔韧性、抗冲击强度等性能也得到明显改善。