Analysis of accessing to the nearest and to the strongest base station in femtocell networks

The deployment of femtocells can effectively improve the capacity of cellular networks without significant increase in the network management costs. Femtocell base stations are usually installed by users, which poses unique challenges for future mobile communication standards. The randomness of the locations of femtocells brings us many difficulties to analyze and compare. In this paper, we explore the performance on two different access methods under Rayleigh fading channel: accessing to the nearest and accessing to the strongest femtocell base station. Two performance indexes are of most interest in this paper: how the different path loss exponents and femtocell densities affect the difference of performance between the two different access methods. In the first part of this paper, the distributions of received strength for both access methods are achieved, in which we elaborate the characteristics of received signal strength including the cumulative distribution and the median signal strength. In the second part, we explore the characteristic of SINR distribution, which can be interpreted as the probability of coverage. This paper provides detailed illustrations about how performance changes for these two different access methods under Rayleigh fading channel. All results are mathematically tractable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

IEEE 802.11n的室内覆盖规划研究

为弥补蜂窝网室内覆盖不足,本文讨论了基于IEEE 802.11n的无线局域网室内规划方法.该方法结合无线局域网室内覆盖的实测参数和对数距离路径损耗模型,采用覆盖优先的规划原则,提出一种适用于对称室内布局的覆盖接入点或天线位置的部署规划算法.试验表明,以该方法进行规划的仿真结果和实测结果基本一致,且能保证大部分区域的信号强度大于-75dbm.该方法不仅实现了无线局域网室内无缝覆盖,而且避免了大量的现场测量工作.     

WiMAX Network for Capacity and Coverage Assessment

This article represents the system performance and its operation stability of a fixed worldwide interoperability for microwave access network operating with point to multipoint technology. It provides broadband access in fixed locations for mixed environments in Greater Noida, UP, India. The Field measurement for its capacity and coverage are recorded simultaneously to optimize a network by raising customer premises equipment (CPE) antenna height. This process is not going to alter any technical parameters of a network. CPE antenna is a directional antenna facing towards base station to achieve optimum LOS reception. The net changes in RSS 10–17 dBm, DTR 512–1.8 Mbps, path loss exponent 0.5–0.9 and standard deviation of 1.2–2.3 were observed by raising CPE antenna height of 2–5 m above the prescribed height. The path loss exponents for different environments are obtained using least squares method based on measured data by MatLab statistics tool. Standard deviations of signal strength variability with distance are derived. Real coverage of a network is presented based upon path loss exponent and standard deviation. Our result suggest that, raising the height of CPE antenna can reduce transmitted power, there for reducing overall maintenance cost and system interference in future.     

Neural network-based path loss model for cellular mobile networks at 800 and 1800 MHz bands

Cellular radio communication systems have become essential for data/voice/video/multimedia applications. The performance of cellular communication radio systems is assessed by considering the design specifications of frequency planning, channel assignment and interference mitigation strategies among others. Frequency planning is the most important component to improve capacity or quality of cellular radio systems. Large-scale path loss values between the base station and mobile stations are the key regulating factors that limit the performance of cellular systems, especially in urban/vegetation region. There is a necessity to develop a suitable path loss prediction model for predicting path loss values based on received signal strength measurements. In this paper, an ANN-based path loss model was used for macro cell measurement data obtained in the Vijayawada urban region, India. The Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network model was considered. The prediction results indicate that the ANN model outperformed the Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) and COST-231-WImodels. The outcome of this research work will be immensely useful for improving coverage and ensuring better frequency planning of cellular radio systems.     

Sensor-assisted localization in cellular systems

We investigate the use of an auxiliary network of sensors to locate mobiles in a cellular system, based on the received signal strength at the sensor receivers from a mobile's transmission. The investigation uses a generic path loss model incorporating distance effects and spatially correlated shadow fading. We describe four simple localization schemes and show that they all meet E-911 requirements in most environments. Performance can be further improved by implementing the MMSE algorithm, which ideally reaches the Cramer-Rao bound. We compare the MMSE algorithm and the four simple schemes when the model parameters are estimated via inter-sensor measurements.     

Prediction of urban propagation loss

Two significantly different methods to calculate the path loss in urban areas are investigated in order to test their applicability to predicting the received power of a broadband DAB signal for mobile reception. The results were verified by broadband measurements of the received power in a DAB single-frequency network recently installed in Munich. Although these methods use totally different approaches to calculate the path loss, their predictions of the mean received power are of comparable accuracy. However, in order to cope with the need of a coverage for 99% of the locations for a digital service and mobile reception, it is worthwhile to use rather complex methods that are capable of providing information about the local variation of the signal. One such method will be described in this paper     

Estimation of Path Loss Model for a 2.65 GHz Mobile WiMAX Network Deployed in a Sub-Urban Environment with Regression Techniques

Deployment of an efficient cellular network is considered as a challenging task as it affects the performance measures like data rate, bit error rate, spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency etc. For this, the foremost important step is developing an accurate path loss model for the network in the deployment region. In this paper, an empirical path loss model is estimated for an IEEE 802.16e standardised WiMAX network operating on a carrier frequency of 2.65 GHz deployed in a sub-urban area. An experimental setup is designed for collecting the parameters such as carrier to interference plus noise ratio (CINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for the concerned network and with the help of regression technique, the path loss model is formulated. The relationships between CINR, RSSI, and the distance between base station and customer premise equipment are formulated. The distributions of RSSI, CINR and path loss for the concerned network are also found out. Then by using the proposed path loss model, link budget analysis is performed. From the analysis, it is concluded that the proposed path loss model closely approximates to Stanford University Interim model with path loss exponent value of 3.45.     

Performance study of hybrid spectrum access scheme in millimeter wave cellular network

In millimeter wave cellular networks,the spectrum efficiency of multi-operator dual frequency hybrid spectrum access scheme under open access mode was studied.Firstly,Poisson point process was used to model the distribution of base stations of each operator,the base station and carrier frequency were selected by users based on maximum received power criterion and high frequency carrier signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) threshold access criterion respectively.Secondly,the rate coverage was used as performance criteria to study the spectrum efficiency,and the theoretical expression of rate coverage was derived based on stochastic geometry theory according to channel model,path loss model and antenna model.Finally,the influence of user density,base station density and antenna gain on rate coverage was analyzed by simulation.The experimental results show that the multi-operator dual frequency hybrid spectrum access scheme has better spectrum utilization efficiency.     

39 GHz室外微蜂窝信道测量、建模与仿真研究

基于39 GHz室外微蜂窝场景实测数据,开展了毫米波段路径损耗、阴影衰落和大尺度参数的建模与仿真研究.介绍了毫米波段喇叭旋转测量系统下空间交替广义期望最大化(Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation-maximization,SAGE)算法信号模型,优化的分簇算法与莱斯因子计算方法.基于SAGE提取多径参数,利用优化的分簇算法提取并分析了簇参数,包括簇内角度扩展、簇内时延扩展以及簇的数目,并根据测量结果验证了第三代合作伙伴计划(The 3rd Generation Partnership Project,3GPP)第五代(the 5th Generation,5G)移动通信标准推荐的仿真平台准确定性无线信道产生器(Quasi-Deterministic Radio Channel Generator,QuaDRiGa)在39 GHz的可用性.结果表明:在视距径下,方向性路损和全向路损在固定截距和浮动截距两种拟合方式下与自由空间路损模型接近;大尺度参数统计特性与基于毫米波的第五代集成通信移动无线电接入网络(Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for Fifth Generation Integrated Communications,mmMAGIC)、3GPP结论接近;视距径与非视距径的簇参数差别较小,且簇的个数较6 GHz下的频段更少.本文为5G毫米波39 GHz频段信道仿真和系统设计提供了重要的信道模型和参数.     

Network Planning for Deep Fading Area at 1.8 GHz LTE Network

Wireless Personal Communications - In the current scenario path loss, coverage and capacity by operating network under fading condition is research challenge. In this paper, signal strength of long...     

Adaptive Empirical Path Loss Prediction Models for Indoor WLAN

This paper presents robust empirical path loss models to characterize indoor propagation for access point (AP) deployed at different heights. The proposed models are developed with wireless local area network infrastructure at 2.4 GHz. The models are backed by extensive received signal strength (RSS) measurements acquired in line of sight and obstructed line of sight regions. The models are developed for two conditions, viz; quasi realistic and realistic RSS measurements. The quasi realistic measurements are taken after suppressing human intervention and electrical interferences to minimum. While the realistic RSS measurements are made in presence of all the human interventions and electrical interferences. The shadow fading component for both quasi realistic and realistic conditions is statistically modeled with the dependency on AP height. The proposed technique can be applied with higher confidence level to the buildings with similar construction features where RSS measurements are made upon. The results reveal that the performance of the proposed propagation models is significantly higher than the existing International Telecommunication Union-path loss model. The results also demonstrate that the realistic path loss model is more robust than the quasi realistic model.     

Distributed measurements for estimating and updating cellular system performance

We investigate the use of distributed measurements for estimating and updating the performance of a cellular system. Specifically, we discuss the number and placement of sensors in a given cell for estimating its signal coverage. Here, an "outage" is said to occur at a location if a mobile receiver there has inadequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR -based outage) or, using another criterion, inadequate signal-to-interference ratio (SIR- based outage); and the "outage probability" is the fraction of the cell area over which outage occurs. A design goal is to improve measurement efficiency (i.e., minimizing the required number of measurement sensors) while accurately estimating the outage probability and mapping the coverage holes. The investigation uses a generic path loss model incorporating distance effects and spatially correlated shadow fading. Our emphasis is on the performance prediction accuracy of the sensor network, rather than on cellular system analysis per se. Through analysis and simulation, we assess several approaches to estimating the outage probability. Applying the principle of importance sampling to the sensor placement, we show that a cell outage probability of P_o can be accurately estimated using ~ 10/P_o power-measuring sensors distributed in a random uniform way over the area with base-sensor distances from 50% to 100% of the cell radius. This result applies to both SNR-based and SIR-based outage estimation for both indoor and outdoor environments.     

Empirical pathloss model for indoor geolocation using UWB measurements

A novel empirical approach is presented for modelling the path loss behaviour of the direct path (DP) between the transmitter and receiver, which is important for time-of-arrival-based indoor geolocation coverage characterisation. Using ultra wideband (UWB) measurements in four sites and three ranging scenarios, pathloss models at 500 MHz and 3 GHz system bandwidths are provided, centred on 4.5 GHz for DP and total signal power. In addition, ranging coverage analysis is provided using the DP models     

Profit-Based Routing for Multihop Coverage Extension in Wireless Networks

In future wireless systems, the coverage of a base station will decrease due to the characteristics of the channel at high-frequency bands. To expand the service coverage, a hybrid network that combines an ad hoc network with a cellular (or wireless LAN) network, appears to have great potential. In such systems, some mobile users outside the service area can access the network with the aid of other intermediate mobiles. However, this method incurs energy consumption in routing users, which could be a serious obstacle for wide-spread deployment of multihop wireless networks. Therefore we consider a revenue-cost model and propose a profit-based routing strategy that encourages routing users to actively participate in the relaying service because they are compensated for their energy consumption cost. Our strategy enables each mobile node to find an appropriate multihop path to a base station (or access point) that satisfies the interests of the service provider and the users. Numerical results show that our model successfully expands the network coverage area while ensuring the profit of each system involved.     

一种深度残差网络构建的5G无线智能传播模型

为建立更为准确的全覆盖、全应用、全频谱的5G无线信道模型,提出通过认知无线电与深度神经网络相结合的方法研究无线电波传播特性。根据传统无线传播模型并考虑到不同传播环境,根据信道大尺度衰落特性（包括路径损耗、阴影衰落和小尺度衰落特性）的统计结果,通过BP算法提取特征,并应用FeatureTools进行深度特征综合建立特征方程,计算特征变量与传播损耗的相关系数,进行相关系数的置信区间及变量独立性检验,最终筛选出22个特征并排序。基于深度残差网络建立传播路径损耗的回归模型,结合批正则化过拟合测算平均接收功率,为建立更精确的无线信道模型提供了量化依据,并最终在测试数据集上取得均方根误差8.36（本地）和10.03（云端）的成绩,对工程实践具有较强的参考价值。     

Research on optimization of repeater distribution based on cellular communication system

First considering the signal in space link loss,in combination with lowest relay protection field intensity,power and the reasonable analysis and determination of parameters such as system allowance,a repeater Egli model was adopted to cover radius expression was drew.Secondly on the repeater distribution location,center incentive model of cellular communication system was improved to the center-vertex incentive model.The model area of coverage can be increased by 4%,the user coverage increased by 22%.The repeater distribution in communication system provides a good optimization.     

基于BP神经网络模型的RSSI测距方法研究

针对传统信号传播路径损耗模型接收的信号强度指示(received signal strength indication, RSSI)测距误差较大, 提出了基于反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络模型的RSSI测距方法.首先, 研究分析传统信号传播路径损耗模型及测距误差; 其次, 利用BP神经网络构建新的路径损耗模型, 并将该模型应用到RSSI测距中, 对基于BP神经网络模型的RSSI测距方法进行研究; 最后, 通过实验和MATLAB仿真对测距方法进行验证.仿真结果表明:BP神经网络模型的RSSI测距误差比传统信号传播路径损耗模型的RSSI测距误差要小.     

基于大规模天线的LPWAN技术-TurMass SoC设计与测试

本文介绍了NB-IoT与LoRa等低功率广域网络技术在已经实施的项目中出现终端功耗过高、接入容量过低、网络可靠性不足等方面的问题.并提出了融合mMIMO和长距离窄带传输,以免许可mMIMO随机接入(mGFRA)技术为核心的TurMass技术及其在提升接入容量的特点.基于TurMass技术SoC芯片的模块化设计整合了射频...     

Digital terrestrial television (COFDM 8K system) field trials andcoverage measurements in Spain

This article presents the results of the first digital terrestrial television field trials and coverage measurements in Spain. First of all the VIDITER project is presented. The main objective of this work is to study the behavior of a whole digital terrestrial television network, from source coding up to the final signal reception. At this point, the experimental network installed in Madrid is described. Next, the measurement campaign is explained, first, by describing the network configuration used for these first field trials, and then, paying attention to the criteria used to select the measurement points and the parameter set to be tested. Some of the results obtained are shown as a first approach to the figures needed to develop and plan a fully operational digital terrestrial television service