稀碱法预处理对橡子壳酶水解效果的影响

首次将橡子壳作为原料,考察了碱法预处理对其化学组成变化以及纤维素酶水解得率的影响,并采用电子扫描电镜、X-射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析对橡子壳纤维结构特征进行了表征。结果表明:利用2%氢氧化钠溶液室温处理48 h时,半纤维素和木素去除率分别为29.9%和15.6%,纤维素含量达到47.0%,较处理前提高了36.2%;酶水解得率从42.8%增加至76.0%,提高了77.6%;总体葡萄糖产率达到73.5%,提高了71.7%。经过在121℃(0.15 MPa)下处理1 h,纤维素损失率较高,导致总体葡萄糖产率增幅不大。经过碱处理后,橡子壳纤维比表面积增大、表面孔洞增加,纤维结构的结晶度下降,有利于纤维素酶水解作用的进行。该试验为橡子壳酶水解工艺的进一步研究提供了依据。     

竹材碱性过氧化氢预处理及其酶水解性能研究

采用碱性过氧化氢（AHP）体系对慈竹进行预处理,研究过氧化氢（H₂O₂）用量对竹材化学组分及酶水解得率的影响。利用X射线衍射（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）分析预处理前后物料的物理和化学结构变化,采用二维核磁共振技术研究预处理物料中剩余木质素的化学结构。结果表明：AHP预处理过程中,随着H₂O₂用量（质量分数）的增加,竹材的葡聚糖含量（相对质量百分比）先增加后减少,木聚糖含量基本不变,而木质素含量整体呈减少趋势。AHP预处理能显著提升竹材的酶解效率,在纤维素酶用量为15 FPU/g葡聚糖,H₂O₂用量为7.0%时,预处理竹材的酶水解性能最高,葡聚糖和木聚糖酶水解得率分别为93.9%和100%。研究发现,慈竹木质素脱除率在H₂O₂用量达到2.0%后趋于稳定,为68.8%,继续增加H₂O₂用量,木质素脱除率无明显提升,对预处理竹材中剩余木质素进行2D-HSQC核磁分析,这部分难以脱除的木质素的化学结构为：64%的S单元、33.7%的G单元和61.6%的β——O——4键,其中S/G值为1.90。     

酶酸联合水解玉米秸秆的实验研究

开发了一种通过酸酶联合水解处理玉米秸秆以得到可发酵单糖的工艺方法,进行了稀硫酸预处理玉米秸秆的研究。得到最佳的工艺条件,木糖收率达到84.90%。用纤维素酶水解酸处理过的玉米秸秆,考察了pH值、温度、时间对酶水解率的影响,结果表明:酶解温度为50℃,pH值为4.8,水解时间为60h时,酶水解率达到91.71%。该工艺达到了节能高效地转化玉米秸秆为可发酵单糖的目的。     

超低浓度马来酸催化水解纤维素的机理研究

将超低浓度马来酸应用于纤维素水解研究,对间歇条件下最优工况的产物和超低浓度硫酸水解纤维素产物与前人结果进行比较,初步探讨了马来酸水解纤维素的机理。试验在高温高压反应釜中进行,液固比为20∶1,转速为500 r/min,反应压力为4 MPa,改变温度和酸浓度,多点采样,结果发现,超低马来酸催化滤纸纤维素水解产糖效果较好,糠醛类降解产物明显少于硫酸催化。推导整合马来酸催化纤维素水解的基本原理,与常规无机酸催化相比,马来酸水解可同时遵循拟糖苷酶催化与一般酸催化机理,并能通过自身特性有效抑制还原糖的降解,从而获得较高的糖收率。     

酸法-酶法处理麦秆木质纤维素的工艺研究

试验研究了稀硫酸常压预处理对纤维素酶水解麦秆的影响.试验结果表明:麦秆在温度为80℃、稀硫酸质量分数为4%、固液比(质量体积比,g/ml,下同)为1:25的条件下水解4h,再在温度为50℃、pH值为5.2、酶量/干物质为25 FPU/g、MgSO4/干物质为0.1 mg/g条件下水解12 h,葡萄糖得率为34.5%.经酸法-酶法处理的麦秆比未经酸处理直接酶解的麦秆的葡萄糖得率提高50%.     

不同预处理方法对麦草纤维素酶解效果的影响

以麦草纤维素为研究对象,将其进行机械粉碎后,分别采用碱浸泡/蒸汽、蒸汽/碱浸泡、蒸汽、冷冻/蒸汽、碱浸泡/冷冻等方法进行预处理,然后加入纤维素酶进行酶解,通过检测酶解液中葡萄糖含量来评价麦草纤维素预处理的效果。研究结果表明,预处理后的麦草纤维素经NaOH溶液浸泡后,再用蒸汽处理40 min,酶解24 h后葡萄糖产率较预处理前的葡萄糖产率有明显增加(提高15%);经NaOH溶液浸泡后再进行超低温(-80℃)冷冻处理,酶解12 h后葡萄糖产率有所增加,酶解48 h后葡萄糖产率比预处理前提高23%。     

稻草秸秆多酶水解条件研究

研究了稻草秸秆经过稀酸预处理后的酶水解条件,得到用于生产燃料乙醇的还原糖。试验结果表明:稻草秸秆经1%(w/w)的稀硫酸浸润,液固比(v/w)为5∶1,在121℃条件下处理60min后,每克稻草秸秆的初始水解还原糖得率达到0.187g。预处理后,在45℃,pH4.8,120r/min,48h条件下,采用酶的添加量最优配比(每克秸秆添加木聚糖酶217IU,纤维素酶5.13FPU,果胶酶25μ,β-葡聚糖酶500μ,淀粉酶150μ)时,水解产生的还原糖浓度达到最大值84.22g/L,原料水解率为41.19%。在酶水解糖化过程中,当MgSO4,Tween80的添加量分别为0.0001,0.005g时对纤维素酶有激活作用。     

餐厨垃圾酶水解过程的优化

借助于Design Expert软件,通过Plackett-Burman试验设计法筛选出对酶水解餐厨垃圾影响显著的因素为糖化酶、温度及初始p H,再根据响应面设计法中的Box-Benhnken中心组合设计原理,采用三因素三水平设计方法,以生成还原糖的产量为响应值,对酶水解餐厨垃圾的条件进行优化。结果表明:当糖化酶的量为220U/g,水解温度为55.8℃,初始p H为5.24时,还原糖的产量为68.02 g/L,与理论值基本一致。     

木屑纤维素酶水解条件的试验研究

采用正交试验法研究了稀盐酸预处理木屑的最优条件:反应温度为105℃,反应时间为3 h,用质量分数为2%的HCl预处理后,半纤维素质量分数降低了78.4%,木质素降低了29.3%.用纤维素酶水解预处理过的木屑,考察了pH值、温度、时间对酶水解率的影响,结果表明:酶解温度为50℃,pH值为4.8,纤维素酶液用量为2 ml/g,水解时间为48 h时,酶水解率达到76%,纤维素质量分数降低了65.4%.     

Ni-P催化硼氢化钠水解制氢性能研究

文章通过化学镀法成功制备了Ni-P催化剂,并考察了施镀温度以及还原剂浓度对硼氢化钠水解制氢性能的影响。结果表明:试验中Ni-P催化剂的最优制备条件为施镀温度为50℃,还原剂浓度为0.8 mol/L;此条件下制备的Ni-P催化剂催化硼氢化钠水解放氢的速率为639.7 m L/(min·g),活化能为44.5 k J/mol。     

稻草秸秆辐照酶解工艺优化

通过采用60Co-γ辐照处理稻草秸秆,提高稻草秸秆的酶解效果。采用离子色谱仪测定稻草秸秆酶解液中可发酵性糖的含量,对水解温度、加酶量、液固比、水解时间4个因素进行单因素试验分析,对稻草秸秆酶解条件进行优化,建立稻草秸秆辐照酶解新工艺。研究结果表明,稻草秸秆辐照剂量在0～2 000 kGy内,辐照预处理最佳剂量为1 200 kGy;得到稻草秸秆最优辐照酶解条件:预处理辐照剂量为1 200 kGy、水解温度为45℃、水解时间为36 h、液固比为60、加酶量为120 U/g。在此最佳条件下,稻草秸秆纤维素、半纤维素总转化率达71%。     

小麦秸秆转化为可发酵糖的研究

对小麦秸秆水解转化为可发酵糖进行了研究，考察了小麦秸秆预处理方法以及温度、pH值、酶用量、底物浓度和反应时间等因素对小麦秸秆酶水解的影响。试验结果表明，汽蒸加蒽醌方法是较好的预处理方法。酶解最佳工艺为：温度48℃，pH值5．2，酶解时间24h，酶用量与底物的最佳配比0．160：1；底物浓度≥1％，以1．5％～2．5％为宜，此时还原糖得率达32．4％。     

Optimizing thermomechanical pretreatment conditions to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw by response surface methodology

Wheat straw was pretreated with a thermomechanical process developed in our laboratory to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis extent of potentially fermentable sugars. This process involves subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass for a short time to saturated steam pressure, followed by an instantaneous decompression to vacuum at 5 kPa. Increasing of the heat induced by saturated steam result in intensive vapour formation in the capillary porous structure of the plant material and the subsequent release of the pressure to vacuum allows fixing the expanded structure. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was used to optimize three independent variables of the pretreatment process: processing pressure (300-700 kPa), initial moisture contents of wheat straw (10-40%) and processing time (3-62 min). The process was optimised for hydrolysis yield and initial hydrolysis rate obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis on the pretreated solids by Celluclast (1.5 L). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that, among the process variables, processing pressure and processing time have the most significant effect on the hydrolysis yield and on initial rate of hydrolysis whereas initial moisture content observed significantly lower effect on the two responses. The predicted hydrolysis yield and in a lesser extent the predicted initial rate of hydrolysis agreed satisfactorily with the experimental values with R² of 96% and 86% respectively.     

利用造纸废液制作小麦秆成型燃料的试验研究

对掺混造纸废液制作小麦秆成型燃料的主要影响因素进行了成型试验研究,试验研究与分析了在不同废液浓度下施加压力、废液掺加比例、原料粒度等因素对致密成型的影响规律,比较了分别掺相同比例的废液与水的成型试验。通过检验成型状况,找出使小麦秆致密成型的合理压力、含水及含废液率范围、最佳的原料粒度。试验研究结果表明：在相同粒度和施加压力下,掺废液的成型物密度高于掺同样比例水的成型密度,在原料粒度0~15 mm、压力75 MPa、含废液率15%和废液浓度50%的情况下,小麦秆成型效果较好。     

微波辅助NaOH预处理提高油菜秸秆酶解效率的研究

为提高油菜秸秆的酶解效率,试验借助于常压微波加热技术辅助NaOH预处理,并对处理条件进行了优化。结果表明,与未处理比较,经微波预处理的油菜秸秆致密结构明显破坏,利于被纤维素酶水解。微波辅助预处理的最优化条件:微波功率600 W,时间5 min,NaOH 0.1 mol/L,温度80℃,经预处理后的油菜秸秆酶解率可达28.09%,较未处理前增加2.75倍,显著提高了酶解效果。     

The steam explosion pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat bran

This article focused on the saccharification of wheat bran with steam explosion pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Wheat bran was pretreated with steam explosion to improve saccharification with enzymatic hydrolysis, and a maximum reducing sugar yield reached 194.6 mg/g (dry), which was about 63% higher than that of the wheat bran without pretreatment. Electronic microscope scanning and infrared spectroscopy showed that steam explosion with low pressure destroyed the structure and promoted the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat bran effectively. Further, higher pressure produced harmful substances to hinder the saccharification and subsequent fermentation rather than increase saccharification ability of blasting bran.     

Improvement of wheat straw hydrolysis by cellulolytic blends of two Penicillium spp.

Co-culture of fungal strains Penicillium janthinellum EMS-UV-8 (E), Penicillium funiculosum strain P (P) and Aspergillus sp. strain G (G) and blending of their crude cellulase were evaluated for improvements in cellulase activities as well as for enhanced hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated wheat straw (PWS). The blending of crude enzymes of P and E enhanced the hydrolysis of PWS more effectively due to synergism in cellulolytic enzyme activities. Here, three types of blends were made on the basis of equal FPUs, equal protein content or fixed volume containing different proportions of individual enzymes, the former blend hydrolyzed 42.6% of PWS due to the 98%,62%, 64% and 34% synergistic enhancement in endo-glucanase, cellulase (FPU), β-glucosidase and xylanase activities, respectively. Hydrolysis at 10% solid loading of PWS in roller bottle reactor with this blend further enhanced hydrolysis yield to 74% within 24 h, which was much better than the corresponding hydrolysis yields of individual (38.1% by E and 61.5% by P) or the commercial enzyme (62.3%). This study proved that synergistic blends of cellulases from two Penicillium spp. are cost-effective tools for efficient wheat straw hydrolysis for on-site biofuel production.     

Pretreatment enhanced structural disruption,enzymatic hydrolysis,fermentative hydrogen production from rice straw

Rice straw (RS) is one of the major lignocellulosic wastes in the world and an abundant feedstock for producing biofuels and chemicals. However, RS is difficult to decompose. In this study, NaOH/urea and electrohydrolysis pretreated RS were used to enhance the structural disruption, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentative hydrogen production. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that both NaOH/urea and electrohydrolysis pretreatments could effectively disrupt the lignin structure and increase the cellulose crystallinity of RS. Following pretreatment, RS was hydrolyzed by cellulase. After 96 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, NaOH/urea- and electrohydrolysis-pretreated RS produced 3.2- and 1.7-fold higher total reducing sugars than the unpretreated RS (232.95 ± 3.60 mg/g), respectively. Finally, the obtained RS hydrolysates were used for fermentative hydrogen production. NaOH/urea- and electrohydrolysis-pretreatment hydrolysates produced 125.0 and 163.0 mL H₂/g RS, respectively, which is much higher than the hydrogen yield of unpretreated hydrolysates.