甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响

为了探究甲醇芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methanolicus）凝乳酶在马苏里拉干酪加工中的应用,分别以使用甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶、混合酶制剂（含质量分数10%甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶和90%商品凝乳酶）制作的马苏里拉干酪作为实验组,以商品凝乳酶干酪作为对照组,测定不同组别干酪成熟期间的蛋白水解特性、质构、风味和微观结构变化,研究甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响。结果表明,实验组干酪在成熟过程中pH值（4.6～5.3）、微生物数量（8.80～9.68（lg（CFU/g）））与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）;实验组干酪水分质量分数（混合酶干酪为（43.21±1.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（46.15±0.94）%）均显著高于对照组（（41.08±1.04）%）,得率（混合酶干酪为（9.27±0.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（9.46±0.16）%）也显著高于对照组（（8.98±0.13）%）（P＜0.05）;且实验组干酪的蛋白水解特性（pH 4.6时可溶性蛋白、酪蛋白水解程度和游离氨基酸质量分数）以及风味物质种类和相对含量等指标也优于对照组干酪。但是实验组中甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪保形性相对欠佳,感官评定得分偏低,混合酶干酪与对照组质构及感官基本得分一致,因此甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶可以作为商品酶的部分代替品应用于干酪的生产中。     

酒曲中产凝乳酶微生物菌株的分离筛选及鉴定

针对酒曲中的微生物进行分离纯化,得到11株细菌和2株真菌,并采用酪蛋白平板法和Arima时间法筛选出了1株产凝乳酶的细菌菌株编号为LB-51。通过形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌,将该产凝乳酶菌株命名为解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1。该菌株在液体LB培养基中发酵72 h产凝乳酶的凝乳活力为(431.53±15.89)SU/mL,蛋白水解活力为(5.05±0.59)U/mL,所产凝乳酶凝乳活力高而蛋白水解活力低,凝乳酶粗酶单位酶活力为1.54×10~5SU/g。解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1是分离筛选自酒曲中的一株高产凝乳酶细菌,因此其来源安全,可作为工业化候选菌株进一步研究开发。     

黄酒麦曲中产凝乳酶菌株的分离鉴定

本研究利用梯度稀释法和划线纯化法对黄酒麦曲中的微生物进行初筛,再利用酪蛋白平板法和液态培养基发酵法进行复筛,最终得到了两株产凝乳酶的优良细菌菌株LB-1和LB-2。通过形态学特征观察、生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,这两株菌分别确定为甲醇芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methanolicus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。根据凝乳活力曲线发现,这两株菌在发酵24 h时其发酵液的凝乳活力最高,分别为269.66±0.78 SU/m L和187.50±1.4 SU/m L,此时的蛋白水解活力分别为1.476±0.49 U/m L和1.29±1.41 U/m L,凝乳活力与蛋白水解活力比值(C/P)分别为187.50和145.34。通过凝乳效果评价,其发酵液所形成的凝块组织结构、质构参数和风味物质均与商品凝乳酶形成的凝块相当,适用于干酪的加工。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1凝乳酶在马苏里拉干酪中的应用

对分离自酒曲的1 株解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1发酵所产凝乳酶进行研究,该酶凝乳活力高而蛋白水解活力低,纯酶凝乳活力可达1.46×106 SU/g;使用该凝乳酶和商品凝乳酶制作马苏里拉干酪,并对干酪理化成分、成熟过程中pH值和微生物指标及干酪成熟前后质构特性、游离脂肪酸、可溶性蛋白、风味和干酪性能等指标进行对比分析。结果显示,理化成分上菌株凝乳酶与商品凝乳酶制作的干酪相接近（P＜0.05）。干酪在成熟过程中,发酵剂存活数先增加后减少,但其差异不大;菌株凝乳酶制作的干酪pH 4.6可溶性蛋白含量较多,干酪的游离氨基酸总量（76 mg/100 g）也高于商品凝乳酶制作的干酪游离氨基酸总量（55.3 mg/100 g）;菌株凝乳酶制作的干酪质构特性优于商品凝乳酶制作的干酪;电镜结果显示,菌株凝乳酶制作的干酪内部网状结构更充实;菌株凝乳酶具有稍强的蛋白水解活力,导致其制作的干酪风味物质种类多于商品凝乳酶制作的干酪,风味物质更加丰富。干酪样品的保形性和拉丝性实验测定结果显示,2 种凝乳酶制作的干酪性能差异不大（P＞0.05）;对2 种凝乳酶制作的干酪进行感官评定,其总评分相接近。以上结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1凝乳酶在一定程度上可代替小牛凝乳酶应用于马苏里拉干酪的生产。     

一株产凝乳酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质

采用酪蛋白培养基,从甘南牦牛放牧区分离筛选产凝乳酶细菌。通过形态学、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列同源分析对菌株进行鉴定,并对该菌株所产凝乳酶的特性进行了研究。从牧区采集的56个样品中共筛选得到6株产凝乳酶细菌,复筛得到一株凝乳活力高、蛋白水解力低的菌株GN4.1,经鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),在麸皮培养基中发酵48h,凝乳活力可达1011.56SU/mL,蛋白水解力为14.61U/mL。凝乳酶的最适作用温度为60℃,65℃加热10min后凝乳活力丧失;最适作用pH为5.5,在pH3.5～8.5内稳定性较好。预期该菌株所产凝乳酶有用于乳品加工业的潜力。     

原核表达重组牛凝乳酶原及重组牛凝乳酶酶学特性

凝乳酶能够专一性裂解κ-酪蛋白,是制造干酪的关键酶。运用大肠杆菌表达系统对牛凝乳酶原进行了原核表达和初步纯化,活化重组凝乳酶原及测定凝乳活性,对重组凝乳酶的酶学特性进行分析。结果表明:大肠杆菌表达的重组蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的66.3%,每升培养液可纯化约200 mg的重组凝乳酶原,活化后的凝乳酶活力可达600 000 SU/g。经测定凝乳酶最适作用温度为57⁶2℃,并在pH 262℃,并在pH 2⁷、低于40℃的温度范围内稳定。金属离子中Al3+,Fe3+和Cu2+能显著增强酶活;胃蛋白酶抑制剂pepstatin A对酶有明显的抑制作用。     

产凝乳酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌的诱变选育

为了获得高产凝乳酶菌株,以产凝乳酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,采用紫外线和硫酸二乙酯进行诱变。诱变后筛选得了一个突变株L-6,凝乳活力为1419.7 SU/m L,比原始菌株提高了40.2%;水解活力降低了22.39%,凝乳活力与蛋白水解活力的比值为125.64,比出发菌株提高了81.32%。传代实验表明,该菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

江米酒凝乳酶酶学特性的研究

江米酒中的凝乳酶是引起我国传统乳制品米酒奶凝乳的原因.本实验对从江米酒中纯化得到的凝乳酶的酶学特性进行了研究.纯化凝乳酶的最适反应温度为45℃,酶活力在45～55℃之间比较稳定.纯化凝乳酶的最适反应pH为5.5,酶活力在pH值3.0～7.0之间比较稳定.Na 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Fe2 均对凝乳酶的凝乳活力有促进作用,其中Ca2 对凝乳酶的凝乳活力有着显著地促进作用,Cu2 对凝乳活力有抑制作用.凝乳酶特异性的水解酪蛋白,而对乳白蛋白和乳球蛋白不产生水解作用.凝乳酶的酶切主要位点在α-酪蛋白第95位M的N-端,同时还存在其他酶切位点.     

牛凝乳酶原基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及活性检测

以实验室保存的携带凝乳酶原前体基因的重组载体pMD 19-T/bPPC为模板克隆凝乳酶原基因,经双酶切后与载体pET-30a连接得到重组载体pET-30a/bPC,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导后,采用SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白表达情况。重组蛋白经变性/复性、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow纯化和自催化后检测凝乳活性。结果表明,重组凝乳酶原基因在大肠杆菌中高效表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的68%,采用Arima K方法检测,其凝乳活力达到80 SU/mL。因此,通过大肠杆菌表达系统大量制备具有生物活性的重组牛凝乳酶原的策略是可行的,研究结果为弥补国内天然牛凝乳酶的短缺提供一种途径。     

枯草芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及其酶解特性

研究枯草芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶基因（BsCsn46）在巴斯德毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）GS115中的高效表达、重组酶性质及其酶解特性。重组菌在5 L发酵罐高密度发酵后胞外酶活力高达50 370 U/mL,蛋白质量浓度15.7 mg/mL。粗酶经强阴离子交换层析纯化,纯酶比活力为4 065.7 U/mg,最适pH 6.0,最适温度55 ℃,在45 ℃以下保持稳定。该酶水解3 g/100 mL壳聚糖得到主产物为二糖、三糖和四糖的壳寡糖,水解率为92.8%,壳寡糖得率为90.9%。本研究的重组壳聚糖酶产酶水平和水解效率高,为工业化制备壳聚糖酶及大规模制备壳寡糖的应用提供了理论支持。     

Production,purification and characterization of a milk clotting enzyme from Bacillus methanolicus LB-1

Food Science and Biotechnology - Bacillus methanolicus LB-1 isolated from traditional rice wine was found to produce a milk clotting enzyme (MCE), and its fermentation conditions were optimized...     

Characterization of ginger proteases and their potential as a rennin replacement

BACKGROUND: Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) contains ginger proteases and has proteolytic activity. Ginger proteases have been used for tenderizing meat but rarely for milk clotting. The purpose of this study was to purify ginger proteases and to research their biochemical characteristics. RESULTS: The milk clotting activity (MCA) and proteolytic activity (PA) of the proteases was stable after storage at 4 °C for 24 h. The MCA and PA of fresh ginger juice with 0.2% L ‐ascorbic acid remained stable for 6 days at 4 °C. When under storage at ?80 °C for 2 months, the MCA and PA of the fresh ginger juice and acetone precipitate were still high. Two peaks with protease activity were purified from a DEAE FF ion‐exchange column; the specific activity (units mg^?1 protein) of the MCA (MCSA) and PA (PSA) for the first peak was significantly higher than the second peak (P < 0.05). The protease activity of the ginger proteases was significantly inhibited by E‐64, leupeptin, and iodoacetic acid. Zymography results showed that two protease fractions purified from ginger juice with 62 and 82 kDa had a higher PA against α‐ and β‐casein than against κ‐casein. CONCLUSION: The ascorbic acid addition significantly stabilized the MCA and PA of ginger proteases. The protease inhibition test suggested that ginger proteases belonged to the cysteine type. The biochemical characteristics of ginger protease described in this paper can provide useful information for making new milk curd products. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

TELEME PRODUCTION BY PURIFIED FICIN

Fig tree latex (ficin) was stepwise purified by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100, and then utilized in the production of teleme. Following ion exchange chromatography, the milk clotting to proteolytic activity ratio (MCA/PA) increased from 1.97 to 3.1 and following gel filtration, to 7.4. The purified fraction gave better chemical and sensory properties than teleme made by fig tree latex. The protein content of teleme made by fig tree latex and the purified fraction were 3.90 and 6.50%, respectively. Syneresis in teleme decreased from 95% to 85% upon purification of the proteolytic enzymes. Exclusion of proteolytic activity appears to be essential to improve the quality of teleme.     

Plasminogen activation system in goat milk and its relation with composition and coagulation properties

The activity of plasmin (PL), plasminogen (PG), and plasminogen activator (PA) and their correlation with goat milk components and milk clotting parameters were investigated. Seven late-lactating Saanen goats were used to provide milk samples that were analyzed for PL, PG, and PA activity (colorimetric assay) fat, protein, noncasein nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, casein content, and somatic cell count (SCC). Milk clotting parameters (rennet coagulating time = coagulation time; K20 = firming rate of curd; A30 = curd firmness) were measured with a formagraph. Average milk yield and composition were similar to those previously observed in other studies. Plasmin, PG, and PA activity, expressed as units/ml, were, respectively, 20.04 +/- 0.94, 3.21 +/- 0.04, and 1154 +/- 57.61. Plasminogen activity was surprisingly low compared with other species (bovine, ovine), but it was consistent with the high activity of PA. A negative significant correlation was observed between PL and milk casein content. The correlation coefficients between PL and casein/protein ratio and PA and casein/protein ratio were negative and significant. A positive significant correlation was observed between PL and rennet clotting time and PA and rennet clotting time. Also positive was the correlation between PL and K20 and PA and K20. The plasmin activity was negatively correlated with A30. High plasmin and plasminogen activator activity in goat milk appeared to be negatively related with coagulating properties in late lactation, most probably via degradation of casein due to plasmin activity.     

Characteristics of Miniature Cheddar‐Type Cheese Made by Microbial Rennet from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: A Comparison with Commercial Calf Rennet

Miniature Cheddar‐type cheeses were produced using microbial rennet from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (milk‐clotting enzyme [MCE]) or calf rennet (CAR). With the exception of pH, there were no significant differences in gross composition between MCE‐cheese (MCE‐C) and CAR‐cheese (CAR‐C). The pH value of CAR‐C was significantly higher than that of MCE‐C at 40 and 60 d of ripening. The total nitrogen content of the pH 4.6‐soluble fraction obtained from MCE‐C was higher than that obtained from CAR‐C. However, nitrogen content of the 12% TCA‐soluble fraction was similar between CAR‐C and MCE‐C. The extent of α_s1‐casein and β‐casein hydrolysis, measured by urea‐PAGE, was similar in both cheese samples. The hydrolysis of β‐casein was lower than that of α_s1‐casein. Different reverse phase‐high‐performance liquid chromatography peptide profiles of ethanol‐soluble and ethanol‐insoluble fractions were obtained from CAR‐C and MCE‐C. The peptide content in the 2 cheese samples increased throughout ripening; the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic peptides was lower in MCE‐C than in CAR‐C. Compared with CAR‐C, MCE‐C was softer as a result of higher protein hydrolysis. Microbial rennet from B. amyloliquefaciens contributed to higher proteolytic rates, which reduced ripening time.     

A two-stage oxygen supply control strategy for enhancing milk-clotting enzyme production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

To enhance the yield and productivity of milk-clotting enzyme (MCE) by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a two-stage oxygen supply control strategy was proposed and successfully applied in the MCE fermentation. During the first 16?h, K_La was controlled at 72.2?h^?1 to obtain high cell growth rate (v) and MCE activity (MCA) productivity (r _MCA). Subsequently, K_La was controlled at 33.9?h^?1 to maintain high specific MCA productivity (q _MCA). Using this strategy, MCA peaked at 36?h with the MCA of 6,590.41?SU?ml^?1, which was 18?h earlier than other investigated processes. The concept and results described represent the basis of an industrial scale-up process to achieve high MCE yield, MCA productivity and MCA/proteolytic activity.     

Altering palmitic acid and stearic acid ratios in the diet of early-lactation Holsteins under heat stress: Feed intake,digestibility, feeding behavior,milk yield and composition,and plasma metabolites

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of varying the ratio of dietary palmitic (C16:0; PA) and stearic (C18:0; SA) acids on nutrient digestibility, production, and blood metabolites of early-lactation Holsteins under mild-to-moderate heat stress. Eight multiparous Holsteins (body weight = 589 ± 45 kg; days in milk = 51 ± 8 d; milk production = 38.5 ± 2.4 kg/d; mean ± standard deviation) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (21-d periods inclusive of 7-d data collection). The PA (88.9%)- and SA (88.5%)-enriched fat supplements, either individually or in combination, were added to diets at 2% of dry matter (DM) to formulate the following treatments: (1) 100PA:0SA (100% PA + 0% SA), (2) 66PA:34SA (66% PA + 34% SA), (3) 34PA:66SA (34% PA + 66% SA), and (4) 0PA:100SA (0% PA + 100% SA). Diets offered, in the form of total mixed rations, were formulated to be isonitrogenous (crude protein = 17.2% of DM) and isocaloric (net energy for lactation = 1.69 Mcal/kg DM), with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. Ambient temperature-humidity index averaged 72.9 throughout the experiment, suggesting that cows were under mild-to-moderate heat stress. No differences in DM intake across treatments were detected (mean 23.5 ± 0.64 kg/d). Increasing the dietary proportion of SA resulted in a linear decrease in total-tract digestibility of total fatty acids, but organic matter, DM, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein digestibilities were not different across treatments. Decreasing dietary PA-to-SA had no effect on the time spent eating (340 min/d), rumination (460 min/d), and chewing (808 min/d). As dietary PA-to-SA decreased, milk fat concentration and yield decreased linearly, resulting in a linear decrease of 3.5% fat-corrected milk production and milk fat-to-protein ratio. Feed efficiency expressed as kg 3.5% fat-corrected milk/kg DM intake decreased linearly with decreasing the proportion of PA-to-SA in the diet. Treatments had no effect on milk protein and lactose content. A linear increase in de novo and preformed fatty acids was identified as the ratio of PA to SA decreased, while PA and SA concentrations of milk fat decreased and increased linearly, respectively. A linear reduction in blood nonesterified fatty acids and glucose was detected as the ratio of PA to SA decreased. Insulin concentration increased linearly from 10.3 in 100PA:0SA to 13.1 µIU/mL in 0PA:100SA, whereas blood β-hydroxybutyric acid was not different across treatments. In conclusion, the heat-stressed Holsteins in early-lactation phase fed diets richer in PA versus SA produced greater fat-corrected milk and were more efficient in converting feed to fat-corrected milk.     

Modeling Milk Clotting Activity in the Continuous Production of Microbial Rennet from Mucor miehei

Production of microbial rennet, a milk clotting enzyme, from a commercial strain of Mucor miehei (NRRL 3420) was investigated in a continuously fed fermenter system for prolonged periods. The spherical film-wise growth of the culture has been accomplished and the effects of medium pH, mixing and dilution rates, and feed of D-glucose concentration on milk clotting activity was investigated. In model simulation studies, maximum milk clotting activity was generated from a multiple linear function. This was expressed in terms of fermentation medium pH, D-glucose, dissolved oxygen concentrations and dilution rate at the time of maximum milk clotting activity.     

微小毛霉凝乳酶基因的克隆与表达

微小毛霉(Mucor pusillus)凝乳酶是微生物凝乳酶的主要来源之一,但与传统的牛凝乳酶比较具有一定的缺陷。为将其采用基因工程的方法进行改造获得理想的凝乳酶,本研究克隆到微小毛霉凝乳酶基因,将其插入原核表达载体pTWlN1中,使之与几丁质结合域(CBD)一内含肽(intein)融合,获得原核表达质粒pTWIN1/M。转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),后经IPTG诱导后进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析,获得了重组蛋白。