交联聚乙烯热老化与绝缘性能的关联关系

为研究交联聚乙烯（cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE）绝缘材料的热分解活化能、电气特性和力学特性随热老化程度变化的规律,对交流电力电缆绝缘用XLPE材料在110 ℃下开展加速热老化实验。采用热失重（thermogravimtric analyzer, TGA）测试手段,对XLPE在20~600 ℃的热分解行为进行研究;采用交流击穿测试、宽频介电谱测试及体积电阻率测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的电气特性;采用拉伸实验测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的力学特性。结果表明：热老化使得XLPE的交联结构和结晶状态被破坏,XLPE活化能呈减小趋势。由于氧化反应快速进行,使得XLPE分子链发生断裂,交联结构变弱,导致XLPE绝缘材料严重劣化,其活化能、击穿强度、体积电阻率、弹性模量和断裂伸长率随老化时间增长呈下降趋势,而介电常数、介电损耗和电导率呈增加趋势。     

交联聚乙烯热老化与绝缘性能的关联关系

为研究交联聚乙烯（cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE）绝缘材料的热分解活化能、电气特性和力学特性随热老化程度变化的规律,对交流电力电缆绝缘用XLPE材料在110 ℃下开展加速热老化实验。采用热失重（thermogravimtric analyzer, TGA）测试手段,对XLPE在20~600 ℃的热分解行为进行研究;采用交流击穿测试、宽频介电谱测试及体积电阻率测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的电气特性;采用拉伸实验测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的力学特性。结果表明：热老化使得XLPE的交联结构和结晶状态被破坏,XLPE活化能呈减小趋势。由于氧化反应快速进行,使得XLPE分子链发生断裂,交联结构变弱,导致XLPE绝缘材料严重劣化,其活化能、击穿强度、体积电阻率、弹性模量和断裂伸长率随老化时间增长呈下降趋势,而介电常数、介电损耗和电导率呈增加趋势。     

热老化XLPE电缆绝缘的介电击穿行为的研究

击穿强度通常是用来表征检测和使用过程中的绝缘材料状态和质量的指标之一。尽管有许多报道对聚乙烯(PE)和交联聚乙烯(XLPE)的击穿电压进行了研究,但是对热老化后的交联聚乙烯电缆的击穿行为的研究不是太多。表征威布尔统计分布参数,即范围和形状参数与分子结构、物理和化学缺陷的含量和形状以及其他的物理化学性能有密切的关系。本文的目的是研究不同热老化程度的XLPE电缆的威布尔统计分布参数的变化行为。研究结果显示威布尔参数变化对XLPE绝缘材料的热老化程度是非常敏感的,利用威布尔参数与热老化程度的关系可以有效地诊断PE和XLPE电缆绝缘材料。     

交联聚乙烯电缆热老化与电树枝化相关性研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆绝缘的物理化学性能,还对绝缘内电树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。研究了热老化后XLPE电缆绝缘中的电树行为．探讨XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝过程与材料热老化的关系。采用带循环通风的热老化箱对XLPE电缆绝缘进行3个温度等级的热老化实验：采用针板结构电极进行电树枝实验,并利用数码显微镜观察电树枝的产生和发展情况;利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、傅里叶红外光谱分析（FTIR）测试了不同温度热老化下XLPE电缆绝缘的物理化学性能;最后探讨了几种不同结构电树枝的生长机理．认为热老化并没有加速电树枝的生长．反而有一定的抑制作用．     

Aging of 154 kV underground power cable insulation under combined thermal and electrical stresses

This work the combined electrical and thermal stresses of the 154 kV XLPE power cable used in the underground power transmission in Turkey. The dependence of aging on electrical and thermal stresses is given by a straight line in a certain range of electric field (E) values which indicates that the aging is a thermochemical process. Furthermore, cable tests are conducted in oil, and the results are valid for immersed insulation but might not be completely representative of XLPE used in service in a "dry" environment. Therefore, each cable insulator has to be tested and the parameters must be determined for each cable separately.     

热老化对交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中水树的影响研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘的电磁学和物理化学性能,还对绝缘内水树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。通过研究热老化过程对XLPE电缆绝缘中的水树现象的影响,以及在几个有可能的影响因素当中,哪个因素对水树现象的影响最大。实验结果表明,在与XLPE电缆绝缘的热老化有关的各种因素对水树现象的影响中,热氧化对XLPE电缆绝缘表层水树的产生和生长的影响最大。尽管热氧化所引起的缺陷有可能就是XLPE电缆绝缘中水树生长过程中的起始点,但是它在一定程度上抑制着水树的成长,甚至有着"水树延迟效果"的美称。     

XLPE电缆绝缘老化临界时间现象及其动力学仿真

为深入探究交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电缆绝缘的老化特性,评判XLPE电缆绝缘的老化程度,文中对110kV XLPE电缆绝缘在135℃进行加速老化实验,采用拉伸试验表征XLPE断裂伸长率的变化规律,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱表征XLPE中羰基浓度与抗氧剂含量的变化规律。结果表明,XLPE电缆绝缘老化存在临界时间现象,即随着老化时间的增长,XLPE断裂伸长率由缓慢下降转变为快速下降,羰基浓度由缓慢增大转变为快速增大,临界时间均为2016h;而抗氧剂含量则随老化时间逐渐下降,不存在拐点。基于链式自由基理论,建立考虑抗氧剂反应过程的XLPE热老化动力学模型,进一步仿真计算XLPE电缆绝缘热老化过程中抗氧剂含量和羰基浓度的变化过程,仿真计算结果能够很好地吻合实验结果。研究结果表明抗氧剂含量可用于表征XLPE电缆绝缘的老化程度。     

电声脉冲法研究热老化对160kV直流电缆绝缘材料陷阱特性的影响

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)老化会引起内部陷阱特性的变化,进而造成空间电荷分布的变化,威胁直流电缆的安全运行。对160k V直流电缆切片进行了90℃和135℃不同程度的热老化试验,并利用电声脉冲法(PEA)探究了热老化对直流电缆空间电荷分布的影响。通过分析空间电荷的衰减规律并结合等温松弛理论,提出了利用PEA法分析绝缘材料陷阱特性的方法,并对老化前后试样内的陷阱特性进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,90℃热老化前期由于后交联反应,试样部分深陷阱转为浅陷阱,直流电缆内部空间电荷消散特性变好;但随着老化时间的进一步增加,试样内的陷阱深度及密度均有一定程度的增长,空间电荷积累量也随之增加。试样在135℃高温热老化情况下,内部发生强烈的热氧反应,结晶形态遭到严重破坏,陷阱能级及密度均大大增加。     

用有限元分析交联聚乙烯电缆中水树成长行为的研究

水树是电缆主绝缘的主要劣化现象之一,严重影响电缆的使用寿命。正确评价长有水树的材料的电场分布,对于理解水树的生长机理以及水树引起的介质击穿是非常重要的。采用具有不同物理化学性能的热老化XLPE电缆绝缘和与外加电场梯度方向成一定角度的非常规的水针电极结构进行水树枝加速老化实验,用有限元方法对水树加速老化实验中采用的结构模型进行数值电场分析,研究了水树尖端处电场增强对水树枝老化发展的影响。     

热历史过程对XLPE电缆热历史温度的影响研究

文中采用差式量热扫描(DSC)法对实际服役的交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘的热历史过程进行研究,发现不同XLPE试样的DSC一次升温曲线存在着明显差异,具体表现为不同试样热历史峰的位置、大小及形状存在着较大差异,甚至有些试样观察不到热历史峰。为了研究上述差异产生的原因,对不同温度不同热老化时间的XLPE试样进行了DSC测试,当XLPE电缆绝缘所经历的热历史温度高于熔融温度时,DSC一次升温曲线上不会有热历史峰出现,此时DSC曲线的变化主要由热氧降解对XLPE晶体结构的破坏所引发。当XLPE电缆绝缘所经历的热历史温度低于熔融温度时,在DSC一次升温曲线上就会观察到热历史峰,XLPE电缆绝缘处于该热历史温度的时间越长,则热历史峰的面积越大,热历史峰的峰值温度越高,甚至有可能高于实际的热历史温度。     

Morphological and dielectric changes of XLPE insulation due to thermal aging

Transmission power cables are heated by conductor current. The morphology of the XLPE insulation may be changed by thermal aging. Disk-shaped insulating materials with semiconductive electrodes were used to understand this thermal effect against the dielectric breakdown strengths. The disk specimens were aged at 80 and 100°C before the breakdown strength measurements. These results showed that the dielectric breakdown strengths were improved with aging time. Analytical investigation of the insulating materials indicated that there were morphological changes such as increases of the lamella thickness and the spherulite diameter and decrease of the averaged lamella angle through heating. Cable specimens aged thermally with the same condition as the risk specimens also were observed with similar morphological changes in the insulation. Therefore it is concluded that the promotion of the crystallization by thermal aging is effective in improving the breakdown strength of the XLPE insulation unless it causes extreme deterioration.     

Effect of water on aging of XLPE cable insulation

Cables as elements of power distribution system have great influence on its reliable service and overall planning requirements. During last years, crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cables have been more and more used in power systems. This paper presents the results of an investigation of changing of (XLPE) cables insulation breakdown stress (AC BDS) due to water absorption. The paper deals with AC BDS of the following kinds of XLPE cable insulations: steam and dry cured with water tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) and non-tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE). During tests, the tap water was injected into, (1) conductor with cable ends closed; (2) into cable conductor with ends opened; and (3) into metallic screen with cable ends opened. The presence of water in XLPE cables was subjected to electrical stress and heating. AC BDS tests were performed as a function of aging time and water content in the cable insulation at different aging temperatures. Also, in this investigation, tests with the changing of AC BDS in the radial direction of unaged and aged XLPE cable insulations were carried out.     

Influence of internal mechanical stress and strain on electricalperformance of polyethylene electrical treeing resistance

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) insulations used in HV cables are not only subjected to electrical and thermal stresses, but also exposed to mechanical stresses, whether residual internal stresses created during the cooling process of the fabrication, external forces when cables are bent during installation or thermomechanical stresses caused by differential thermal expansion between the conductor and the polymeric material. In order to investigate the possible influence of mechanical stresses on dielectric properties of polyethylene, measurements were conducted on pin-plane XLPE and LDPE samples with various magnitudes of residual mechanical stresses around the embedded electrode. The time to inception, the growing rate and the shape of the electrical trees under different voltages are reported in this paper. Specimens with the highest values of residual stresses were found to have the shortest inception times and the longest trees after one hour of aging under different voltages. When the mechanical stress was allowed to relax, the treeing resistance was measured to be significantly improved     

交流电压下基于空间电荷效应的XLPE电缆绝缘老化研究现状

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆以其优良的机械和电气性能广泛应用于现代电力系统。研究表明,在直流电压作用下绝缘中容易形成空间电荷,导致电场畸变,加速绝缘老化。国内外很少关于交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘影响的研究。本文综述了交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘老化的影响及其作用机理,并介绍了交流电压下测量空间电荷分布的改进的电声脉冲法。结果表明,交流电压下,空间电荷分布特性影响XLPE电缆绝缘老化。     

采用介质损耗表征聚酰亚胺薄膜老化特征的研究

对聚酰亚胺薄膜进行电、热及电-热联合老化,测试了老化前后试样的tanδ和试样电容随试验电压的变化趋势,分析了不同老化条件对tanδ和电容的影响。实验结果表明,试样电容随不同老化条件变化的物理过程与介质损耗实验结果的分析是一致的电老化对tanδ的影响最大,热老化在一定程度上起了热清洗的作用,导致老化后介损反而降低。通过介电频谱分析,tanδ随频率变化曲线上的峰值点可以确定绝缘的老化状况。     

Study on the morphology of XLPE power cable by means of atomicforce microscopy

The long-term dielectric performance of underground power cable XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) insulation suffers from poorly understood aging phenomena. A study of the morphological modifications of XLPE due to electrical aging may provide insight for a better understanding of aging mechanisms. The AFM (atomic force microscopy) technique has been used to study XLPE morphology of unaged, laboratory-aged and field-aged samples, whereby the soft XLPE surfaces were scanned with an oscillating AFM probe, to decrease the probability of surface modification. Images recorded on plasma-etched surfaces show many more structural details than an unetched surfaces. A XLPE cryo-microtomed surface from an unaged cable has been exposed to a low-energy electron beam, following which the exposed surface showed striking similarities with that of a field-aged cable     

交联聚乙烯绝缘材料热稳定性分析

利用热重分析方法研究了过氧化物交联、硅烷交联、辐照交联聚乙烯绝缘材料的耐热稳定性,发现同样的基本树脂辐照交联绝缘料的耐热稳定性最好。     

大型发电机主绝缘多因子老化试验系统的研究

分析了大型发电机主绝缘多因子老化产生的原因,确定了各单因子老化的试验参数,建立了多因子老化的试验模型和试验方法,设计了多因子老化试验系统。经真机线棒的老化试验验证,随着绝缘的进一步老化,其局部放电量,放电次数和放电能量等参数均呈现增长趋势,放电脉冲相位产生偏移。结果表明,该多因子老化试验系统能满足研究大型发电机主绝缘的老化规律和评估其剩余寿命的要求,为寻找反映绝缘老化程度的特征参量奠定了基础。     

Application of oxidation induction time and compensation effect tothe diagnosis of HV polymeric cable insulation

Oxidative stability tests were performed on field and laboratory-aged crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and polypropylene (PP) insulations using differential scanning calorimetry. Flat films and miniature cables aged in the laboratory were subjected to a wide range of aging conditions that included thermal, electrical and a combination of thermal-electrical aging, in dry and wet environments. The results were analyzed using the Eyring rate theory. It is shown that for a given material the oxidative stability data can be described by a single linear relationship between the activation entropy ΔS and the activation enthalpy ΔH of the oxidative process, and thus are governed by the so called compensation effect. It is argued that the position of a data point representing a certain operating condition of an insulation on the ΔS vs. ΔH compensation plot is a measure of the degree of degradation and can be used as a diagnostic indicator of the operating conditions of the insulation     

The Performance of Strippable and Bonded Screened Medium-Voltage XLPE-Insulated Cables Under Long-Term Accelerated Aging

XLPE high-voltage underground cables are being extensively used in Arabian Gulf countries. Most of these cables are being manufactured locally. Although XLPE has excellent dielectric characteristics, extensive premature failures have been reported by the local power utilities. The main causes of such premature failures are related to manufacturing defects and insulation degradation mainly caused by water treeing phenomena. In this research work, five types of 15-kV, XLPE-insulated cables were subjected to accelerated aging under simultaneous electrical, thermal, and environmental stresses for periods of 60, 120, and 180 days. After each aging period, partial-discharge (PD), mechanical properties, ac dielectric strength and the extent of degradation due to water treeing of these cables were measured. The results show that PD and mechanical properties show just little variations whereas the ac-retained dielectric strength decreases rapidly in the first 60 days after which the rate of its decrease retards. Correlations are established between the retained dielectric strength and the lengths of the longest water trees. Pros and cons of the insulating materials that are used as well as the role of strippable and bonded semiconducting screens are also discussed