被动吸烟致神经管畸形的实验研究

我国男子吸烟者多，孕妇被动吸烟者居多。由此引起的对胎儿危害也越来越引起人们的关注。但被动吸烟导致畸胎的研究多数局限于临床的流行病学调查，其对神经管发育的影响文献报道很少。为此，我们设计了金黄地鼠被动吸烟的实验模型，用来研究被动吸烟对金黄地鼠胚胎神经管发育过程中细胞凋亡，     

妊娠期吸烟的危害

父母吸烟对孩子的危害,在妊娠期最为明显。烟中所含的一氧化碳、尼古丁及多种致癌剂都可进入胎儿血液。许多研究发现母亲吸烟使死胎比率和早产比率显著升高。美国安大略州卫生局1967年的研究报告指出:孕妇不吸烟、每天吸一包烟及每天吸一包烟以上的每1000个胎儿和婴儿的死亡数分别为23.2、27.7和33.4。美国吸烟与健康办公室1979年估计,美国每年有4,000死胎是由孕妇吸烟所致。父亲吸烟同样会危及孩子,因为孕妇和孩子会被动地吸入周围的烟雾。White等对二千多成人进行研究发现,长期被动吸烟者的呼吸功能损伤程度趋近于少量吸烟者和大量抽烟但并不真正吸进烟者。而且,父母吸烟的新生儿生后第一年呼吸道感染的患病率升高。事实上,正如《科学》杂志的一位编辑指出的,吸烟造成比机动     

不同吸烟状态对北方男性不同基因型瘦素水平的影响

目的探讨吸烟状态对男性不同基因型瘦素水平的影响。方法用放射免疫法测定103例北方男性瘦素水平(其中34例非吸烟者;41例被动吸烟者;28例重度吸烟者)。使用LC-MS/MS测定尼古丁水平。使用Sequenom Massarray?TM平台对RS7799039进行基因分型。结果被动吸烟者和重度吸烟者脑脊液瘦素水平均降低,重度吸烟者脑脊液瘦素水平低于被动吸烟者。脑脊液瘦素水平与平均吸烟次数呈负相关。只有被动吸烟者血浆瘦素水平与脑脊液存在相关性。此外,被动吸烟者中AG、GG携带者脑脊液瘦素水平低于AA携带者。结论被动吸烟者和重度吸烟者脑脊液瘦素水平均下降。rs7799039g等位基因携带者脑脊液瘦素水平更易受被动吸烟的神经毒性影响。     

吸烟影响胚胎发育的机理及干预措施

众所周知，吸烟有害，但全球仍有1．2亿吸烟者，每年有5亿人死于吸烟导致的疾病。国外报道3／4高中女生在调查前30天内有吸烟史，成人91％以上在20岁前开始吸烟，29％孕龄妇女吸烟。我国男性吸烟率为66．9％，女性吸烟率为4．4％。由此引起的吸烟对妊娠的影响也引起广泛关注。本文就吸烟对胚胎发育的影响及干预措施进行综述如下。     

吸烟对健康人足甲襞微循环的影响

目的 探讨吸烟对健康人足甲襞微循环（FNM）的影响.方法 采用WX-9B型微循环显微镜及图像处理系统,对50名健康吸烟者和50名健康未吸烟者进行FNM 19项指标的观测,然后对两组检测结果进行比较.结果 与非吸烟组比较,吸烟组输人枝、输出枝增长（P〈0.05）,输入枝、输出枝和襻顶直径增大（P〈0.05）,管襻畸形率升高（P〈0.05）,血液流动慢（P〈0.05）、红细胞聚集增加（P〈0.05）,血管襻周围渗出增多（P〈0.05）,乳头下静脉丛出现率升高,真皮乳头平坦者增多（P〈0.05）,汗腺导管数量增多（P〈0.05）.结论 健康吸烟者存在一定程度的FNM改变,建议检测FNM时要考虑吸烟的影响.     

老年人戒烟的心理锦囊

正众所周知,吸烟有害健康,烟雾中含有许多致病毒素。据统计,每年近60万中国人死于肺癌。作为肺癌的一种主要诱因,烟草对这个庞大的数字难辞其咎。除了癌症以外,吸烟还会导致心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、糖尿病、生殖系统障碍等多种健康问题。对老年人群体来说,吸烟更会损坏认知能力,引起老年痴呆症等问题。一方面是铁证如山的研究结论,一方面却是吸烟者的我行我素,两者断链的原因是什么?健康心理学研究发现,人们就算知道某个行为有     

钢厂,矿山工人吸烟对健康影响研究

为研究吸烟对钢厂矿山工人身心健康的影响，采用吸烟指数作为指标，用康奈尔医学量表作为心身健康的指标。结果显示，４７２名工人中吸烟指数〉１００者８９人，定为吸烟者占１８．９％，吸烟与不吸烟对比，心身健康总分及呼吸，循环，神经，消化，运动器官各系统的健康水平，差异极显著。     

吸烟行为对优生影响的研究进展

国内外有关资料显示，吸烟可导致妇妇盆腔炎和输卵管堵塞，引起女性卵巢功能下降，生殖力降低，自发流产率增高，引起胎儿畸形和发育迟缓。为此，我们从优生学的角度探讨了吸烟对优生的毒性，并从伦理学的角度提出吸烟是危害人体健康的自损行为；吸烟影响优生，不利于提高中华民族的人口素质等方面提出伦理思考及对策。     

不同时期戒烟者戒烟原因调查

戒烟是保护吸烟者和被动吸烟者健康、免受吸烟之害的有效措施。为了促进戒烟运动的深入发展,我们对不同时间停止吸烟的男性戒烟者进行了戒烟原因调查和对照分析。现将结果报告如下。材料与方法一、吸烟与戒烟的概念以 WHO1984年推荐的标准作为判断吸烟与戒烟的依据,即每天吸烟1支以上,连续时间长于1年为吸烟者,曾经吸烟、但在调查时停止吸烟1年以上     

被动吸烟对大鼠卵巢雌激素受体α、孕激素受体表达的影响

目的:观察被动吸烟对Wistar大鼠卵巢雌激素受体α、孕激素受体蛋白及mRNA的影响,为提倡生育期妇女避免被动吸烟提供理论依据.方法:建立大鼠烟雾吸入模型.健康雌性Wistar大鼠,随机分为空白对照组和实验组.实验组吸烟3个月,对照组正常饲养.3个月后处死2组大鼠.免疫组织化学及免疫印迹法检测大鼠卵巢中雌激素受体α(E...     

Linkage between smoking and asthma

Smoking is one of the most important preventable public health problems. Prevalence of smoking is decreasing in the Western world but lot of work is left. We reviewed the most important papers related to smoking and asthma. Despite of decreasing smoking figures in Finland, about 15–20 per cent of pregnant women smokes. Children's exposure to harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) still continues. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and in early childhood both deteriorates permanently children's lungs and increases their asthma risk. The exposure of adults to ETS also increases their asthma risk. Both passive exposure to ETS and active smoking worsen asthma. In addition, smoking asthmatics run a higher risk of developing COPD compared to non-smokers. Smoking prevalence among the population can be regulated through legislation, but the health care personnel have a central role in encouraging smoking cessation among smoking patients.     

Prevalence of passive smoking in infancy in The Netherlands

The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of passive smoking in infancy. This was done by self-report questionnaires completed by parents who attended the well-baby clinic in the period February-May 1996. A total of 2720 questionnaires were spread among parents with babies between 1 and 14 months: smoking and non-smoking parents. The questionnaires contained questions on smoking habits, smoking at home, smoking in presence of the baby. A total of 1702 parents filled in and returned the questionnaire (63%); 24% of the mothers and 33% of their partners smoked. In 44% of the families, one or more persons smoked; 22% of the mothers and 26% of the partners smoked at home. In 39% of the families, one or both parents smoked at home; 42% of the babies were exposed to tobacco smoke in the living-room, 8% were exposed in the car, and 4% during feeding. In cases where only the mother smoked, 13% of the infants were exposed to tobacco smoke during feeding. In the families where only the partner smoked, the babies were predominantly exposed to smoke in the car (18%). If both parents smoked, the child was most frequently exposed to tobacco smoke in the living-room (73%). It can be concluded that health workers, nurses, pediatricians and family physicians should be advised to inform parents systematically of the harmful effects of passive smoking in infancy. If parents are unable or unwilling to stop smoking, it is important to advise them to refrain from smoking in the presence of the baby.     

吸烟饮酒与老年常见病患病率的相关研究

吸烟和饮酒是很普遍的社会现象 ,但已成为世人瞩目的重大社会问题。它所以被人们关注 ,源于人们对吸烟饮酒危害健康有了清醒的共识。云南是产烟大省 ,又是多民族省份 ,大多数少数民族喜欢吸烟饮酒。如何认识吸烟饮酒对老年人生理改变及某些疾病的影响 ,在进入老龄化社会的今天具有极大的现实意义。为此我们对这一问题进行了调查 ,现将调查结果分析如下。1　对象和方法1.1　资料来源抽取全省 18个区 (县 ) 6 0岁以上老年人 6 4 76人 ,男性 2 977人 ,女性 3499人 ,进行体检、化验、询问等调查。1.2　调查方法调查前对全体调查人员统一培训。相…     

The impact of cigarette smoking on zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos prior to transfer into the uterine cavity

BACKGROUND: Smoking has been reported to promote infertility. The zona pellucida plays an important role in fertilization and implantation. We report, for the first time, the effect of cigarette smoking on zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos as one of the factors that may interfere with fertility. METHODS: This study comprised 169 women, grouped according to their smoking habits: 31 active smokers, whose husbands do not smoke; 44 active smokers, whose husbands smoke; 65 passive smokers, because of smoking husbands and 29 non-smokers (women and husbands). Zona pellucida thickness was measured prospectively on printed photos of 903 oocytes and 456 embryos. RESULTS: The zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos of non-smoking women was significantly thinner than those of active and passive smokers. However, no significant differences were observed in the natural ability of the zona pellucida to become thinner after 48 h in culture. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that active and passive cigarette smoking increases the zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos. Our findings also show that active and passive smoking has no significant effect on the thinning mechanism of the zona pellucida, which implies that it is independent of the initial zona pellucida thickness.     

Non-Cigarette Tobacco and the Lung

Cigarette smoking is known to cause a wide range of damaging health outcomes; however, the effects of non-cigarette tobacco products are either unknown or perceived as less harmful than cigarettes. Smokeless tobacco, cigar smoking, and waterpipe smoking have increased in usage over the past few decades. Some experts believe that their use is reaching epidemic proportions. Factors such as a perception of harm reduction, targeted advertising, and unrecognized addiction may drive the increased consumption of non-cigarette tobacco products. In particular, the need for social acceptance, enjoyment of communal smoking activities, and exotic nature of waterpipe smoking fuels, in part, its popularity. The public is looking for “safer” alternatives to smoking cigarettes, and some groups advertise products such as smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes as the alternatives they seek. Though it is clear that cigar and waterpipe tobacco smoking are probably as dangerous to health as cigarette smoking, there is an opinion among users that the health risks are less compared to cigarette smoking. This is particularly true in younger age groups. In the cases of smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes, the risks to health are less clear and there may be evidence of a harm reduction compared to cigarettes. In this article, we discuss commonly used forms of non-cigarette tobacco products, their impacts on lung health, and relevant controversies surrounding their use.     

Cigarette smoking decreases neurotrophin-3 expression in rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia

Stroke is a common cause of death and severe disability among adults in developed countries. Cigarette smoking adversely affects human health in many ways and is considered to be a risk factor for a stroke. However, the mechanism that determines the relative importance of neurotrophins in this process remains unclear. To study the effect of chronic cigarette smoking on ischemic stroke, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), respectively, which is thought to play a critical role in protection against neuronal death in brain ischemia. Rats, with or without chronic cigarette smoking, were subjected to 20 min of transient forebrain ischemia. Distribution and quantification of mRNA and protein of NT-3 in the whole hippocampus and the cell death in the hippocampal CA1–CA3 regions were determined in these rats. Experimental results show that chronic cigarette smoking produces a significantly delay and persistent down-regulation of ischemia-induced NT-3 mRNA and protein changes at 6–24 h post-ischemia, and seemly increases neuron death 7 days after reperfusion. These experimental results indicate that by influencing NT-3 expression, directly or indirectly, chronic cigarette smoking has a potentially harmful effect when acute brain ischemia attacks.     

Increased prevalence of asthma and allied diseases among active adolescent tobacco smokers after controlling for passive smoking exposure. A cause for concern?

BACKGROUND: Whereas effects on allergic and respiratory health have been established for passive tobacco smoking, contradictory results still exist for active tobacco smoking. OBJECTIVE: Whether adolescents with asthma and allied diseases have higher rates of active smoking compared with adolescents without asthma was assessed after controlling for environmental tobacco smoking exposure. METHODS: A population-based sample of 14,578 adolescents was enrolled in an epidemiological survey on allergies in France. RESULTS: After controlling for age, sex, geographic region, familial allergy and passive smoking, current (in the past year) wheezing (12.4%), current asthma (5.6%), lifetime asthma (12.3%), current rhinoconjunctivitis (13.9%), lifetime hayfever (14.4%) and current eczema (9.3%) but not lifetime eczema (22.5%) were all significantly related to active smoking (>1 cigarette/day) (9.3%). A higher risk of current wheezing, current and lifetime asthma or current eczema was seen in smokers exposed to passive smoking compared with smokers not exposed to it using a polychotomous logistic regression model, in which the different modalities of exposure to active and passive smoking constituted the response variable. Passive smoking was significantly associated only with current diseases. Active smoking was also highly related to both severe asthma (OR=4.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.37, 11.79) and severe rhinoconjunctivitis (OR=2.95; 1.58, 5.49). The highest rate of adolescents suffering from the co-morbidity of lifetime asthma and hayfever (3.6%) was also seen in active smokers compared with passive and non-smokers (5.5% vs. 3.6% and 3.1%, respectively; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Being asthmatic or allergic does not seem to act as a deterrent towards starting active smoking or continuing to smoke in adolescence. Results suggest the need for considering individual allergic status in programming health educational activities aimed at reducing smoking among adolescents.     

Employee attitudes to involuntary smoking at the workplace.

The Dublin Healthy Cities Project carried out this survey to establish employees' attitudes to involuntary smoking. A self administered questionnaire was sent to 750 randomly selected employees from the organisations involved with the Project. A response rate of 77% was achieved. 70% were non-smokers. 80% (Non-smokers 92%, smokers 50%) are bothered by involuntary smoking and 78% (non-smokers 85%, smokers 59%) were aware that it was harmful. 93% (non-smokers 99%, smokers 84%) felt that involuntary smoking should be restricted in the workplace and 99% (non-smokers 99%, smokers 97%) felt that it should be restricted in the canteens. 77% of smokers expressed a desire to quit the habit. This survey shows that employees are bothered by involuntary smoking in the workplace, they see it as being harmful to their health and they think it should be restricted.     

Smoking Cessation: Significance and Implications for Children

A number of people in the USA who are still current smokers remain a staggering figure. Although this number continues to decrease, there is still a considerable amount of second-hand smoke. More importantly and for the purpose of this review, the detrimental effects of passive smoke in children is significant. We will not review the specific health effects of passive smoke, but for pediatricians, in particular, it is important to place in perspective programs that are available to influence the parents of children to stop smoking. Indeed, approximately 25% of all children aged 3–11 live in a household with at least one smoker. Despite the increasing number of communities in the states that have instituted restrictions or complete bans on smoking in the workplace and in many public areas, the principal site of smoking remains the home.     

产妇孕期被动吸烟与低出生体重病例对照研究

为分析母亲孕期被动吸烟与低出生体重的关系,采用群体匹配病例对照研究方法,对1999年3月-2000年4月间在沈阳市妇婴医院等14家医院分娩的非主动吸烟的产妇孕期被动吸烟情况与低出生体重关系进行分析.结果表明孕期被动吸烟可能是低出生体重危险因素,且孕期被动吸烟的时间与低出生体重发生存在剂量反应关系(x2趋势=32.42;P＜0.01).在控制产妇不良孕产史等因素后,被动吸烟孕妇分娩出低出生体重儿的危险性为非被动吸烟孕妇的3.176倍(OR95%,CI,1.868-5.401),且被动吸烟与孕妇文化程度对出生体重可能存在协同作用(协同作用指数为3.16).