The lasting legacy of Sigmund Koch.

Introduces a collection of articles celebrating the work of Sigmund Koch. Although probably best known as the editor of the large, 6-volume study of psychology Psychology: A study of science, Koch also made critical and creative contributions in a variety of other areas. The articles presented in this journal focus on some of the most salient facets of Koch's work: (a) Koch as philosopher; (b) Koch as historian of psychology; (c) Koch as psychological theoretician; (d) Koch as humanist; and (e) Koch as "disciplined connoisseur" of the arts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Report of the Treasurer: 1974.

This report looks at results from (a) operations for 1973 as well as (b) the financial condition of APA as of December 31, 1973; (c) probable results for 1974; (d) the approved budget for 1975; and (e) prospects for 1976. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Work teams: Applications and effectiveness.

This article uses an ecological approach to analyze factors in the effectiveness of work teams—small groups of interdependent individuals who share responsibility for outcomes for their organizations. Applications include advice and involvement, as in quality control circles and committees; production and service, as in assembly groups and sales teams; projects and development, as in engineering and research groups: and action and negotiation, as in sports teams and combat units. An analytic framework depicts team effectiveness as interdependent with organizational context, boundaries, and team development. Key context factors include (a) organizational culture, (b) technology and task design, (c) mission clarity, (d) autonomy, (e) rewards, (f) performance feedback, (g) training/consultation, and (h) physical environment. Team boundaries may mediate the impact of organizational context on team development. Current research leaves unanswered questions but suggests that effectiveness depends on organizational context and boundaries as much as on internal processes. Issues are raised for research and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Separation and recovery of palladium(II) from base metal ions by melamine–formaldehyde–thiourea (MFT) chelating resin

Melamine–formaldehyde–thiourea (MFT) resin, a chelating resin, was synthesized by reaction with melamine, formaldehyde and thiourea in aqueous solution. This chelating resin was used in the separation and recovery of palladium(II) from copper(II) and zinc(II) base metal ions. Effect of initial acidity, adsorption capacities of the metal ions by batch method and adsorption, elution, separation factors and column adsorption capacity of the metal ions by column method were examined. The optimum initial acidity was determined as pH 4. Adsorption capacities of the MFT resin were found as 15.29 mg/g (0.144 mmol/g) for palladium(II), as 1.612 mg/g (0.025 mmol/g) for copper(II) and as 0.453 mg/g (0.007 mmol/g) for zinc(II). In addition the protonation capacity of the resin was found as 0.110 mmol H⁺/g. It was concluded that ionic interaction between protonated amines on the resin and chloro-palladate complex (PdCl₄^2?) was very effective as well as chelation. In the column studies, dynamic adsorption capacities were calculated as 1580 μg/g (14.85 μmol/g) for palladium(II), as 250 μg/g (3.93 μmol/g) for copper(II) and as 25 μg/g (0.38 μmol/g) for zinc(II). MFT resin showed higher affinity to palladium(II) ions according to copper(II) and zinc(II) ions. It was seen that palladium(II) can be separated from copper(II) and zinc(II) and concentrated by melamine–formaldehyde–thiourea chelating resin.     

The university-wide department of psychology model.

A department of psychology can survive as a university-wide entity by (a) encouraging the teaching of psychology in as many different types of departments and colleges as possible, i.e., medicine, engineering, education, etc., (b) incorporating extradepartmental psychologists into the graduate program by giving them joint appointments; (c) teaching foundation courses effectively at the undergraduate level; and (d) administering the department as a college. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Does the internship shortage portend market saturation? 1998 placement data across the four major national training councils.

The number of students admitted to applied psychology doctoral programs (clinical, counseling, school, professional) continues to rise despite recent shortages in internship positions. This study provides a historical context (1998) from which to compare the 1999 Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) placement data as well as information not available from APPIC data, such as a breakdown of placement success by training council, type of placements (American Psychological Association-accredited–nonaccredited, paid–nonpaid) by training council, and analysis of reported practicum hours as they predict placement success. Incorporating these findings, the authors then discuss relevant implications as well as suggestions for future direction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological communication: A radical proposal.

Proposes the formation of an information exchange group that is as large as all of psychology, but whose published material acts as "working paper" and not as part of the archives of psychology. Advantages of the working paper include (1) the revival of the scholarly review article, (2) the elimination of the problem of perceived bias in the review editor, (3) the discouragement of the "numbers game" as regards publications and the encouragement of the use of "citation indices," and (4) the reduction of "splinter tendency" within the American Psychological Association. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A case pf spontaneous deletion in the FMR1 gene in a patient with the Martin-Bell syndrome]

Current models of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis suggest an important role for Cr(IV) as an intermediate, toxic, carcinogenic species, but direct chemical evidence has been lacking. This is because Cr(IV) is a highly reactive oxidation state of Cr and few Cr(IV)-based compounds are known that can be used as a model compound containing a biological ligand. This study reports the isolation of such a stable Cr(IV) complex. The Cr(IV)-GSH complex has been synthesized through the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH. Its electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum exhibits g = 1.9629 and a peak-to-peak line width of 480 G in aqueous medium as well as in the powder form. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the compound has a magnetic moment of 2.53 Bohr magneton per Cr, establishing that the Cr ion has two unpaired electrons, hence its identity as Cr(IV). The Cr(IV)-GSH complex is able to generate hydroxyl (.OH) radical in the presence of molecular oxygen in aqueous medium. Catalase inhibited the .OH radical generation while H2O2 enhanced it, indicating that the .OH radical was generated via a Fenton-like reaction, H2O2 being generated as an intermediate in the reduction of molecular oxygen. Metal ion chelators, deferoxamine and 1,10-phenanthroline, attenuated the generation of Cr(IV)-mediated .OH radical. In the case of deferoxamine, a deferoxamine-derived free radical was generated as shown by EPR measurements. The results imply that Cr(IV) may play an important role in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis and Cr(IV)-GSH can be used as a model compound to study the role of Cr(IV) in this mechanism.     

Chemical synthesis of 6'-alpha-maltosyl-maltotriose, a branched oligosaccharide representing the branch point of starch

Chemical synthesis of the branched pentasaccharide 6'-alpha-maltosyl-maltotriose (15) is reported, based on the use of one synthon as a glycosyl acceptor and another synthon as a glycosyl donor. The synthon used as glycosyl acceptor was phenyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7) and was synthesized from D-glucose with phenyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside and phenyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside as key intermediates. The synthon used as glycosyl donor was O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-O-(2,3,6-tri-O -benzyl - alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->6)-O-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl)-(1-->4)]-2,3-di-O-benzyl-alpha,beta-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (12) and was synthesized from phenyl O-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-O-(2,3,6-tri-O- benzyl- alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->6)-O-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl)-(1-->4)]-2,3-di-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside with O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-O-(2,3,6-tri-O - benzyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->4)]-2,3-di-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranose as an intermediate. Condensation of compounds 7 and 12 followed by removal of the phenylthio group and debenzylation provided the branched pentasaccharide 15. Alternatively, the branched pentasaccharide was produced from amylopectin by consecutive alpha- and beta-amylase treatments and purified by chromatography. The identity of the products obtained by chemical synthesis and enzymatic hydrolysis is documented by 1H and 13C NMR spectra.     

Symptom formation: An integrative self psychological perspective.

Proposes self psychology as a relational model of psychopathology that can be incorporated into a biopsychosocial paradigm of symptom formation for Axis I disorders. Four specific pathways to symptom formation are outlined: (1) a self-state of impending fragmentation that is warded off through involvement with a substance or activity, as in addictive disorders; (2) a state of fragmentation without a behavioral means of self-restitution other than avoidance, as in anxiety disorders; (3) the use of a symptom as a compromise formation among conflicting impulses as a result of psychological trauma, as in dissociative and somatoform disorders; and (4) an internalized conflict between maintaining needed relationships and pursuing self-differentiation, resulting in symptoms such as depressive states and work inhibitions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obsessionality and creativity.

Studied creativity in 15 obsessives, 16 phobics, and 39 nonpsychiatric (as measured by the Leyton Obsessional Inventory) university students. Ss were tested on Wallach-Kogan Tests of Creativity (WKTC) and Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). Data indicate that creativity as measured by WKTC and TTCT does not vary as a function of obsessionality as measured by psychiatric diagnosis of psychological tests. It is suggested that cognitive studies of obsessionality may be often confounded by IQ or anxiety differences or their correlations with dependent measures. (French abstract) (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

How the power of MANOVA can both increase and decrease as a function of the intercorrelations among the dependent variables.

This article directly addresses explicit contradictions in the literature regarding the relation between the power of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the intercorrelations among the dependent variables. Artificial data sets, as well as analytical methods, revealed that (1) power increases as correlations between dependent variables with large consistent effect sizes (that are in the same direction) move from near 1.0 toward –2.0, (2) power increases as correlations become more positive or more negative between dependent variables that have very different effect sizes (i.e., one large and one negligible), and (3) power increases as correlations between dependent variables with negligible effect sizes shift from positive to negative (assuming that there are dependent variables with large effect sizes still in the design). Implications for the reliability of dependent variables and strategies for selecting these variables in MANOVA designs are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contemporary trends in the analysis of leadership processes.

Provides an overview of several lines of development in the study of leadership up to, and within, the contemporary scene. These lines include consideration of (1) leadership as a process involving an influence relationship, (2) the leader as one among other participants in this relationship, (3) the transaction occurring between leaders and followers, (4) the differential tasks or functions associated with being a leader, and (5) the nature of leader effectiveness. Several implications for future research are derived, including the need to (1) attend to leadership as a property of the system of a group; (2) recognize the 2-way influence characterizing leader-follower relations; (3) distinguish better between the maintenance of leadership and its emergence, particularly those factors legitimizing the leader's position through processes of succession; (4) consider followers' expectations as they are affected by the source of the leader's authority and differential role functions; (5) focus greater attention on leader effectiveness in terms of the followers' perceptions of him, expecially as they may reveal the psychological basis for identification; and (6) extend such research further into a probing of the effects of organizational contexts on leadership processes. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

还原扩散法直接制备AB5型多元贮氢合金

采用CaH2作为还原剂,稀土氧化物以及其它金属氧化物为原料,直接通过还原扩散反应成功制得了多元贮氢合金La0.4Ce0.1Nd0.2Pr0.3Ni3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3。     

29-Methylidene-2,3-oxidosqualene derivatives as stereospecific mechanism-based inhibitors of liver and yeast oxidosqualene cyclase

Two pairs of isomers (18Z)- (8), (18E)-29-methylidene-2,3-oxidohexanorsqualene (21), and (18Z)- (31), (18E)-29-methylidene-2,3-oxidosqualene (34), have been obtained in a fully stereospecific manner, as inhibitors of rat and yeast oxidosqualene cyclase. A new method for the synthesis of C22 squalene aldehyde 2,3-epoxide is reported, as well as that of other 19-modified 2,3-oxidosqualene analogues. We found that the activity is the opposite in the two series: the (E)-hexanormethylidene 21 and the (Z)-methylidene 31 are potent and irreversible inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase, while (Z)-hexanormethylidene 8 and (E)-methylidene 34 are almost completely inactive. Reduction of the 18,19-double bond, such as in 39, eliminates the activity, while removal of both of the 19-linked groups such as in heptanor derivative 40 greatly reduces inhibition of the enzyme. (E)-Hexanormethylidene 21 results the first irreversible inhibitor of the series toward the yeast enzyme.     

The in vitro antioxidant activity of trilinolein and other lipid-related natural substances as measured by enhanced chemiluminescence

There is abundant evidence for the premise that oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) mediate ischemia/reperfusion injury to the myocardium. OFR scavengers such as superoxide dismutase can effectively reduce damage through lipid peroxidation during ischemia/reperfusion. Enhanced chemiluminescence, which has been used to measure OFR, was used to measure the antioxidant activity of fatty acids (palmitic and linoleic acid) and triglycerides (triolein, tristearin) and natural plant antioxidants (magnolol, catechin, trilinolein). Trilinolein, which has recently been isolated from natural products, as well as the well-known water soluble analogue of vitamin E-Trolox, were used as control. During pretreatment with chemicals, at concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-7) M, enhanced chemiluminescence of linoleic acid (C 18:2) showed a dose-responsive reduction of OFR with a maximal mean reduction of -31.9% when compared to baseline. A saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid (C 16:0) showed only relatively weak antioxidant activity at concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-6) M with a maximum reduction of OFR of- 15.2% only. control chemicals such as trilinolein and Trolox showed significant antioxidant activity. At concentrations between 10(-10) and 10(-6) M and trilinolein has the most potent antioxidant activity with a maximal mean reduction of OFR of -48.0%, whereas Trolox showed only -39.2%. As for the natural plant antioxidants, only catechin showed potent antioxidant activity (-40%). Polyunsaturated triglycerides such as triolein (oleic acid, C 18:1) also possess significant OFR scavenging effect (-31.9%) whilst saturated triglycerides such as tristearin (stearic acid, C 18:0) had only relatively weak antioxidant activity (-15.2%). Generally, the antioxidant activity of unsaturated compounds is stronger than saturated compounds; double-bond existence may partially explain this phenomenon.     

Three acylated saponins and a related compound from Pithecellobium dulce

Four new oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, pithedulosides H-K (1-4), were isolated from the seeds of Pithecellobium dulce. Their structures were established by extensive NMR experiments and chemical methods. Compounds 1-3 comprised acacic acid as the aglycon and either monoterpene carboxylic acid and its xyloside or monoterpene carboxylic acid as the acyl moiety at C-21. The oligosaccharide moieties linked to C-3 and C-28 were determined as alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 -->6)- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl and alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->4)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-alpha- rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester, respectively. Compound 4 was established as an echinocystic acid 3-O-glycoside having the same sugar sequences as 1-3. Also obtained in this investigation was the known compound 5, which was identified as echinocystic acid 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl- (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->6)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -->2)]- beta-D-glucopyranoside.     

New members and associates of the American Psychological Association.

1362 persons (590 as Members and 772 as Associates) elected to membership in the American Psychological Association as of January 1, 1963, are listed by name. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Studies on inhibitory activities of fukiic acid esters on germination, alpha-amylase and carboxypeptidase A

Fukinolic acid (1) and cimicifugic acid A (2), caffeic acid analogs, as well as rosmarinic acid (3) and caffeic acid (4) showed inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth. The potency of 1 and 2 was comparable with that of 3. Compounds 1 and 2 also showed strong inhibitory activities as well as 3 and 4 on alpha-amylase. The activity of 1 was higher than that of acarbose used as a positive control, and its 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 2.41 x 10(-5) M. Compounds 1 and 2 also showed inhibitory activities strong as 3 and stronger than 4 on carboxypeptidase A. The activities of 1 and 2 were higher than that of 1, 10-phenanthroline used as a positive control.     

Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement.

Research involving perceived internal vs external control of reinforcement as a personality variable has been expanding at a rapid rate. It seems clear that for some investigators there are problems associated with understanding the conceptualization of this construct as well as understanding the nature and limitations of methods of measurement. This article discusses in detail (a) the place of this construct within the framework of social learning theory, (b) misconceptions and problems of a theoretical nature, and (c) misuses and limitations associated with measurement. Problems of generality-specificity and unidimensionality-multidimensionality are discussed as well as the logic of predictions from test scores. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)