荧光定量PCR检测活检组织EB病毒感染的临床意义

目的　建立检测EBV感染的新方法并观察EBV与鼻咽癌的关系。方法　鼻咽部活检组织和石蜡包埋标本6 6例 ,采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应 (FQ -PCR)和原位杂交 (ISH)两种方法检测EBV ,其检测结果与病理诊断对照。结果 :FQ-PCR检测EBV -DNA阴性 5 2例 ,其中 5 1例为炎性病变 ,另 1例为腺癌 ;EBV -DNA阳性 14例 ,其中 13例为鳞状细胞癌 ,另 1例虽为炎症。但部分上皮细胞呈不典型增生。ISH检测EBV阳性 4 9例 ,其中 4 7例为炎性病变 2例为癌。EBV阳性 17例 ,其中 12例为癌 ,5例为炎性病变。FQ -PCR和ISH检测EBV结果 ,经卡方检测差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　EBV感染与鼻咽癌有高度相关性。FQ -PCR检测EBV具有方法简单、快速、定量准确等优点。     

杂交PCR检测解脲支原体合并沙眼衣原体及其在愈后诊断中的应用

目的　为探讨女性和男性在解脲支原体合并沙眼衣原体感染的差异及杂交PCR技术在其愈合诊断中的应用。方法　用杂交PCR方法对门诊女性非淋菌性阴道炎及男性淋菌性尿道炎患者解脲支原体及部分沙眼衣原体进行了检测 ,登记并随访了 16 1例 (女性 2 12例 ,男性 4 9例 )UU首诊阳性 ,经抗生素治疗后复诊的患者 ,并对复诊时UU转阴的患者 ,首诊阳性距复诊转阴间隔进行了统计分析。结果　在 2 6 1例随访者中 ,女性显著多于男性 ;男性UU感染各模式复诊转阴率均显著高于女性。男性各模式UU转阴率分别为 :- +93 10 % ,++78 5 7% ,0 +83 33% ;女性各模式UU转阴率分别为 :- +5 7 14 % ,++6 3 6 4 % ,0 +70 97% ,(P <0 .0 1)。男性UU感染复诊总转阴率显然也显著高于女性 (男、女性复诊UU总转阴率分别为 4 3/49=87.76 %和 12 9/2 12 =6 0 .85 % ,P <0 .0 1)。同性的UU单项感染率均显著高于UU和CT合并感染率 ,(P <0 .0 1)。两性间的UU单项感染率 ,和UU、CT合并感染率比较无显著性差异。结果还发现CT的转阴比UU更容易 ;在复诊UU转阴患者中 ,女性多于男性 ;两性UU单项感染率均显著高于UU和CT合并感染 (女性分别为 5 5 8%和 2 7 1% ,P<0 .0 1;男性分别为 6 2 8%和 2 5 6 % ,P <0 .0 1) ,男女间相同模式无差异 ;感染年龄集     

实时荧光定量PCR检测常见性传播疾病病原体基因

目的;用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)技术准确定量检测常见性病病原体基因,为临床治疗提供依据.方法采用实时FQ-PCR技术,检测了临床送检标本3641份.结果淋球菌(NGH)1416份、沙眼衣原体(CT)1165份、解脲支原体(UU)765份,人乳头瘤病毒(HPV6.11)214份、梅毒螺旋体(TP)81份,阳性率分别为26%(368/1416)、27%(315/1165)、36.5%(279/765)、77%(165/214)、21%(17/81).阳性率差异有高度显著性(P＜0.001).NGH、CT、UU、HPV6.11、TP阳性标本DNA平均拷贝数2.3×106、8.5×105、2.4×104、5.6×107、3.8×105.146例治疗后复查,其转阴率为NGH63.9%(39)、CT70%(33)、UU44.7%(17).治疗后复查转阴率差异有显著性(P＜0.05),其DNA拷贝平均数有明显下降.结论实时FQ-PCR技术检测常见性病病原体基因,具有简便、快捷、特异性高、定量准确等优点,对其诊断和治疗有指导意义.     

荧光定量PCR技术检测乳腺癌CK19 mRNA表达过量的临床应用

目的 :探讨荧光定量PCR(FQ -PCR)检测细胞角蛋白 19(CK - 19)在乳腺癌诊断中的应用。方法 :采用FQ -PCR法 ,并以磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 (GAPDH)为内对照测定 30例健康女性体检者、30例良性乳腺疾病患者和 76例乳腺癌患者的外周血中CK19mRNA的表达量。结果 :正常对照组和良性乳腺疾病组CK19和CK19/GAPDH无显著性差异 ,乳腺癌组均显著高于前 2组 ,GAPDH在 3组间均无显著性差异。若以CK19基因表达量和CK19/GAPDH高于正常对照组 x± 2s为阳性 ,76例乳腺癌患者的阳性数为 4 1,阳性率 5 3 9% ,良性乳腺疾病组阳性数为 0。 76例乳腺癌中 2 7例患者从手术前到第 3次检测 ,CK19/GAPDH均显下降趋势 ,但第 1次和第 2次与手术前比较 ,无显著性差异 ,而第 3次与手术前比较 ,CK19/GAPDH均显著低于手术前 ,存在显著性差异。结论 :FQ -PCR技术是高度灵敏、高度特异的快速定量检测CK19基因的方法 ,可有效监测乳腺癌的诊断、治疗和预后。     

荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测血清中HBV-DNA

目的 :研究荧光定量聚合酶链反应 (FQ PCR)检测HBV DNA对辨别病毒复制的临床意义。方法 :采用FQ PCR和ELISA方法 ,检测 79例患者血清HBV DNA拷贝数和免疫学血清指标。结果 :2 6例HBsAg、HBeAg、抗 HBc均阳性的标本 ,HBV DNA也全部阳性 ,平均拷贝数为 2 .7× 10 5/mL。 8例HBsAg、HBeAg阳性的标本 ,HBV DNA也全部阳性 ,平均拷贝数为5 .2× 10 4/mL。 2 1例HBsAg、抗 HBe、抗 HBc均阳性的标本HBV DNA阳性率为 6 6 .7% ,平均拷贝数为 3.1× 10 4/mL。 9例HBsAg阳性的标本HBV DNA阳性率为 11%。平均拷贝数为1.4× 10 3 /mL。结论 :荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测HBV DNA可以更加准确地判断HBV的感染和复制情况。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液解脲脲原体

目的应用实时荧光核酸恒温扩增检测技术（SAT）检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液解脲脲原体（UU）,并评价其敏感性和特异性。方法对140例疑似泌尿生殖道感染患者的拭子和尿液样本,分别采用培养法、SAT进行解脲脲原体检测,检测结果有差异的标本用实时荧光定量PCR法对拭子进行复测,根据实验结果评估SAT检测尿液UU的敏感性和特异性。结果 140例疑似患者试子培养和尿液SAT检测阳性率均为60%,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,其中16例培养结果与SAT检测结果不一致,8例培养法阳性、SAT阴性的拭子PCR结果复测阳性;8例培养法阴性、SAT阳性的拭子标本PCR结果 4例阴性、4例阳性,结合培养法结果和PCR结果作为＂扩大金标准＂,得出SAT对尿液检测的敏感性为95.5%、特异性为100%。结论 SAT检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液UU具有取样方便,检测快速、准确等优点,适用于临床实验室泌尿生殖道UU的检测。     

宫颈癌与人乳头状瘤病毒16/18型的关系探讨

目的　应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应 (FQ -PCR)检测宫颈癌患者人乳头状瘤病毒 (HPV) 16 / 18型感染率 ,探讨HPV 16 / 18型与宫颈癌的关系。方法　应用荧光探针标记引物的荧光定量聚合酶链反应对 88例宫颈癌患者的宫颈分泌物进行了HPV 16 / 18型检测。结果　 88例宫颈癌患者宫颈分泌物FQ -PCR阳性率为 78% ,阳性样品定量对数平均值 (ml-1)为 5 .33× 10 6,定量测值范围 (ml-1)为 1.2 0× 10 3 ～ 2 .4 1× 10 7。对照组 85例全部阴性。结论人乳头状瘤病毒 (HPV) 16 / 18型感染与宫颈癌的发生发展关系密切。     

荧光定量RT-PCR在流感病毒检测上的应用

目的　探讨实时荧光定量RT PCR检测方法在流行性感冒检测诊断上的意义。方法　收集集体暴发疑似流感、SARS患者的咽拭子标本 16起 2 0 7份和双份血清标本 10 4份 ,应用荧光定量RT PCR检测方法、MDCK细胞培养法和血凝抑制试验进行病原学和血清学检测。结果　 2 0 7份集体暴发疑似流感、SARS患者的咽拭子标本中用荧光定量RT PCR检测 ,阳性 79份。阳性率 38 16 % (79 2 0 7)。MDCK细胞培养 ,16起中有 13起共 14 5份咽拭子有 6 2份标本阳性。阳性率 2 9 95 % (6 2 2 0 7)。两者的阳性率差异有显著意义 (χ2 =8.6 4 ,P <0 0 0 5 )。有 9起 10 4份成功的采集了双份血清 ,经HI试验有 6 4份双份血清与H3N2亚型抗原产生血抑 4倍增长 ,阳性率 6 1 5 4 % (6 4 10 4 )。结论　荧光定量RT PCR方法检测流感病毒能够在 3～ 4h内得出结果、且操作方便、特异性强、灵敏度高。因此我们认为实时荧光定量RT PCR方法 ,可作为一种快速的流感病毒检测诊断方法。     

HBV-DNA定量与HBV-M检测的联合应用

HBV在患者体内的复制量、机体的免疫状态及治疗效果等 ,一直是医生和患者都十分关注的问题。HBV DNA定量检测解决了相关问题 ,为了解该手段与其他检验方法的关系 ,我们对 2 85份乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )病毒核酸 (HBV DNA)定量阳性的血清标本同时采用酶联免疫方法检测了乙肝血清免疫标志物 (HBV M)。标本来自哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院临床确诊的乙肝患者 ;FQ PCR诊断试剂盒由达安基因有限公司生产 ,仪器为美国PE公司生产的PE5 70 0型FQ PCR仪。ELISA诊断试剂盒由上海科华实业有限公司生产。每次实验均设系列阳性标准品、阴性对…     

RT-PCR测定SARS患者粪便及漱口液中SARS CoV RNA及其临床意义

目的　对 4 6例SARS患者 2 0 6份粪便及漱口液标本 ,检测SARSCoV ,探讨SARS患者恢复期排毒的情况。方法　对住院的 4 6例临床确诊SARS病人 ,留取粪便及同期漱口液各 10 3份 ,提取RNA后利用 14对SARSCoV特异性引物 ,对每份标本同时进行 7次套式RT PCR扩增 ,凡 1次RT PCR结果阳性 ,该标本即判定为阳性。结果　 10 3份粪便标本中 ,6 3份 (6 1.2 % )SARSCoV阴性 ,4 0份(38.8% )阳性 ,阳性者的病程为 30 .75d± 11.2 7d(12d～ 6 4d)。 10 3份漱口液标本中 ,81份 (78.6 % )阴性 ,2 2份 (2 1.4 % )阳性 ,阳性者的病程为 2 9.82d± 12 .4 6d(12d～ 6 4d)。病程最长 6 4d时粪便及漱口液中依然发现SARSCoV病原学依据。患者同期粪便及漱口液RT PCR检测结果一致的有 6 1份(5 9.2 % ) ,不一致的有 4 2份 (40 .8% )。结论　SARS患者恢复期排毒可长达 6 4d ,对SARS患者恢复期的消毒隔离应该得到足够的重视。SARS患者粪便SARSCoVRNA阳性 ,而同期漱口液SARSCoVRNA阴性 ,提示SARSCoV可以直接经消化道传播。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.