You proved our point better than we did: A reply to our critics.

Responds to comments by P. W. Thayer and J. W. Kalat, N. R. Kuncel et al, J. Ruscio, C. E. Miller et al, M. Roznowski, R. B. Darlington, T. P. Melchert, T. Andre and S. Hegland, and D. G. Cornell (see records 1998-01669-005; 1998-01669-006; 1998-01669-007; 1998-01669-008; 1998-01669-009; 1998-01669-010; 1998-01669-011; 1998-01669-012; and 1998-01669-013, respectively) on the article by R. J. Sternberg and W. M. Williams (see record 1997-04591-002) regarding the empirical validity of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) in predicting graduate student performance in psychology. The authors reply to local statistical issues raised by the comments, including restriction of range, studying only students admitted in part on the basis of the GRE, unreliability of criteria, students who speak English as a second language, compensation, and failure rates. Global issues are then addressed. It is concluded that existing tests and use of tests have value, but they are not the best they can be. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Span of apprehension deficits in vulnerable children: Further comments.

Replies to the comments of R. F. Asarnow et al (see record 1985-01251-001) on the failure by the present authors (see record 1985-01308-001) to replicate findings of an earlier study by Asarnow and colleagues (see record 1978-05788-001) that showed performance deficits on the span of apprehension task in children vulnerable to psychopathology. Although the present authors acknowledge that the procedure used by Asarnow and colleagues involved nonfoveal presentations while the present authors' procedure did not, they stand by their conclusion that the findings of the earlier study are not generalizable. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Psychological interventions are urgently needed to prevent HIV infection: New priorities for behavioral research in the second decade of AIDS": Reply.

Replies to comments by D. R. Holtgrave, R. H. Needle et al, D. Cotton et al, and S. R. Truax (see PA, Vol 82:14725, 14740, 14719, and 14749, respectively) regarding the review by J. A. Kelly et al (see record 1994-10963-001) on interventions designed to prevent HIV transmission. Specific issues raised by the commentators are addressed, and the need is expressed for more behavioral science-based controlled intervention trials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Considering phasic alerting in Alzheimer's disease: Comment on Tales et al. (2006).

A. Tales, R. J. Snowden, M. Brown, and G. Wilcock (2006; see record 2006-20657-014) have questioned the authors' view (see record 2004-12990-007) of a possible interdependence between attentional systems mediating exogenous spatial orienting and phasic alerting as well as the authors' suggestion that phasic alerting deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be influencing their performance on tests of spatial orienting. Consistent with this possibility, both laboratories have previously demonstrated increased spatial orienting and decreased phasic alerting in patients with AD. In Tales et al.'s current study, however, they have instead suggested that their results provide evidence for functional independence between these attentional systems in AD. In this commentary, the authors address the misinterpretations of their study and evaluate the degree to which Tales et al.'s study addresses the issues that they raise. Given Tales et al.'s difficulty performing analyses on response time data because of variance issues, the presence of a reduced (although not significant) alerting effect in Tales et al.'s AD group (consistent with the authors' previous findings), and a potential floor effect in their measure of alerting, the authors question the validity of Tales et al.'s conclusions and reaffirm their position that not considering interactions among attentional systems can lead to inaccurate characterizations of the mechanisms by which they operate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some methodological considerations for the behavioral genetic analysis of work attitudes.

In a recent article, R. D. Arvey et al (see record 1989-25020-001) argued that about 30% of the variance in job satisfaction was accounted for by workers' genetic make-ups. To demonstrate this, they examined a group of monozygotic twins who had been reared apart. Although this method has been used widely in behavioral genetic research, it contains many hidden threats to validity, which could render suspect numerical estimates of either environmental or genetic effects. We examine some of the threats associated with this type of twin research, emphasizing the problems involved in quantifying the heritability of job satisfaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence.

The authors have claimed that emotional intelligence (EI) meets traditional standards for an intelligence (J. D. Mayer, D. R. Caruso, & P. Salovey, 1999). R. D. Roberts, M. Zeidner, and G. Matthews (see record 2001-10055-001) questioned whether that claim was warranted. The central issue raised by Roberts et al. concerning Mayer et al. (1999) is whether there are correct answers to questions on tests purporting to measure EI as a set of abilities. To address this issue (and others), the present authors briefly restate their view of intelligence, emotion, and EI. They then present arguments for the reasonableness of measuring EI as an ability, indicate that correct answers exist, and summarize recent data suggesting that such measures are, indeed, reliable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Resolving issues raised by the Fort Bragg evaluation: New directions for mental health services research.

Replies to comments by J. R. Weisz et al, K. Hoagwood, P. H. DeLeon and J. G. Williams, L. Saxe and T. P. Cross, L. Behar, and S. Feldman (see records 84-32869, 32806, 32791, 32850, 32776, and 32800 respectively) regarding the author's (see record 83-31861; L. Bickman et al, 1995) Fort Bragg study. Six major concerns are addressed: timing, cost and decision making, service effectiveness, nature of mental health treatments, generalizability of results, and present and future directions as a result of the study. The author stresses the need for mental health professionals to face the issues raised by this study and to assume responsibility for improving the effectiveness of services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stereotype Threat Does Not Live by Steele and Aronson (1995) Alone.

This comment notes that P. R. Sackett et al (see record 2004-10043-001) have raised a concern: that 29 mischaracterizations of an experiment from C. M. Steele and J. Aronson (see record 1996-12938-001) spread over 8 years of media reports, journal articles, and textbooks could mislead teachers, students, researchers, policymakers, and parents into believing that the African American-White test-score gap is entirely caused by stereotype and not at all by group differences in opportunities and test-related knowledge, and that this belief could undermine efforts to improve African American students' academic skills. Sackett et al focus on the reporting of only a single experiment from the first published article on stereotype threat. It is argued that this extremely narrow focus greatly exaggerates three issues. These issues are addressed in turn. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychopathology associated with sexual abuse: A reply to Nash, Neimeyer, Hulsey, and Lambert (1998).

This article is a reply to M. R. Nash, R. A. Neimeyer, T. L. Hulsey, and W. Lambert's (1998) article in which concerns are expressed about S. Boney-McCoy and D. Finkelhor's (1996) research. The authors concur with Nash et al.'s position that a variety of samples and designs are valuable to the study of child sexual abuse (CSA), although the position is maintained that the independent contributions of family functioning and CSA to child psychopathology are most accurately evaluated with the use of longitudinal data. Additional research questions concerning the interaction of family environment and CSA are raised. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Issues concerning relative speed of processing hypotheses, schizophrenic performance deficits, and prefrontal function: Comment on Schooler et al. (1997).

The authors have found the data presented in the C. Schooler, E. Neumann, L. J. Caplan, and B. R. Roberts (see record 1997-02838-004) article to be interesting and of potential value in constraining the further development of detailed theoretical models of Stroop performance. However, the authors have found that the relative speed of processing account of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) effects given by Schooler et al. in Experiment 1 fails to address several important and vexing issues faced by such accounts, which have been highlighted by existing formal models. The authors also have expressed concerns about Schooler et al.'s, interpretation of the reduction in Stroop interference observed among individuals with schizophrenia in Experiment 2. Whereas the authors have acknowledged that it is plausible to relate this to a dysfunction of prefrontal cortex, they have pointed to equally plausible alternative explanations, which are not addressed by the experiment or in the discussion in the Schooler et al. article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differences between women and men: Their magnitude, practical importance, and political meaning.

Replies to comments by J. A. Archer, B. Lott, and R. F. Martell et al (see PA, Vols 26370, 26383, and 26385, respectively) regarding A. H. Eagly's (see record 1995-21141-001) discussion comparing the sexes in scientific research. Specific issues regarding the issue of magnitude of differences between men and women that were raised by the commentators are addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluation of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised premorbid IQ formulas in clinical populations.

The use of demographic variables in the prediction of premorbid IQ has been noted to show some promise (R. S. Wilson et al; see record 1979-26429-001). With the revision of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS—R) and subsequent development of a regression formula for the WAIS—R (A. Barona et al; see record 1985-04035-001), some authors have suggested that continued use of the Wilson formulas is inappropriate. The present study examined the efficacy of both Wilson and Barona formulas in the prediction of concurrently obtained IQ levels in neurologically normal psychiatric (n?=?77) and brain-damaged (n?=?64) patients. The results demonstrated that neither formula differed significantly in terms of classifications of IQ range, with both formulas performing essentially at chance levels. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the formulas are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Glassgold et al. (2002).

Replies to comments by J. M. Glassgold et al (see record 2003-06066-010) on the current authors' original article (see record 2002-13988-007) which identified the ethical issues in efforts to ban reorientation therapies. Glassgold et al commented that the original article failed to represent the issues accurately and comprehensively. The current authors elaborate on the context in which their article was written and then comment on a couple of the points of criticism served by Glassgold et al. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Small, robust, and important: Reply to Sloan and Bagiella (2001).

Responds to R. P. Sloan and E. Bagiella's (see record 2001-06506-009)comments on the M. E. McCullough, et al (see record 2000-03769-001) article regarding religious involvement and morality. McCullough et al note that Sloan and Bagiella compared their findings with results from individual studies of hopelessness and physical activity that used criteria other than morality. The present authors argue that such comparisons are meaningless. Sloan and Bagiella's questioning of the statistical nonsignificance of the fully adjusted association is addressed. Methodological issues are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social learning family therapy versus parent training: Inconclusive.

Comments that methodological and interpretive issues raised by a study of a behavioral therapy program for aggressive behavior in elementary-school boys by T. V. Sayger et al (see record 1989-12762-001) limit conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The validity and appropriateness of methods, analyses, and conclusions in Rind et al. (1998): A rebuttal of victimological critique from Ondersma et al. (2001) and Dallam et al. (2001).

The authors respond to 2 victimological critiques of their 1998 meta-analysis on child sexual abuse (CSA). S. J. Dallam et al. (see record 2001-05308-002) (2001) claimed that B. Rind, P. Tromovitch, and R. Bauserman (see record 1998-04232-002) (1998) committed numerous methodological and statistical errors, and often miscoded and misinterpreted data. The authors show all these claims to be invalid. To the contrary, they demonstrate frequent bias in Dallam et al.'s criticisms. S. J. Ondersma et al. (see record 2001-05308-001) (2001) claimed that Rind et al.'s study is part of a backlash against psychotherapists, that its suggestions regarding CSA definitions were extrascientific, and that the moral standard is needed to understand CSA scientifically. The authors show their suggestions to have been scientific and argue that it is Ondersma et al.'s issue-framing and moral standard that are extrascientific. This reply supports the original methods, analyses, recommendations, and conclusions of Rind et al. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Letter to the editor.

Comments on the original article by M. A. Yarhouse et al (see record 2002-13988-007) which identified the ethical issues in efforts to ban reorientation therapies. Given the highly charged debate around reparative or conversation therapies, the current authors were disappointed in the approach taken by the authors in their discussion and review of the empirical research, scholarly literature, and ethical concerns. The authors assert that Yarhouse et al failed to represent the issues accurately and comprehensively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deficiencies in the detection of cognitive deficits.

Numerous studies purport to show that cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery is associated with persistent postoperative cognitive decline. In J. R. Keith et al. (2002), the authors argued that reports of post-CPB cognitive declines have often been quantified using data analysis methods that were based on tenuous assumptions and overlooked problems associated with familywise Type I errors. Four peers who are recognized for their expertise in neuropsychological outcomes research evaluated the arguments developed in the J. R. Keith et al. article, critiqued the study presented in that article, and offered suggestions for how to investigate whether cognitive decline occurs reliably after CPB. In this reply article, the authors respond to the open-peer commentaries made regarding the J. R. Keith et al. study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Killing the messenger.

Responds to the criticisms raised by B. Weiner et al (see record 1984-12301-001) of the present authors' (see record 1982-23594-001) findings of stereotypical sex differences in violent fantasies, noting that the researcher who brings news of sex differences tends to be unwelcome in the present political climate. It is asserted that the replication of these findings by Weiner et al ignored the content analysis (a crucial element of the research); thus, theirs was not a replication in any sense of the term. The present authors question whether the aim of Weiner et al was to explore the nature of violent fantasies or to criticize the authors for their findings. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of age-extended norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Recent studies by R. J. Ivnik et al (see record 1993-04116-001), J. F. Malec et al (see record 1993-04120-001), and J. J. Ryan et al (see record 1991-08835-001) have provided age-extended norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). The current study compared IQ scores based on these newer age-extended norms in 216 elderly Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Results showed that when the norms from Ryan et al were used, IQ scores were consistently the same as or higher than when WAIS—R manual norms were used. When the norms provided by Ivnik et al and Malec et al were used, IQ scores tended to be lower than WAIS—R manual norms for younger patients with more intellectual impairment. Results illustrate the importance of reporting the normative sample upon which IQ test scores for older adults are based and provide guidelines for selecting which set of age-extended WAIS—R norms to use with cognitively impaired elderly Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)