高能气体压裂峰值压力影响因素分析

峰值压力是高能气体压裂过程中的一个重要参数,它决定着压裂的有效性和安全性.在探讨高能气体压裂作用过程的基础上,从热力学角度定性地分析了影响压裂峰值压力的因素,为高能气体压裂选择适宜的火药能量特性,确定合理的装药量和装药结构,保证压裂效果和油井安全提供依据.     

高能气体压裂过程中压井液运动计算模型研究

针对压井液运动对高能气体压裂作用效果影响较大、现有技术对压井液运动过程研究不足的问题,开展了高能气体压裂过程中压井液运动特性及作用效果研究。按照压井液在高能气体压裂作用过程中的运动过程,分别建立了压井液运动流体压缩阶段、刚体运动阶段及压井液运动能量损耗计算模型;在此基础上,通过计算实例对高能气体压裂过程中的压井液运动及作用效果进行了进一步的分析。结果表明,所建立的描述高能气体压裂过程中压裂火药燃烧时间内的压井液运动计算模型具有较好的合理性和适用性,可以应用到现有的复合射孔高能气体压裂理论计算模型体系中。     

无壳弹高能气体压裂技术改进及应用

分析了浅井中无壳弹高能气体压裂失败的原因,设计了新的无壳弹火药配方和弹体外敷材料,对经优化的互配方案进行了模拟工况试验,无壳弹高能气体压裂技术成功地应用于浅井,扩大了应用范围.     

硼系点火药的改性研究

研究了加入一定量黑火药的硼系点火药的燃烧性能及其对推进剂和气体发生剂的点火能力.实验表明,由70%B/KNO3和30%黑火药组成的新型硼系点火药B1,可以提高某些推进剂和气体发生剂的燃速和燃烧所达到的最大压力.     

高能气体压裂技术在油田的应用

随着人们对油田开采提出了更高的要求，使得高能气体压力技术面临着新的挑战与机遇。本文主要是对高能气体压裂的增产增注机理，脉冲冲击波作用、高能气体在压裂过程中的机械作用、热效应进行探讨分析，并提出相应的策略，希望能够提高为油田增产增注手段，并为企业创造更大的利益空间。     

双峰脉冲压力发生器

本文介绍一种利用火药作为动力源,推动浮动活塞,压缩油液介质使之产生一种双峰压力脉冲,以实现高能气体压裂过程中的脉冲压力模拟并对石油井下电子测压器进行测试信号模拟及动态比对。     

硝胺含量变化对变燃速发射药燃烧产物组成的影响

采用最小自由能法计算出硝胺含量不同的发射药燃烧产物中可燃性气体成分的含量,从理论上计算了硝胺含量变化对发射药燃烧产物组成的影响;用密闭爆发器-气相色谱法分析燃烧产物成分,测定各气体产物含量。研究结果表明,随着配方中硝胺含量的增加,发射药的火药力增大,燃烧产物中CO含量降低,可燃性气体总量降低。     

新型高能气体压裂电点火装置的研制

主要介绍了应用于高能气体压裂的新型电点火装置的工作原理、结构、技术特点及现场应用实例,并结合现场应用对其安全、可靠性和施工工艺的完善进行了分析总结,丰富了高能气体压裂施工工艺.     

高能气体压裂合理装药量的设计与应用

高能气体压裂（High Energy Gas Fracture，简称HEGF）作为一项增产技术措施，由于其巨大的优势和潜力，目前已广泛应用于低渗透油田的新井投产和注水井后期改造，在理论研究方面也取得了一定的发展。HEGF是靠高温高压气体来压裂油气层的，存在着很多不确定因素，使得HEGF优化设计和控制的难度很大。在一定条件下，笔者通过建立最高和最低极限峰值压力的定量计算模型，进而为高能气体压裂设计提供指导。     

油气井高能气体压裂P—t测试仪的应用研究

目前，油气井特种增产技术发展很快，且种类繁多，但高能气体压裂技术是一种主要的特种增产技术。而研究压裂过程的压力－时间曲线对深化化其机理，提高其压效果必不可少的重要途径。高能气体压裂采用两种施工工艺；一是电缆下井，液柱压挡，地面点火的施工 是油管送璐顺与液柱复合压挡，撞击引的施工工艺。     

Strategies for laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide in high-pressure flames. III. Comparison of A-X excitation schemes

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has proven a reliable technique for nitric oxide (NO) diagnostics in practical combustion systems. However, a wide variety of different excitation and detection strategies are proposed in the literature without giving clear guidelines of which strategies to use for a particular diagnostic situation. We give a brief review of the high-pressure NO LIF diagnostics literature and compare strategies for exciting selected transitions in the A-X(0, 0), (0, 1), and (0, 2) bands using a different detection bandpass. The strategies are compared in terms of NO LIF signal strength, attenuation of laser and signal light in the hot combustion gases, signal selectivity against LIF interference from O2 and CO2, and temperature and pressure sensitivity of the LIF signal. The discussion is based on spectroscopic measurements in laminar premixed methane-air flames at pressures between 1 and 60 bars and on NO and O2 LIF spectral simulations.     

Co-firing of paper sludge with high-calorific industrial wastes in a pilot-scale nozzle-grate incinerator

Experiments on the co-firing of high-calorific industrial wastes with paper sludge were performed in a pilot-scale industrial waste incinerator with a nozzle-type grate system. The incineration capacity was approximately 160kg/h. The temporal variations in the temperatures and exhaust gas emissions were monitored and used as parameters for determining the desirable incineration conditions. The high CO emissions that were mainly due to the rapid vaporization of combustibles from high-calorific industrial wastes could be alleviated through the co-firing of sludge with the high-calorific industrial wastes. Because of the high nitrogen content in the sludge, the increase in the co-firing rate caused higher NO emissions in the flue gas. If the total calorific value of the feed was lower than 750,000kcal/h, for 25-30% of sludge co-firing, the temperature of gases exiting the secondary combustion chamber might be lower than that required by regulations.     

极高真空校准室内残余气体的成分分析

用四极质谱计对316L不锈钢制作的极高真空(XHV)校准室在烘烤前、后的残余气体成分进行了分析。一个热阴极电离规(IE514)和一个四极质谱计(QMS200)连接在XHV校准室上。烘烤前,开、关热阴极电离规以及对其进行除气,放出的气体主要有H2O、CO、H2、CH4和CO2。烘烤后,开、关热阴极电离规以及对其进行除气,放出的气体主要有CO、H2、CO2和CH4。整个烘烤过程完成后2h,XHV校准室内的压力在室温下通过分子泵串联抽气机组抽至8.97×10-9Pa,用四极质谱计分析到的残余气体成分主要为H2和CO。整个烘烤过程完成后4h,打开非蒸散型吸气剂泵(NEGP)对XHV校准室抽气,结果表明NEGP对H2具有较大的抽速,但对碳氢类化合物(如CH4)和惰性气体几乎没有抽速。用NEGP对XHV校准室连续抽气72h后,XHV校准室内的压力从8.34×10-9Pa下降到9.12×10-10Pa。不锈钢XHV校准室内的残余气体成分中大量的CO和CO2主要来自于四极质谱计。     

基于Matlab的燃气锅炉尾气气体状态计算

以甲烷、氢气、一氧化碳这三种气体的混合气体燃烧产生的尾气为研究对象,利用Matlab编写了计算软件。因为压力和温度较便于测量,所以程序是以三种气体的质量分数和混合气体的总压力和温度为输入参数,计算气体的比体积,并且计算混合气体两种状态间的焓差。     

氩-氦-二氧化碳混合气体电弧行为及其对焊缝成形的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊对不同比例氩-氦-二氧化碳混合气体的电弧物理特性及其焊缝成形进行了实验.结果表明,三元混合气体的电弧形态中可观察到柱状中心区.混合气体中氦气的体积百分比小于45%时,其电弧特性与氩弧差别不大.氦的体积分大于75%时,其电弧形成具有氦弧的性质.随着混合气体中氦气比例的增加,熔深和熔宽均增加,但熔深增加得更明显一些.     

基于光声原理的火灾复合气体探测技术

监测燃烧过程中产生的气体（主要是CO）来探测火灾逐渐成为火灾探测中的一个重要领域。各种现有的气体传感器灵敏度比较低，不利于火灾的早期报警,利用基于光声原理的复合气体探测技术来进行火灾探测，能极大地提高探测器的灵敏度。将CO和CO2的检测结合起来，可降低探测器的误报率，有利于提高早期报警。     

燃气发生器条件下穿刺C/C复合材料喷管的烧蚀性能研究

研究了穿刺C/C复合材料喷管在酒精/氧气燃气发生器模拟的液体火箭发动机富氧燃气环境中的烧蚀性能, 分析了穿刺C/C复合材料的烧蚀机理及燃气参数对烧蚀性能的影响. 结果表明, 喷管喉部线烧蚀率为(0.055±0.029)mm/s, 质量烧蚀率为0.186kg/(m²·s). 喷管收敛段下游到喉部区域烧蚀最严重, 收敛段上游其次, 扩散段烧蚀最弱. 烧蚀过程是热化学烧蚀和气流冲刷综合作用的结果, 燃气温度和氧化性组分H₂O和CO₂含量决定穿刺C/C复合材料热化学烧蚀率, 压强和流速影响穿刺C/C复合材料的机械剥蚀.     

Gas evolution in acetate-nitrate aqueous solutions in a wide pH range under the action of ionizing radiation

The influence of the initial pH value on the gas evolution from aqueous acetate-nitrate solutions under the action of ionizing γ-radiation was studied. With an increase in pH from 0.5 to 11.0, the total pressure of gases over the solution decreases by a factor of 4–5. The most noticeable decrease in the pressure is observed in the pH range 3–7. The major gaseous radiolysis products are CO₂ and N₂O, with H₂ and CH₄ formed to a considerably lesser extent (by a factor of 10). Other gases such as N₂, O₂, NO, CO at an absorbed dose of 0.2 MGy either were formed in extremely small amounts or were not detected at all. On the basis of the dependences of the CO₂ solubility on temperature, pressure, ionic strength, and pH, an estimate was obtained for its total content in the system throughout the examined pH range.     

Evaluation of the nitrogen oxide emission level for a steam supply with natural gas into the combustion chamber of a gas turbine unit

Numerical simulation results on the effect of the operation parameters for a combustion chamber of a combined-cycle plant (CCP) with steam injection [1] for the combined production of heat and electric energy upon a reduction in nitrogen oxide emission are represented. Calculations are carried out for lean mixtures with α = 1.2–1.4 and great steam consumptions of 30–42%. The reaction analysis has shown that the main contribution in NO _x formation was given by reactions with the advanced Zel’dovich thermal mechanism, and the reaction contribution with the participation of N₂O into the NO formation was an order of magnitude higher than that by the mechanism of the prompt NO formation. NO₂ does not form at high temperatures and only takes part in the conversion into NO in reactions with the participation of nitric acid. It is shown that the optimum choice of operation conditions for the combustion chamber of the CCP makes it possible to obtain the NO _x content in the combustion products in some mill^?1 (ppm). According to calculations, steam injection does not increase CO emission. A comparison with the experiment is given.     

Gas sensing property of perovskite SrTi(1-x)Fe(x)O3_delta fabricated by thick film planar technology

Planar sensor of SrTi(1-x)Fe(x)O3-delta, x = 0.4 and 0.6, with perovskite structure was fabricated on alumina substrate using thick film technology. Electrical resistance was measured as a function of thermal treatment conditions, atmosphere, time and temperature. Sensing property was also measured as a function of temperature and the gases of O2, CH4, CO, CO2, NO and NO2. The resistance of SrTi(1-x)Fe(x)O3-delta is lower than those of SrTiO3 or SrFeO3. TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance) of zero over 550 degrees C was measured for the composition of SrTi(1-x)Fe(x)O3-delta after thermal treatment at 1100 degrees C in air atmosphere only. The perovskite SrTi(1-x)Fe(x)O3-delta didn't show any response to CH4, CO, CO2, NO and NO2, but an excellent response and recovery characteristics with oxygen concentration.