气相色谱-质谱联用法和高效液相色谱法测定4种人参酒中的皂苷和挥发性成分

目的 探究不同种人参醇提物中皂苷和挥发性成分的差异。方法 将四种参粉碎后用乙醇浸泡后,经顶空固相微萃取 (Headspace solid phase microextraction)结合气相色谱-质谱联用法（Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry）测定其挥发性成分,再用高效液相色谱法（High performance liquid chromatography）测定其皂苷成分。结果 分别在红参、西洋参、鲜参和生晒参酒中检测出39种、28种、39种和28种挥发性成分,其中白菖烯、(E)-β-金合欢烯、表蓝桉醇为共有的挥发性成分,倍半萜类化合物是人参酒的主要化合物,相对含量分别为42.3%、37.71%、46.25%和54.68%;分别在红参、西洋参、鲜参和生晒参酒分别检测出11种、9种、13种和9种皂苷,其中Rg3仅在红参酒中检测出。结论 4种参酒中的皂苷种类和挥发性成分均有差异,红参酒和鲜参酒呈现出更多种类的皂苷和挥发性成分。     

红参加工副产物蒸参露主要化学成分分析

蒸参露是人参蒸制加工成红参过程中的副产物,该试验对两种来自不同厂家蒸参露的主要化学成分进行研究,测定蒸参露中多糖、人参皂苷及挥发性成分的含量。检测结果表明：2种蒸参露中均含有微量多糖成分,但未检测到明显皂苷成分存在,同时数据显示2种蒸参露中均含有大量倍半萜类的成分以及少量烯烃类成分,其中以β-榄香烯和人参炔醇等人参挥发油特有成分为主。     

黑胡椒风味成分的研究

采用固相微萃取吸附富集黑胡椒粉的挥发性成分，然后用色谱，质谱联用分析鉴定，用GC/MS总离子流色谱峰的峰面积进行归一化定量分析其风味成分，并对3种不同厂家生产的黑胡椒粉的测定结果进行了比较。黑胡椒粉的挥发性成分主要是一些不同结构的单萜类化合物、单萜类氧化物和倍半萜类化合物，但不同厂家生产的黑胡椒粉的各挥发性成分的相对含量有所差别。其中β-石竹烯、3-蒈烯、β-水芹烯、胡椒烯、δ-榄香烯、β-蒎烯、α-Lu草烯是黑胡椒的特殊风味成分。固相微萃取-气相色谱，质谱法可用于区别和鉴定不同生产厂家所生产的黑胡椒粉，是研究食品风味成分分析的-种简单可行的分析方法。     

柑橘花不同部位香气成分的测定及主成分分析

应用顶空—固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用法(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographymass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)分离鉴定柑橘花4个部位(花瓣、花托、雌蕊、雄蕊)的香气成分,运用主成分分析法(PCA)评价柑橘花的主要香气成分及各部位香气成分差异程度。结果表明,烃类和醇类是柑橘花的主要香气类物质;花瓣、花托、雌蕊挥发性香气成分以芳樟醇、桧烯、柠檬烯、β-月桂烯、α-罗勒烯为主,而雄蕊以芳樟醇、桧烯、橙花叔醇、β-月桂烯为主;主成分分析表明,柑橘花4个部位香气成分差异程度较大,桧烯、柠檬烯、α-侧柏烯、β-月桂烯、顺-β-金合欢烯为主的烯烃类是导致花托与雄蕊香气成分差异较大的物质,香茅醛、反式-柠檬醛、4-萜烯醇、α-松油醇为主的醛醇类是导致花瓣与雌蕊香气成分差异较大的物质。     

铜陵白姜挥发性风味成分的SPME-GC-MS分析

研究铜陵白姜的挥发性风味物质。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用技术对铜陵白姜的挥发性风味物质进行分离分析,采用峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。共分离出51种成分并确定了47种化合物,主要为萜类成分。铜陵白姜的挥发性风味物质主要为姜烯(27.64%)、β-倍半水芹烯(12.66%)、γ-姜黄烯(7.26%)、β-甜没药烯(7.09%)、α-姜黄烯(6.97%)、桉叶醇(6.93%)。这些数据为进一步开发利用铜陵白姜资源提供了可靠的科学依据。     

基于GC-MS和GC-O联用法分析佛手精油关键香气成分

研究佛手精油的挥发性物质和关键香气成分。佛手经水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,利用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)结合气相色谱-嗅闻(gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O)技术对挥发性物质和香气成分进行分析。GC-MS-O检测出36种挥发性物质,主要成分为D-柠檬烯(34.69%)、γ-松油烯(20.42%)、β-甜没药烯(4.59%)。采用稀释法和强度法分析发现D-α-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、β-芳樟醇、别罗勒烯、4-松油醇、α-佛手柑烯具有较大的香气强度;D-α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-罗勒烯、橙花乙酸酯、α-佛手柑烯具有较大风味稀释因子。综合分析认为D-α-蒎烯和α-佛手柑烯是佛手精油的关键特征香味成分。     

生姜精油挥发性物质的主成分分析

选取生姜作为原材料,通过超临界CO_2萃取法得到生姜精油,采用气质联用(GCMS)技术对样品中挥发性成分进行测定,并运用主成分分析法(PCA)分析姜油样品中特征挥发性物质。研究结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取的姜油样品中GC-MS共检测出68种挥发性物质,主要包括烯烃类34种、酮/酚类7种、醛类5种、酸酯类14种、醇类8种,主成分分析法(PCA)分析得出5种特征挥发性物质:姜烯、姜黄烯、姜酮、6-姜酚、β-倍半水芹烯,其贡献率大小依次为姜烯姜黄烯6-姜酚姜酮β-倍半水芹烯。     

顶空气相色谱-质谱联用法分析两种玉兰花挥发性成分

采用顶空/气相色谱-质谱法分析了白玉兰花和紫玉兰花挥发性成分,结合自动解卷积鉴定系统软件和NIST11质谱数据库,分别鉴定出71种和56种挥发物。其中,41种挥发物为两者共有,分别占挥发物总量的99.25%和96.45%,表明2种玉兰挥发性成分具有明显的一致性,而特有挥发性化合物分别为30种和15种。两种玉兰花挥发性成分均以萜类为主,分别为59种和43种,分别占93.28%和89.19%,属单萜、倍半萜及其含氧衍生物,其中质量分数大于2%且为两种玉兰所共有的9种挥发物分别为β-月桂烯(7.45%,19.04%)、β-蒎烯(18.07%,16.50%)、α-蒎烯(11.38%,16.01%)、桉叶油素(18.09%,14.58%)、邻伞花烃(5.08%,6.55%)、d-柠檬烯(5.14%,5.71%)、γ-松油烯(6.83%,3.19%)、香桧烯(14.06%,2.57%)、α-松油烯(5.10%,2.50%),含量差别较为明显。从挥发物总量来看,白玉兰花接近紫玉兰花的8倍,具有显著差别。     

姜油树脂中主要活性成分的GC/MS检测条件研究

针对姜油树脂中烯类和酚类物质的特点,调整气相色谱-质谱联用方法的测试条件,获得了适于超临界CO2萃取的姜油树脂成分分析的GC/MS测试方法.在选定的检测条件下,可分析姜油树脂中主要的活性成分,检出物30多种.其中烯类主要成分α-姜黄烯(3.69％)、姜烯(17.11％)、α-法尼烯(2.28％)、β-没药烯(5.12％)和β-倍半水芹烯(7.77％)等倍半萜类化合物的分离效果好.姜辣素类的主要物质姜酚(7.70％)在检测过程中受热部分分解形成姜酮(30.36％)等热解产物,因此须同时计量分解和未分解部分.     

保留指数定性结合PCA分析不同产地依兰依兰油的差异

为比较不同产地依兰依兰油成分差异,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)对马来西亚、中国广东、云南三个产地的依兰油进行挥发性成分分析,并通过质谱库检索,结合保留指数验证,从三种依兰依兰油中依次鉴定出83、61和34种挥发性成分,分别占总峰面积的89.28%、92.41%和95.74%,三种依兰依兰油的挥发性成分在数量及含量上有一定的差异。结合主成分分析(PCA)对三个产地依兰依兰油中致香物质的差异进行了分析,结果显示造成马来西亚依兰依兰油差异的主要成分为苯甲醇、水杨酸苄酯、α-蛇麻烯、(E,E)-α-金合欢烯、δ-杜松烯等,造成云南依兰依兰油差异的主要成分为(E)-异丁香酚乙酸酯、乙酸肉桂酯、(E,E)-金合欢醇乙酸酯、芳樟醇、对甲酚甲醚、乙酸香叶酯等,造成广东依兰依兰油差异的主要成分为(Z,E)-金合欢醇、β-石竹烯等。该研究为依兰依兰油的合理开发利用提供初步实验依据。     

黑参发酵对疲劳应激诱导氧化损伤的防护作用及与白参、红参和人参浆果的比较

目的：探究不同人参（Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer）制品（白参、红参、黑参）及人参浆果发酵前后对于剧烈运动小鼠疲劳缓解及氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：通过剧烈运动诱导建立雄性ICR小鼠疲劳模型,设置空白对照组、阳性对照（红景天胶囊粉末）组以及白参、红参、黑参及人参浆果发酵前后组（0.5 g/（kg mb·d））,每组12 只小鼠,连续给药30 d,测定小鼠体质量、摄食量以及血清中尿素氮、乳酸浓度和肌肉乳酸含量,分析小鼠血糖浓度变化,测定肌肉及肝脏中糖原含量,肝脏内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、总超氧化物歧化酶及丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）水平,分析抗疲劳指标与抗氧化指标的相关性。结果：各组小鼠的体质量随干预时间延长而增加,干预30 d后各组小鼠体质量增幅差异不明显,各组小鼠摄食量变化不明显。与阳性对照组相比,黑参发酵后能极显著延长小鼠力竭游泳时间（P＜0.01）,极显著降低血清乳酸、血清尿素氮浓度及肌肉乳酸含量（P＜0.01）。与空白对照组相比,阳性对照组具有较强的对疲劳应激诱导氧化损伤的防护作用。与阳性对照组比较,发酵后的黑参能够显著提高小鼠体内血糖浓度、肝糖原及肌糖原含量（P＜0.05）,同时也能够极显著提高GSH-Px活力（P＜0.01）,极显著降低肝脏中MDA含量（P＜0.01）。结论：在同一给药剂量下,发酵后的黑参较其他参类及红景天胶囊粉末表现出更好的抗疲劳和抗氧化效果,能够减轻或消除由疲劳应激诱导的氧化损伤,保护机体免受氧化应激的侵害,起到抗运动疲劳的功效。     

物料含水量和机筒温度对双螺杆挤压人参制品褐变效果的影响

以人参粉为原料,利用双螺杆挤压机制备挤压制品,研究物料含水量和机筒温度对褐变效果的影响。结果表明,随着机筒温度(100、120、140℃)的升高色度L 值减少,a 值增加;同样的温度条件下,物料含水量高L 值增加,a 值减少;b 值在挤压温度120℃时呈最高。人参在挤压过程中随着褐变度的增加还原糖含量也增加,而淀粉含量减少。在挤压温度相同条件下,物料含水量低氨基态氮消耗量增加。从颜色变化看人参双螺杆挤压制品优于传统红参。     

Electron beam irradiation improves shelf lives of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and red ginseng

ABSTRACT:  Effect of electron beam irradiation on microbial growth and qualities of vacuum-packaged Korean ginseng and red ginseng during storage was investigated. Korean ginseng and red ginseng were treated at irradiation doses of 0, 2, 8, and 16 kGy. After treatment, samples were individually vacuum-packaged and stored at 20 °C. Microbial growth results of the irradiated samples presented that populations of total bacteria, yeast and mold, and total coliforms were decreased by 2 to 3 log CFU/g. The pH values of the samples were not significantly different among treatments. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values of the samples increased during storage. Electron beam treatment caused negligible changes in Hunter's color L , a , and b values among the samples. Sensory evaluations like color and odor of the samples exhibited that there were no significant changes among the samples. During storage, content of saponin, a leading compound in ginseng, was not affected by irradiation. These results suggest that electron beam treatment should be useful in extending shelf lives of Korean ginseng and red ginseng.     

高效液相色谱法测定红参中12种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定红参中12种人参皂苷含量的方法。方法样品提取后,经Thermo Hypersil C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温40℃,检测波长203 nm,外标法定量。结果12种人参皂苷在一定质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9999),平均回收率为95.9%~99.4%,相对标准偏差为0.10%~1.30%。29批红参药材均含12种人参皂苷。批次间比较分析,12种人参皂苷含量差异较大,说明红参质量参差不等。结论该方法准确度高,重复性好,可为红参的质量评价提供参考。     

60Co-γ辐照红参提取物对1型糖尿病小鼠的影响

为探讨⁶⁰Co-γ辐照对红参降血糖作用的影响,以链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的1型糖尿病小鼠为模型,试验期间定期检测小鼠体重及空腹血糖值,试验30 d后眼球取血,测定糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc);血浆离心后的血清,进行血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）水平的测定后进行分析;对取血后的小鼠进行解剖,分离心、肝、脾、肾,测定脏器系数。对小鼠禁食血糖浓度的测定显示,辐照红参高剂量组降血糖效果最显著（P＜0.05）,数值上优于未辐照红参高剂量组。糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)和脏器系数测定结果均显示,辐照红参高剂量组与未辐照红参高剂量组测定值显著高于其他剂量组（P＜0.05）,最接近于阳性对照组,同时辐照红参高剂量组数值上优于未辐照高剂量组。对血清TC、TG的测定发现,辐照红参高剂量组在降低糖尿病小鼠的血脂浓度方面具有显著的调节作用,与糖尿病治疗药物盐酸二甲双胍相近。因此,⁶⁰Co-γ辐照红参提取物能够起到降血糖的作用。     

红参多糖对面包品质的影响

将红参多糖添加于面包中,采用菜籽排重法测定其对面包比容的影响;通过感官评分法评价红参多糖对面包感官品质的影响;考察红参多糖添加量对面包持水性的影响。结果表明,添加1.2%红参多糖,可以明显改善面包的感官品质及特性,面包持水性显著增强。     

Antioxidant and antigenotoxic effect of dairy products supplemented with red ginseng extract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antigenotoxic effect of dairy products milk (M) and yogurt (Y) after the addition of 2% red ginseng extract to milk (RM) and to yogurt (RY). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and total radical trapping antioxidant potential were determined in the samples. Furthermore, antigenotoxic effect of samples was measured, using comet assay in human leukocytes. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of RM [38.3 ± 0.8 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g, 23.6 ± 0.1 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g] and RY (41.1 ± 0.9 mg of GAE/100 g, 18.7 ± 0.1 mg of QE/100 g), respectively, were higher than those of M (6.31 ± 0.2 mg of GAE/100 g, 10.4 ± 0.1 mg of QE/100 g) and Y (8.1 ± 0.9 mg of GAE/100 g, 8.4 ± 0.2 mg of QE/100 g), respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity values increased significantly after the addition of 2% red ginseng in both. Additionally, the total radical trapping antioxidant potential in RM (787.7 ± 7.0 μg/mL) was lower than in M (2074.0 ± 28.4 μg/mL). The H₂O₂-induced DNA damage in RY (0.1 ± 0.0 mg/mL) was less than the damage in Y (0.4 ± 0.0 mg/mL), but we found no significant difference between M and RM. This study indicates that supplementation with red ginseng can fortify the antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of dairy products effectively.     

Red ginseng extract capsule fabricated using W/O/W emulsion techniques

The objective of the present study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and storage stability of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions and spray-dried red ginseng extract capsules (RGEC) prepared using different secondary coating materials such as maltodextrin (MD), whey protein concentrate (WPC), or arabic gum (AG). The particle sizes of W/O/W emulsions and spray-dried RGEC coated with MD were considerably lower than those of W/O/W emulsions and spray-dried RGEC coated with WPC or AG. The zeta-potential value (?36 mV) of spray-dried RGEC coated with MD was significantly higher than that of spray-dried RGEC coated with WPC or AG (p < 0.05), indicating that spray-dried RGEC coated with MD were much more stable than spray-dried RGEC coated with WPC and AG. In the storage stability study, it was found that the refrigerator temperature (4°C) was preferred for storing spray-dried samples for a long time. Based on these results, it was confirmed that MD could be the most efficient coating material for W/O/W emulsions and nano-sized spray-dried RGEC.     

Production of Spherical Granule from Viscous Red Ginseng Extracts for Improving Product Fluency and Preservation and Its Physicochemical Properties

ABSTRACT:  Viscose red ginseng extracts dried and coated using fluidized bed coater may broaden their application in food processing industry and increasing the consumer acceptance. The operating conditions of fluidized bed coater were optimized for obtaining high yield and uniform spherical granule. The physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics among the concentrates, the fluidized bed dried core particle and the spherical granules of red ginseng extract were compared. The preservative properties of these materials were also analyzed. The predicted maximum yield of spherical granule was 85.42%, at a feeding rate (FR) of 111.04 mL/min, an atomization air pressure (AP) 275.30 kPa, and a product temperature (PT) of 68.53 °C. Most of ginsenosides, which were known as functional material, did not show significant changes after granulation, while the flowability and water solubility increased. Also, for a 10-mo storage at 30 °C, the spherical granule was the most stable among the materials considered. It can be concluded that the application of fluidized bed coater can be used for making the food product of viscous extracts more valuable.