基于嗅觉指纹信息的黄酒酒龄和产地鉴别

为了找出一种快速、准确鉴别黄酒酒龄和产地的方法,本研究采用超快速气相色谱电子鼻采集不同酒龄和产地黄酒样品的嗅觉指纹信息,采用主成分分析对嗅觉指纹信息进行降维处理,并采用判别因子分类法建立黄酒酒龄和产地鉴别模型。经主成分分析降维后的1年陈和3年陈基酒样品点落在相近的区域内,7年陈和9年陈基酒样品点落在相近的区域内,陈酿时间5年是基酒风味变化的一个转折点;判别因子分类法所建黄酒酒龄鉴别模型的鉴别正确率为100%。主成分分析降维后,绍兴黄酒与上海黄酒、浙江嘉善黄酒和江苏南通黄酒差异明显,进一步采用判别因子分类,4个产地黄酒的鉴别正确率均为100%。研究表明,超快速气相色谱电子鼻结合化学计量学方法建立的模型可以较好地应用于黄酒酒龄和产地的鉴别。     

基于拉曼光谱的大米快速分类判别方法

以拉曼光谱技术为手段,结合化学计量学方法,对来自黑龙江、江苏、湖南3个产地共123份大米样品的光谱数据进行采集,并对得到的拉曼图谱进行主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLSDA),建立大米快速分类判别方法。应用主成分分析对不同种类、产地和品种的大米进行粗分类鉴别;选择不同种类、品种和产地的稻米样本建立相应的偏最小二乘判别分析模型,其中2/3的样本作为建模训练集,1/3的样本作为建模校正集,按照种类、产地、品种建立的模型其训练集样本正确判别率均为100%,校正集样本正确判别率分别为100%,100%,94.12%。因此,研究所建立的拉曼光谱技术结合化学计量学方法可以快速、有效地鉴别大米种类、品种及产地。     

基于高光谱成像技术的金银花霉变检测模型

利用高光谱成像技术,研究一种快速、准确、无损检测金银花霉变程度的方法。通过比较Savitzky-Golay(SG)卷积平滑、多元散射校正(MSC)和SG-MSC 3种预处理方法对偏最小二乘算法(PLS)建模效果的影响,得到SG-MSC为建模最优预处理方法。使用连续投影算法(SPA)和竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)选择经预处理后光谱的特征波长,并分别建立偏最小二乘判别(PLS-DA)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的判别分析模型。结果表明,光谱经SG-MSC预处理后,应用CARS提取特征波长并建立LS-SVM判别分析模型为金银花不同霉变程度最优判别模型,其训练集与验证集的正确率均达到100%。利用高光谱成像技术能够快速无损、有效地鉴别金银花霉变程度,并且在特征波长下能实现金银花霉变程度的快速判别分析。     

多光谱数据融合技术对绒柄牛肝菌产地的鉴别

采集5?个产地96?份绒柄牛肝菌样品的红外光谱和紫外光谱,结合多光谱信息融合策略,建立快速、有效鉴别绒柄牛肝菌产地的方法。运用多元散射校正、标准正态变量、二阶导数等预处理方法对原始光谱数据进行优化处理,减少噪音干扰。选取具有指纹特性的光谱信息进行初级数据融合;通过偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）筛选光谱数据中变量在投影方向重要程度大于1的波段,进行中级数据融合。利用优化处理后的单一光谱数据及多光谱融合数据建立PLS-DA模型和支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）判别模型,比较两种判别模型对绒柄牛肝菌产地的鉴别效果。结果显示,通过红外光谱、紫外光谱、初级融合和中级融合数据分别建立PLS-DA模型,对绒柄牛肝菌产地的预测正确率为56.25%、56.25%、62.50%和81.25%;建立SVM判别模型,产地预测正确率分别为90.63%、65.63%、87.50%和96.88%,表明中级融合技术对绒柄牛肝菌产地鉴别效果显著,优于其他技术;并且SVM判别模型对牛肝菌产地区分效果优于PLS-DA模型。采用中级融合技术建立SVM判别模型,能够快速、有效鉴别不同产地绒柄牛肝菌,同时为食品质量监控提供有效方法和理论基础。     

基于近红外光谱的褐变板栗识别建模方法研究

为了实现褐变板栗的快速无损分选,研究了基于近红外光谱技术的褐变板栗栗仁检测方法。试验在1000~2500 nm波段范围内采集板栗栗仁的反射光谱,通过标准正态变量变换预处理后,采用K-最近邻法(KNN)、簇类独立软模式法(SIMCA)、主成分回归-线性判别分析法(PCA-LDA)、偏最小二乘回归-线性判别分析法(PLS-LDA)以及最小二乘-支持向量机判别分析法(LS-SVM)分别建立褐变板栗识别模型并进行比较分析。偏最小二乘结合最小二乘-支持向量机所建PLS-LS-SVM模型性能最优,该模型对测试集的敏感性、特异性和识别正确率分别为1.00%、0.92%和95.00%。结果表明:近红外光谱结合PLS-LS-SVM可用于褐变板栗的快速无损检测。     

基于多源光谱分析技术的鱼油品牌判别方法研究

多源光谱分析技术被用于鱼油品牌快速无损鉴别。采用可见光谱分析技术、短波近红外光谱分析技术、长波近红外光谱分析技术、中红外光谱分析技术和核磁共振光谱分析技术采集了7种不同品牌的鱼油的光谱特征,并应用偏最小二乘判别分析法(partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)和最小二乘支持向量机(least-squares support vector machine,LS-SVM)建立判别模型并比较判别结果。基于长波近红外光谱的PLS-DA模型和LS-SVM模型取得了最高识别正确率,建模集和预测集识别正确率均达到100%。采用中红外光谱和核磁共振谱分别建立的LS-SVM模型,也可以获得100%的判别正确率。而可见光谱和短波近红外光谱则判别准确率较差。且LS-SVM算法较PLS-DA更加适合用于建立光谱数据和鱼油品牌之间的判别模型。研究结果表面长波近红外光谱技术能够有效判别不同鱼油的品牌,为将来鱼油品质鉴定便携式仪器的开发提供了技术支持和理论依据。     

近红外漫反射光谱技术对小米产地的快速检测

为实现对小米产地溯源的快速检测,保护优质小米的品牌效益,维护消费者的合法权益,采用近红外漫反射光谱技术结合化学计量学,对来自肇源及肇州两地区的144份小米样品进行产地溯源研究。结果表明,采用因子化法建立的鉴别分析模型对肇源及肇州地区的小米样品鉴别正确率均为100%;采用欧氏距离法建立的聚类分析模型对两地区小米样品的鉴别正确率分别为95.65%和100%;采用偏最小二乘法建立的定量分析模型对两地区小米样品的鉴别正确率分别为95.65%和91.67%。由此可知,近红外漫反射光谱法是一种快速、高效、无损的小米产地溯源判别技术。     

拉曼光谱法快速鉴别蜂蜜中掺入甜菜糖浆的可行性研究

对蜂蜜用各种廉价的糖浆掺假,一直是蜂蜜行业的严重问题。本文利用拉曼光谱结合化学计量学方法对蜂蜜中掺入甜菜糖浆进行鉴别。用airPLS法扣除拉曼荧光背景,用自归一化法预处理光谱,在全谱范围(4000～10000cm^-1)内建立偏最小二乘-线性判别分析（PLS-LDA）模型,并进行预测。训练集10折交互验证的判别总正确率为90.4%,预测集的判别总正确率为95.4%。实验结果表明拉曼光谱结合化学计量学方法可快速鉴别蜂蜜中掺入的甜菜糖浆。     

新陈玉米的拉曼光谱快速判别研究

本文采用拉曼光谱结合判别分析方法对新陈玉米进行了判别研究。在河南省内收集郑单958新陈玉米样品共75份,粉碎过筛后置于样品袋中,使用光纤直接采集他们的拉曼光谱。对原始光谱进行多项式平滑滤波、基线校正及一介导数处理后,首先运用主成分马氏距离判别分析方法建立了判别模型,主成分数为9,光谱建模范围为914~1369 cm-1时模型结果最优,此时建模集总正确判别率为92.7%,验证集总正确判别率为90%。然后运用偏最小二乘判别分析方法建立了相应的识别模型,当建模因子数为7,采用全谱建模时结果最优,此时建模集样品正确判别率为100%,验证集样品正确判别率为95%。偏最小二乘判别分析方法正确识别率较高,结果表明拉曼光谱可以应用于玉米新陈度的快速识别,在粮食储藏品质评价中具有极大的应用潜力。     

近红外光谱用于鉴别苹果产地的研究

目的:探索近红外光谱定性分析技术鉴别苹果产地的可行性。方法:对天津、陕西和北京3个产地富士苹果品质进行了分析,比较了波段范围、导数处理和散射及标准化处理建立主成分分析结合最小二乘法产地鉴别模型。结果:在1100~1848 nm波段范围内采用一阶导数结合趋势变化法散射处理的光谱预处理方法最优,校正集的鉴别正确率为100%,校正交互验证误差(SECV)0.1245,交互验证相关系数(Rcv)0.9641,预测集的鉴别正确率为98.33%。结论:应用近红外光谱定性分析技术可以准确地、快速地追溯苹果产地的溯源。     

Antimicrobial Effects of Wine: Separating the Role of Polyphenols,pH, Ethanol,and Other Wine Components

Abstract: While the antimicrobial effectiveness of wine is well documented, relative contributions of the wine components to its antimicrobial activity is controversial. To separate the role of wine phenolics, ethanol, and pH from other wine constituents, the antimicrobial effects of intact wine were compared to that of phenols-stripped wine, dealcoholized wine, ethanol, and low pH applied separately and in combination, against 2 common foodborne pathogens, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli. All samples were biochemically characterized with respect to their total phenolics and resveratrol content, antioxidant capacity, ethanol content, and pH. Antioxidative activity of the samples corresponded to their total phenolics content. Except for respective controls, pH and ethanol content were similar in all samples. The order of antibacterial activity of the samples was: intact wine > phenols-stripped wine > dealcoholized wine > combination of ethanol and low pH > low pH > ethanol. Separate application of ethanol or low pH showed negligible antibacterial activity while their combination showed synergistic effect. Antibacterial activity of the samples could not be related to their total phenolics and resveratrol content, antioxidant capacity, ethanol content, or pH. Our study indicates that antimicrobial activity of complex solutions such as intact wine cannot be exclusively attributed to its phenolic or nonphenolic constituents, nor can the antimicrobial activity of wine be predicted on the basis of its particular components.     

浅谈衢州古酒文化

衢州酿酒历史久远，有丰富的酒文化及优质的水资源和糯米资源。在新石器时代遗址中已发掘出印纹陶酒器；在西周时期，衢州的酿酒业和制陶业已相当发达；在宋代，衢州酒业里设有专门管理酒务的官员，酒税一直是历代封建朝廷的主要财源之一。石室酒是衢州的历史名酒，该酒营养丰富，有益健康。     

红姑娘酒的研制

用红姑娘为主原料,经分选,破碎,接入人工培养果酒酵母进行发酵,调配而成的低度红姑娘酒,具有滋补保健功能.     

Moisture sorption isotherms of green chilli

The adsorption and desorption equilibrium moisture contents of green chilli were determined experimentally in relative humidity range of 11‐97% and at the temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. The experimental procedure used was a dynamic method with periodically recording of sample mass. The effect of temperature on adsorption and desorption isotherms was found significant. Hystereses were observed for entire range of relative humidity and hysteresis loops decreased with the increase of temperature. Nine sorption isotherm models were fitted the experimental data at the temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C. The modified Smith equation was the best fitted equation to the experimental data for relative humidity range of 11‐97% for the adsorption and desorption isotherms of green chilli.     

国内外酒类包装新材料新容器

好包装能提升酒的品位，还有保持及提高酒质量的重要功能。随着酒业的迅速发展，以及消费群体的扩大，国际上酒包装的新材料，新容器相继得到开发和应用，以各自的功能与优势取胜市场。     

史前文化时期的酿酒(二)--谷芽酒的酿造及演进

我国的先民在仰韶时期(公元前5000年～公元前3000年)，就利用小口尖底瓮保温发酵酿制谷芽酒，并在该容器内澄清、饮用。到了大汶口时期(公元前4300年～公元前2400年)，酿酒有了较大发展，饮酒之风很盛行，出土了数量较多的大件酿酒发酵窖器——大口尖底陶尊及多姿多彩的酒具，表明了酒已具有礼仪功能。这时期谷芽酒的饮用方法已进步到用饮酒器饮用清酒了。酿酒技术及酒文化已由黄河下游扩展到淮河流域。     

布依族酒文化概览

布依族主要聚居于贵州黔南、黔西南布依族苗族自治州及贵州、云南、四川省的部分地区.其中以贵州的布依族人口最多,占全国的97%.布依族人会酿酒、好饮酒.其酿制的酒有糯米酒、刺梨酒、白烧酒等.布依族的酒俗丰富,用拦路酒、鸡头酒习俗、交杯酒、转转酒、讨八字酒等酒俗民风来传递信息和感情;布依族酒文化表现形式丰富,如有迎客歌、敬酒歌、婚庆歌、节庆歌等.(孙悟)     

蓝莓干红酒酿制工艺的研究

根据蓝莓汁初始糖度,酿制12°干红蓝莓酒时将补糖量调整至21%,SO2添加量调整为40mg/L。同时,添加活性干酵母粉,其接种量为0.20%,在25℃条件下控温发酵6d,主发酵结束转入低温陈酿,能够酿制残糖较低、酸度适中、酒体协调、口感醇厚、果香适宜,色泽为深宝石红,具有蓝莓特有典型风格的蓝莓干红酒。     

天然低度菠萝酒加工技术研究

以新鲜菠萝为原料,果肉破碎取汁后加入适量蜂蜜并主活性干酵母,经控温发酵等特殊工艺处理,可制各糖分含量高、酒精底低、风味独特的纯天然菠萝酒。     

Evaluation of the consistency of wine quality assessments from expert wine tasters

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of experienced wine tasters to consistently assign quality scores to both red and white wines. Methods and Results: Wine quality scores were collected over a 15‐year period from 571 experienced wine tasters. Consistency was measured by correlating the scores given to duplicate presentations of wines, calculating the pooled variation in repeat scores and assessing their ability to allocate duplicate presentations of the same wine to the same quality category. Although the majority of tasters showed statistically significant consistency, their individual abilities varied considerably and, in general, their ability to consistently score one wine type was a poor predictor of their consistency in scoring the other. Tasters were better able to allocate duplicate presentations of red wines to the same category than white wines, and red wine consistency was improved by combining the scores of three assessors as is done in the Australian wine show system. Conclusions: The ability of experienced wine tasters to consistently rate wines for overall quality varied greatly between individuals, but was generally better for red wines than for whites. Consistency was improved by combining the scores from a small team of tasters. Significance of the Study: The study demonstrates the need to conduct replicate tastings when assessing wines for quality as adequate taster repeatability cannot be guaranteed. Furthermore, using the combined score of a small team of tasters generally results in more consistent quality assessments.