孟子观水:从形而上的水,到形而下的水

<正>细读《孟子》会发现,书中记载了不少水利、水名及水的流向的知识,描述了井田制的农村经济结构,再现了大禹治水迁徙的水文情势,留下了黄河、长江、淮河、汉水、济水、汝水、泗水、溱水、洧水、漯水等河流的名字。     

农田水利重点县装配式建筑物推广应用

江苏省农村水利科技发展中心、扬州大学高邮市水利局、如皋市水利局、铜山区水利局、通州区水利局针对农田水利重点县,制订了农村水利现代化建设标准、提出了适用于高标准农田建设的模式、修订了农田水利示范园区建设标准,完成了小型机电灌区渠道断面、管道管径及排水沟道的定型设计,开发了小型泵站与新一代田间装配式建筑物,完善了常用装配式田间建筑物图集,取得专利5项,推广了新型跌水消能涵洞、     

澜沧江流域水电站机电设备监造及 监理质量控制

在澜沧江流域水电站机电设备监造、监理质量控制工作中,以“守法、诚信、公正、科学”的准则,制定了监理细则,明确了质量目标和控制点,严格执行了工程建设的相关法律规范、技术标准、设计文件、合同,开展了以资料审核、巡视检查、平行检验、复查复验和旁站监理相结合的工作方式,落实了监理工作的各项要求,顺利完成了全部监理工作。     

浅谈顺义区河道的生态建设与管理

为充分发挥河流水系在生态、景观、城市文化等方面的重要作用,体现顺义新城滨水特色。顺义区水务局自2003—2012年对潮白河、减河、龙道河等河道进行了综合整治。在河道治理过程中摒弃了传统治河手段,大胆尝试了生态治河理念。在治理过程中将河道整治与开发利用、生态环境与沙滩治理相结合,恢复和改善了河道自然生态系统,满足了河道防洪、景观、水源生态等重要功能,实现了以河为基、以水为魂、以路为骨、以林为韵的景观要求,为顺义新城建设创造了良好的水环境。结合河道堤防、河岸护砌等实践,提出了治理过程中的生态理念,根据治理后的河道现状,针对管理经费、管护机制等存在的问题提出了解决办法。     

基于MapX的西安市节水灌溉项目管理系统的开发

从西安市水务管理部门的实际需求出发,基于MapX开发了节水灌溉项目管理系统,设计了基础信息、地理属性、空间属性等数据库[1],实现了项目录入、申报、审批、立项等信息检索的全局性可视化、特定工程专题图创建以及报表打印功能。系统简化了项目管理手续,规范了项目的立项、审批、建设、效益评价等程序,保证了财政拨款使用的透明度、工程建设的合理性、节水设施正常效益的发挥,大大提高了西安市水务管理水平。     

水务一体化从理念走向实践

2001年,江苏省宿迁市启动了水资源管理体制改革,在市县两级率先成立了水务局,聚合了水利、建设、环保和地矿四大行业,归并了城市防洪、城乡供水、排水和污水处理、地下水管理、计划用水和节约用水等相关职能.3年多来,水务局在完善良性运行机制、建立多元化水务投入机制、大力推进城乡水务建设等方面进行了大胆的探索和实践,取得了显著成效.水务局成立以来,统管体制优势得到了凸现,但也带来了一些困惑,引发了一些深层次的思考.应该说,水务局的发展,经历了几个不同的阶段,目前仍需要进行探索和实践.     

宁夏：创新农田水利基本建设机制

宁夏回族自治区通过大搞农田水利基本建设,使广大干部得到了锻炼。增强了基层干部执政能力和组织发动能力,加强了农村基层组织建设;使群众受到了教育。培养了农民群众集体主义观念;改善了党群、干群和邻里关系,促进了社会和谐,社会各界对“三农”的关注程度进一步提升。“十一五”期间。是30多年来投入最多、工程建设规模最大、建设效益最好的一个时期。在建设思路、组织发动、建设投入、声势规模、工程质量、综合效益6个方面实现了新突破。     

浅谈水电工程建设项目质量管理控制关键环节

在白山抽水蓄能电站工程建设过程中,为了有效地控制工程质量,建设单位配备了精干高效的管理层,建立了完善的管理制度,增强了制度的执行力.并且选择了作风优良、技术过硬、履约能力强、标价合理的设计、施工、监理单位.     

百色大坝左岸基础开挖施工技术

百色水利枢纽主坝基础为辉绿岩,开挖高差大、坡度陡、工期紧,根据辉绿岩硬、脆、碎的特性,采用了大孔距、小排距、少装药等方法,合理地调整爆破参数,采用了一些较为经济的爆破网路连接技巧,降低了工程成本,缩短了工期,保证了施工质量。     

工农渠大型泵站微机自动化控制系统更新改造

针对工农渠电力提灌工程大型泵站存在的控制、管理、安全、检测手段落后等问题,结合工农渠大型泵站更新改造机遇,进行了电气设备自动化及控制改造,消除了隐患,达到了少人值守、节能降耗、降低运行成本的目的。加强了系统的控制、监视和保护功能,增强了系统对故障的判断能力,提高了泵站现代化管理水平。     

长江中游四大家鱼发江生态水文因子分析及生态水文目标确定

基于长江中游四大家鱼发江量历次调查数据,采用宜昌站作为长江中游水文情势变化分析的控制站,基于其1900~2004年共105年的日径流资料,采用每年5~6月涨水过程数、总涨水日数、平均每次涨水过程日数等3项生态水文指标,分析了四大家鱼发江量与3项生态水文因子的变化关系,认为产卵场所处江段每年5~6月的总涨水日数是决定家鱼苗发江量多寡的一个重要环境因子。根据IHA方法,对宜昌站105年来的生态水文指标分析表明,长江宜昌站生态水文过程的改变并不明显,5~6月总涨水日数变化趋势不显著,显示长江中游影响四大家鱼苗发江量的生态流量过程改变不明显,与前人得出的葛洲坝枢纽修建后四大家鱼的产卵条件和卵苗江汛规律没有变化这一认识一致。但是,随着三峡水库的运行,下游河道的生态环境流量过程会有较大改变,本文建议三峡水库的调控以保障长江中游每年5~6月的总涨水日数维持在22.1±7.2范围内为生态水文目标,即可从生态环境流量过程方面补偿水利工程对中游四大家鱼鱼苗发江量的影响。     

Seminar on Water and Energy,Stockholm, Sweden,August 21, 2005

Abstract

In Europe the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) will have major implications for water resources management. Part of the Directive requires Member States to implement a comprehensive system of controls (licences) on the allocation and abstraction (withdrawal) of surface and groundwater resources. This paper describes the development of a procedure to help assess and set abstraction licences for agricultural irrigation. The methodology is described with reference to Scotland, a country with limited abstraction control previously and where irrigation is supplemental to rainfall. The methodology combines spatial climatic information using a Geographical Information System (GIS) with data derived from a water balance computer model. The procedure enables the volumetric irrigation demand in a ‘design’ dry year for a given site to be estimated, taking into account local variations in climate, soil type, land use and irrigation practices. The approach provides a scientifically robust framework to allow the regulatory authority to assess the ‘reasonable’ water requirements of individual irrigators and hence develop allocations to satisfy the range of competing demands (e.g. agriculture, industry, and environment) on water resources. The methodology is applicable in other temperate countries where water abstraction controls are required and where appropriate datasets are available. The application of the procedure and its methodological limitations are described.     

Stakeholder-driven,enquiry-driven,or stakeholder-relevant,enquiry-driven science?

There is currently debate within the international hydrological community on whether hydrological science should give priority to providing measurements, knowledge, and understanding pre-determined as being needed by stakeholders, or priority to more basic enquiry-driven science that will stimulate the continued health and growth of hydrology as an important Earth science discipline. Two recent major international initiatives in hydrology reflect these two perspectives. One, the Hydrology for the Environment, Life, and Policy (HELP) program, is primarily fostered by UNESCO-IHP and is focused on stimulating the stakeholder-driven hydrological science required in specific catchments that have become members of a global network. The second, the decade on Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB), which is appropriately managed by IAHS, is primarily driven by scientific enquiry and is focused on creating new scientific methods and understanding, albeit with practical application ultimately in mind. This paper summarizes the nature, origins, growth, and progress of these two international programs but also describes the subtly different approach that has been adopted by the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF's) Center for Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA). NSF is a federal agency whose primary goal is to ‘enable the future’ by stimulating novel science. Because SAHRA is a federally-funded entity supported by an agency with this goal, the Center clearly cannot operate in stakeholder-driven, response mode in competition with the already effective private U.S. consultancy industry. Nonetheless, SAHRA's mission is to create knowledge and build understanding that will enhance the prospects of sustainable water management in semi-arid regions, especially the southwestern U.S. To resolve this apparent conflict, SAHRA looks ahead to future stakeholder needs and builds its research agenda around selected critical stakeholder-relevant questions that require substantial and sustained investment in basic, multidisciplinary, enquiry-driven science. This paper describes SAHRA's approach and reports on associated research and outreach activities.     

Growth,Reproduction, Mortality,Distribution, and Biomass of Freshwater Drum in Lake Erie

Predominant age-groups in the Lake Erie freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens population were 3, 4, and 5 as determined from gill net, trap net, bottom trawl, and midwater trawl samples. Age and growth calculations indicated that females grew faster than males. However, the length-weight relation did not differ between sexes and was described by the equation: log W = ?5.4383 + 3.1987 log L. Some males became sexually mature at age 2 and all were mature by age 6. Females matured 1 year later than males. Three sizes of eggs were present in ovaries; the average total number was 127,000 per female for 20 females over a length range of 270 to 478 mm. Seasonal analysis of the ovary-body weight ratio indicated that spawning extended from June to August. A total annual mortality rate of 49% for drum aged 4 through 11 was derived from catch-curve analysis. Freshwater drum were widely distributed throughout Lake Erie in 1977–1979, the greatest concentration being in the western basin. They moved into warm, shallow water (less than 10 m deep) during summer, and returned to deeper water in late fall. Summer biomass estimates for the western basin, based on systematic surveys with bottom trawls, were 9,545 t in 1977 and 2,333 t in 1978.     

Survival,Growth, and Movement of Subadult Humpback Chub,Gila Cypha,in the Little Colorado River,Arizona

Ecologists estimate vital rates, such as growth and survival, to better understand population dynamics and identify sensitive life history parameters for species or populations of concern. Here, we assess spatiotemporal variation in growth, movement, density, and survival of subadult humpback chub living in the Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, AZ from 2001–2002 and 2009–2013. We divided the Little Colorado River into three reaches and used a multistate mark‐recapture model to determine rates of movement and differences in survival and density between sites for different cohorts. Additionally, site‐specific and year‐specific effects on growth were evaluated using a linear model. Results indicate that summer growth was higher for upstream sites compared with downstream sites. In contrast, there was not a consistent spatial pattern across years in winter growth; however, river‐wide winter growth was negatively related to the duration of floods from 1 October to 15 May. Apparent survival was estimated to be lower at the most downstream site compared with the upstream sites; however, this could be because in part of increased emigration into the Colorado River at downstream sites. Furthermore, the 2010 cohort (i.e. fish that are age 1 in 2010) exhibited high apparent survival relative to other years. Movement between reaches varied with year, and some years exhibited preferential upstream displacement. Improving understanding of spatiotemporal effects on age 1 humpback chub survival can help inform current management efforts to translocate humpback chub into new locations and give us a better understanding of the factors that may limit this tributary's carrying capacity for humpback chub. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法综述

在总结水-能源-粮食纽带关系研究中, 使用频率较高或潜力较大的 8 种水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法为: 水-能源-粮食纽带关系工具 2.0( WEF Nexus Tool 2.0) ; 生命周期评价( LCA) ; 可计算的一般均衡模型( CGE) ; 系统动力学模型( SD) ; 气候、土地、能源与水资源策略( CLEWS) ; 基于社会生态系统代谢的多尺度综合评价( MuSIASEM ) ; 市场配置/ 市场配置系统集成模型( MARKAL/ TIMES) 和水资源评价规划模型-长期能源替代规划系统 ( WEAP2LEAP) 。通过总结各研究方法的产生、发展及特性, 并引用案例讨论其适用范围, 分析其优缺点和在使用 时需要注意的问题。在此基础上, 对未来水2能源2粮食纽带关系定量研究方法的发展趋势进行讨论, 认为伴随可持 续发展问题关注度的上升与水-能源-粮食纽带关系内在机理的挖掘, 未来的水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法将 更加注重量化的精确性和数据的互通以及跨学科研究和多方法的耦合。本文可为水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法的选择和更新优化提供参考。