A new method for discrimination of ground faults causes in distribution lines

Since most problems in distribution lines are ground faults, the technology to distinguish the causes in the distribution lines will be very useful in preventing faults beforehand or, at least finding any problems at an early stage. The waveforms of ground faults which were collected from data concerning problems in the distribution lines and ground fault experiment are analyzed. The technology which could predict classified groups drawn from the scale of I₀ (the waveform of ground fault current) and V₀ (the waveform of ground fault voltage), and both of them in the ground faults is studied. The results demonstrated that I₀ could be classified into three groups, that is, leaking ground faults are sine curve shaped, gap discharge ground faults are triangular, and intermittent discharge ground faults are needle shaped. Also, simulated equivalent impedance of the causes of ground faults by EMTP is calculated. Furthermore, the influence caused by the condition of the distribution lines is investigated. With these results, a technique is proposed which could predict the cause of problems in ground faults.     

利用多次扰动电流波形特征的配电网相间永久故障识别方法

针对配电网相间故障后自动重合闸盲目重合于永久性故障的问题,提出一种利用多次扰动电流波形特征的配电网相间重合前永久故障识别方法。配电线路相间故障三相跳闸后,依次对3个相间回路施加高频电压扰动。永久故障时故障相间回路、非故障相间回路均包含过渡电阻支路,而瞬时故障熄弧后即无故障时各相间回路均不受过渡电阻支路影响,永久故障和瞬时故障时对应的相间回路扰动电流的波形存在显著差异,利用该差异进行相间回路状态甄别。进一步利用Hausdorff距离系数H表征扰动电流波形的差异,若在判别周期内多次扰动电流的波形高度一致,即H值接近于0,则判为相间永久性故障。并构造了基于Hausdorff距离系数的永久故障识别判据和实现方案。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真计算与实验验证结果表明,该方法可有效判别永久性故障,并且基本不受过渡电阻、故障位置的影响。     

Diagnosis of Stator‐Winding‐Turn Faults of Induction Motor by Direct Detection of Negative Sequence Currents

In an AC motor, the quick detection of an initially small fault is important for preventing any consequent large fault. Various detection approaches have been proposed in previous papers, for example, by the Park vector (PV), AI techniques, wavelet analysis, and negative sequence analysis. This paper proposes a method for diagnosing a stator winding fault in an induction motor by the direct detection of its negative sequence current. Before starting the diagnosis, the asymmetry admittances for the considered fault cases are obtained by analysis or simulation. The amplitude and phase of the positive sequence voltage, V_p, and of the positive sequence current, I_p, are extracted from the voltage PV and current PV, respectively. The amplitude and phase of the negative sequence, I_n, are extracted from the residue. The asymmetry admittance, Y_a, is calculated from I_n and V_p. When the positive sequence admittance is known, Y_a can also be calculated from Y_p, I_p, and I_n. These steps are repeated for each sample time and the motor condition is diagnosed according to the variations in the Y_a values. The simulation and experimental results are also shown, and the proposed method is investigated and validated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 75–84, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22350     

基于暂态电流波形斜率的中压柔性直流配电线路故障定位方法

为了提高中压柔性直流配电网的安全稳定运行能力,提出了一种基于暂态电流波形斜率的中压柔性直流配电线路故障定位新方法。通过分析时域内的单极接地短路故障、双极短路故障暂态特性,发现不同故障类型下暂态电流突变点的波形切线斜率不受电容放电形式的影响,暂态电流波形切线斜率与故障点位置构呈反比例型函数关系。利用正、负极电压梯度判别故障类型与故障极,针对不同故障类型,利用线路两端故障暂态电流波形的切线斜率求解故障距离。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性与准确性,其能够在不同故障类型、不同故障距离、不同过渡电阻的情况下精确定位故障点位置。     

基于零序电流-电压微分特性的小电阻接地系统单相接地故障保护原理

中性点经小电阻接地的系统适用于电缆居多的配电网,然而由于配网馈线所处环境复杂,造成了现有的基于零序电流阶段式的保护方案无法满足单相高阻接地故障快速、灵敏地检测需求.针对此现象,文中通过分析故障线路和非故障线路零序电流-零序电压的关系,寻求两者不同的故障特征,由此提出一种基于线路零序电流与母线零序电压微分值波形相似度的保护算法.所提保护算法通过对线路的零序电流和零序电压进行采样,并根据线路零序电流与母线零序电压微分值的波形相似度来判断线路是否发生单相接地故障,可大大提高单相高阻接地故障保护的灵敏度.通过PSCAD仿真测试验证了该算法的有效性.     

New balance ground relay for parallel four-circuit transmission lines

A 66-kV network generally is grounded through a neutral grounding resistor. In this network a single-phase ground-fault current is limited to as small as 100 to 400 A. There are parallel four-circuit transmission lines mounted on the same tower in the 66-kV network. In such transmission lines, the load and the fault currents could induce circulating current that flows through the lines. Since the circulating current has zero-phase-sequence and negative-phase-sequence components, it could cause unwanted operation of a balance ground relay using zero-phase-sequence current. However, it is difficult to compensate for the circulating current by the conventional vector compensation scheme. This paper presents a new balance ground relay to deal with the circulating current. In the relay from the ground-fault inception until first tripping, the difference current Δ3I_2d of negative-phase-sequence current 3I_2d of the differential current between two protected lines is used as an input current. The Δ3I_2d is the difference current of 3I_2d between, before and during faults. After the first tripping, the difference current of positive-phase-sequence load current and zero-phase-sequence current of the forementioned differential current are used as an input current. Consequently, a higher sensitivity of the ground-fault protection for these lines has been achieved. The correct operation of the new balance ground relay was confirmed when a single-phase-ground-fault occurred in the parallel four-circuit transmission lines, to which the relay is applied.     

Simulation of slow current transients and current collapse in GaN FETs

Two-dimensional transient simulations of GaN MESFETs are performed in which a three-level compensation model is adopted for a semi-insulating buffer layer, where a shallow donor, a deep donor and a deep acceptor are considered. When the drain voltage V _D is raised abruptly (while keeping the gate voltage V _G constant), the drain current I _D overshoots the steady-state value, and when V _D is lowered abruptly, I _D remains a low value for some periods, showing drain-lag behavior. These are explained by the deep donor’s electron capturing and electron emission processes. We also calculate a case when both V _D and V _G are changed abruptly from an off point, and quasi-pulsed I-V curves are derived from the transient characteristics. It is shown that the drain currents in the pulsed I-V curves are rather lower than those in the steady state, indicating that so-called current collapse could occur due to deep levels in the semi-insulating buffer layer. It is also shown that the current collapse is more pronounced when V _D is lowered from a higher voltage during turn-on, because the trapping effects become more significant.     

A pulsed power supply with sag compensation using controlled gradational voltage

A pulsed power supply with sag compensation using controlled gradational voltage to increase the flatness of output waveforms has been developed. The sag compensation circuit consists of compensation units connected in series. Each compensation unit consists of capacitances, diodes, and semiconductor switches. The capacitances of each unit are charged with different voltages by 2ⁿ(V₀,2V₀,4V₀,…). The compensation voltage, which has 2ⁿ?1 steps, is generated by switching the semiconductor switches of each unit in a binary sequence. Using this method, compensation voltage waveforms up to 6.2 kV with 31 steps can be obtained with five compensation units. The sag compensation circuit has been adapted to a direct switch‐type pulsed power supply, which generates 7 kV pulsed voltage with a pulse width of 700µs, thus realizing sag compensation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(4): 54–63, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20017     

基于波形比较的架空配电线路故障离线定位自动计算方法

现有的架空配电线路在线故障定位方法存在只能确定故障区段的不足,离线故障定位方法则存在故障定位灵敏度低与精度差的问题.针对上述问题,建立高压脉冲冲击线路响应模型,通过分析故障线路电流分布特征与波形差异,提出了一种基于波形比较的架空配电线路故障离线定位自动计算方法.该方法使用高压脉冲信号发生器向故障线路注入直流脉冲信号,以相关系数作为波形相似程度的判别依据,通过分析不同测量点电流波形与基准电流波形的相似性差异,实现了故障定位的自动计算,解决了故障尤其是经高阻接地故障定位灵敏度低的问题.分析了不同磁场测量方式与基准信号参考点的选取对故障定位精度的影响,完善了故障离线定位体系,提高了定位精度.仿真以及实际试验表明,该方法可有效实现故障点的精确定位.     

Characteristic measurement of discharge current injected by the air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground

An immunity testing method for electrostatic discharge (ESD) is being specified in IEC 61000‐4‐2, in which the contact discharge of an ESD gun is being normally specified. Air discharge testing is known to be a severe immunity test compared to contact discharge testing, while the discharge current injected is not well reproduced. Grasping the behavior of the current injected by the air discharge would be helpful in establishing the worst‐case ESD immunity testing. We previously measured the discharge currents for air discharge testing onto the IEC‐recommended current transducer with a commercially available ESD gun, and showed that there exists a specific relationship of Ip·tr^ξ/V_c=constant (ξ=0.75), between rise time tr and current peak Ip. The current transducer, however, has a frequency‐dependent transfer impedance which should affect the measured current waveform. In this study, we investigated whether the above‐mentioned specific relationship can be obtained for air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground that assumes a metal enclosure of electronic equipment under test. A method was presented for estimating the discharge current from simultaneously measured magnetic fields with two magnetic field probes regardless of the distance between the gun discharge‐point and the probe position. This method was validated for contact discharge of an ESD gun to an SMA connector. With this method, we estimated the discharge currents injected onto a ground for air discharge testing of an ESD gun with intentionally fast and slow approaches. As a result, we could confirm a specific relationship between rise time tr and current peak Ip of Ip·tr^ξ/V_c=constant with ξ=0.57 independent of charge voltages and gun approaches. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 51– 59, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20454     

Magnetic noise caused by output waveform harmonics of voltage-source inverters

Harmonic components included in the output waveforms of inverter circuits cause magnetic noise, that is, audio noise, from the output transformers or load motors. To estimate the magnetic noise due to the harmonic components, we have already proposed the equivalent noise voltage E_s and current I_s. In this paper, by applying the aforementioned E_s, we compare quantitatively the magnetic noise in the various ordinary voltage-source inverters, both PWM inverters with multipulse waveforms and PAM inverters with multistep waveforms. Then, to reduce the magnetic noise, the output waveforms of the PWM inverters are improved by applying E_s into the idea of harmonic elimination. Moreover, by employing PAM system as voltage regulation in the aforementioned method, the more improved output waveforms can be obtained with lower noise and also lower distortion.     

基于优化卷积神经网络的电缆早期故障分类识别

准确识别电缆早期故障是及时消除故障隐患的必要前提。提出基于卷积神经网络的电缆早期故障分类识别的方法,可从含恒定阻抗故障、励磁涌流、电容投切扰动的过电流信号中准确识别电缆早期故障。通过小波变换提取过电流信号特征,构建卷积神经网络,进行训练调整网络参数形成输入特征与类别编码之间的映射关系。为解决训练过拟合和学习效率的问题,通过修正损失函数和采用自适应学习率的方法优化卷积神经网络。仿真结果表明,所提方法能对过电流信号进行有效分类,准确识别电缆早期故障,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

Characteristics and classification of high-current fault arcs on distribution systems

When a fault occurs on transmission or distribution systems due to lightning or overvoltage, often an arc discharge occurs at the fault point. The arc discharge, which is caused by a fault current, has a high current, high temperature, strong light emission, etc., thus it sometimes causes heavy damages to electric power equipment. The arc discharge is influenced by the conditions around the arcs, i.e., gas, insulation materials, gap length, weather, etc. Also, the arc voltage along the arc column indicates the characteristics of the arc. If the voltage waveforms of the arcs caused by the fault on transmission or distribution systems are classified, it is possible to find the location and the equipment where the fault occurred. In this paper, the arc voltage data in 6-kV class XLPE cables and 6-kV class overhead lines are analyzed and an artificial neural network method is applied to classify the arc voltage waveforms. The results obtained from the six artificial neural networks developed show that the artificial neural network method is effective for classification of arc voltage waveforms if adequate input parameters are selected.     

Analysis of one-line ground fault surge on simulated overhead distribution line

One-line fault location techniques of intermittent ground fault points on nongrounded distribution lines are necessary to supply steady electric power for customers. This paper proposes a novel method that uses frequency spectra of transient waveforms at a sending end when an intermittent ground fault occurs. In this method, if a ground fault position differs, it causes a different frequency spectrum pattern for the current or voltage transients at a send end (decided by surge reflection phenomena between the sending end and the ground fault point). Comparison between experimental data of one-line ground fault tests on a simulated overhead line (373 m line length, two branch points) and digital simulation analyses shows that the grounded capacitance of a power source transformer was useful in locating the ground fault point. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (1): 52–60, 1997     

Directional relays without voltage sensors for distribution networks with distributed generation: Use of symmetrical components

This paper presents two local algorithms using only currents measurements that could be used as a back-up protection (after the loss of the voltage sensors) in directional relays for distribution networks with distributed generation (DG), or as additional directional relay dispatched along the feeders. These algorithms are based on the symmetrical components (0-zero, 1-positive and 2-negative sequences) of the 3-phases currents. Due to the power flows generated by the DG the positive sequence current argument is unforeseeable, thus it is not possible to use only the positive sequence. Then, we first propose in this paper an algorithm using the I₂/I₀ ratio to locate a phase-to-ground fault upstream or downstream the detector. The second algorithm measures the zero and positive sequence components of the fifth harmonic of the current and calculates the I_{0_5}/I_{1_5} ratio. The performances of these algorithms are analysed for several DG power, fault resistance, capacitive current and neutral grounding (resistive and compensative grounding). The fluctuations of the phasors measurements is also taken into account in the range ±5% for the modulus and ±5° for the argument. The present paper shows that these algorithms can be reliable in the major part of the studied cases.     

利用电压相关性的±800kV直流输电线路区内外故障判断方法

对--800-kV直流输电线路区内及区外故障分量附加网络的理论分析表明,当直流输电线路发生区内故障时,于故障启动元件响应之后的短数据窗内,线路两侧电压电流故障分量均满足平波电感元件性能方程(voltage current relation,VCR);当发生区外故障时,故障侧的电压电流故障分量则不满足平波电感元件的VCR。为此,提出了基于实测电压与计算电压相关性的区内外故障判断方法:直流线路发生区内故障时,运用线路两侧实测电流由平波电感元件VCR分别计算两侧的电压,计算所得的电压波形与实测电压波形正相关,且数值很大;发生区外故障时,则故障侧计算所得的电压波形与实测电压波形负相关。据此,利用线路两侧计算的电压波形与实测电压波形的相关系数构造区内外故障识别判据。仿真结果表明,该识别算法可灵敏区识别内故障并可靠识别区外故障,可用于加速直流输电线路的后备保护动作。     

Investigation of partial discharge mechanism by simultaneous measurement of current waveform and light emission

We observed current pulse waveforms of partial discharge (PD) in SF₆ gas so as to investigate the PD mechanism. We also measured light intensity and light emission image of PD simultaneously under different conditions of applies voltage and SF₆ gas pressure. From these experiments, we found that the “double-peak current waveform” appeared at high pressure and high voltage conditions. We also analyzed the mutual correlation of waveforms between a single current and the light emission. Moreover, we obtained experimental evidence of filmentlike light image appearing at the PD tip under the same condition with double-peak current waveform. From the electric field analysis around the needle electrode tip, we believe that the filamentlike light image expands beyond the critical electric field of SF₆ gas. Thus, we concluded that these current waveforms with double peaks showed evidence of leader-type PD, leading to breakdown. Finally, we could point out that leader-type PD should be distinguished and measured for the diagnosis of GIS insulation performance. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(4): 58–65, 1999     

基于零序电流波形相似度的接地故障定位方法

为了准确定位小电流接地系统中单相接地故障点,在中心站故障定位系统架构下,基于暂态录波故障指示器,将故障定位转化为比较零序电流相似度的问题。在对线路拓扑结构采用六位数编码进行描述的基础上,设计了基于离散均方根距离的故障定位算法。通过仿真模拟实际运行中可能出现的各种接地故障,并进行定位试验。测试结果表明,将对比零序电流波形相似度应用到配电自动化在线监测领域中进行接地故障定位是可行的。     

Study concerning production of lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage power distribution lines

In order to study lightning problems of low‐voltage power distribution lines, lightning overvoltage waveforms were observed inside the homes of customers. The cause of lightning overvoltages was examined from observation of striking points by still cameras. Lightning overvoltages of 62 waveforms were recorded by observation over a period of about 3 1/2 years. Observed waveforms can be classified into three types of single polarity (positive or negative), both polarities (which change from positive to negative or negative to positive), and pulsive waveform. The causes of these lightning overvoltages which were estimated from striking points are shown as follows: (1) Induced lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage distribution lines. (2)   Electric potential rise due to discharge of surge arresters or current of overhead ground wire. (3)   Shift of lightning overvoltages from high‐voltage side of transformer to low‐voltage side, which is due to electromagnetic induction. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 66–75, 2000     

基于小波包变换和高阶累积量的电弧故障识别方法

当低压配电系统接入混合负载或在支路中出现电弧故障时,电弧故障识别难度大幅提升。针对此类电弧故障,提出一种基于小波包变换与高阶累积量相结合的电弧故障识别方法。首先采集不同负载、支路电弧故障下的电压、电流数据,建立电弧故障波形数据库;然后利用小波包变换对电弧电流信号进行分析,通过对多种试验数据进行分析,确定了通用电弧特征频带,对电弧电流波形进行重构作为电弧特征信号;通过分析故障电弧特征信号的4阶累积量值,提出了一种能够在时域中识别电弧故障的判据。该判据可以准确、快速地识别单一负载、混合负载以及支路电弧等情况下的电弧故障,且能够较为准确地检测电弧故障发生的时刻,为复杂电弧故障识别及起弧时刻的研究提供参考。