侧脑室体外引流结合腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血临床研究

目的评价早期腰大池引流结合侧脑室体外引流治疗脑室出血疗效。方法随机将48例脑室出血患者分成2组。治疗组28采用单侧或双侧侧脑室置管引流,同时或脑室外引流术后3 d内行腰大池引流。对照组20例单纯延长脑室外引流时间或停止脑室外引流后再行腰大池引流。结果治疗组积血完全清除、脑脊液循环通畅时间均低于对照组,脑积水发生率均低于对照组,GOS评定优于对照组。结论早期持续腰大池引流结合侧脑室体外引流可缩短脑室出血积血时间,降低患者的脑积水发生率。     

微创治疗原发性脑室内出血22例体会

本院从2000年1月至2007年2月收治原发性脑室内出血患者22例，均行侧脑室外引流、尿激酶灌洗，腰池持续引流治疗．取得了较好的疗效，报告如下。     

双侧脑室外引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血63例

目的探讨双侧脑室出血外引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血的疗效。方法对63例重症脑室出血患者先行双侧脑室外引流,24h后结合腰大池引流并用尿激酶灌注进行头腰侧交替引流血性脑脊液。结果术后10d复查CT,43例脑室系统积血基本消失,14例积血减少50%,6例积血减少30%,无梗阻性脑积水。术后死亡16例（占25.4%）。存活47例（占74.6%）,随访3个月,按ADL分级：Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级15例,Ⅳ级7例,Ⅴ级4例。结论采用双侧脑室引流结合腰大池引流治疗重症脑室出血,能明显减少引流时间,降低死亡率和致残率,提高患者生活质量。     

颅内压监测下脑室外引流、腰大池引流治疗脑室岀血的疗效观察

目的 探讨颅内压监测下脑室外引流、腰大池引流治疗脑室岀血的疗效.方法 以本院就诊的重型脑室出血患者为研究对象.随机分成试验组和对照组.试验组给予颅内压监测下行脑室外引流;腰大池引流,对照组根据患者症状、体征和CT扫描结果 进行脑室外引流、腰大池引流.比较两组预后、并发症(颅内感染、脑积水、脑疝、再出血)、脑室引流时间、住院时间的差别.结果 ①试验组疗效显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2＝9.621,P＜0.05);②试验组颅内感染、脑积水和脑疝发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);③试验组脑室引流时间和住院时间均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 颅内压监测下脑室外引流、腰大池引流治疗脑室岀血疗效好,可减少并发症,降低住院时间.     

改良式腰大池置管引流联合脑室外引流治疗脑室出血60例体会

目的探讨改良式腰大池置管引流联合脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的临床疗效。方法对60例脑室出血患者行经颅穿刺脑室外引流术联合腰大池引流术的操作要点及疗效进行临床分析。结果脑室内血肿清除时间4～5天42例,6～7天12例,第三脑室积血消失时间平均6天。本组60例患者55例治疗成功,死亡5例,总有效率91.6%。结论采用改良式腰大池置管联合侧脑室引流救治脑室出血患者,在提高早期救治成功率、缩短脑室血肿清除时间、降低致残率及改善患者生存质量等方面有积极意义。     

双向引流及尿激酶灌注治疗脑室内出血

目的 探讨双向引流结合脑室及腰大池内注入尿激酶治疗脑室内出血的疗效。方法将26例脑室内出血患者行双侧脑室外引流及腰大池置管外引流（双向引流），术后第一天起采用等量置换原则，每天2次分别向脑室内及腰大池内注入溶有尿激酶2万u的生理盐水约2ml，并用2ml生理盐水冲洗，夹管4h后开放。定期复查头颅CT，术后3～5天脑室内出血基本清除后拔出脑室外引流管，10～20天脑脊液清亮后拔出腰大池引流管。结果 本组26例患者中，22例术后4周意识逐渐清醒，2例持续昏迷，2例死亡。结论 该方法是一种简单、有效、安全、可行的治疗脑室内出血的新措施。     

双侧侧脑室引流联合腰池置管持续引流术治疗重度脑室出血39例

目的双侧侧脑室引流联合腰池置管持续引流术治疗重度脑室出血的疗效。方法对39例侧重度脑室出血患者采用双侧侧脑室引流加腰池置管持续引流术;同时交替行脑室内尿激酶灌注术进行治疗。结果本组39例,存活34例,死亡5例。结论双侧侧脑室引流加腰池置管持续引流术治疗重度脑室出血疗效显著,简单实用。     

原发性脑室出血并脑积水的治疗

目的探讨原发性脑室出血并脑积水的治疗方法。方法报告96例原发性脑室出血,38例采用单纯侧脑室外引流、早期注射尿激酶(1组),58例采用侧脑室外引流、早期注射尿激酶加腰大池置管持续引流术(2组)。结果两组死亡分别为10例(26.3%)、5例(8.6%);颅内感染分别为3例(7.9%)、1例(1.7%);脑积水分别为9例(23.7%)、2例(3.4%)。在死亡率、颅内感染率、交通性脑积水发生率,差异均有统计学意义(P分别为<0.01,<0.01,<0.01)。结论侧脑室外引流、早期注射尿激酶加腰大池置管持续引流术是治疗原发性脑室出血并阻塞性脑积水的有效方法。     

脑室外引流结合Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血的研究

目的研究脑室外引流结合Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流治疗脑室出血较传统手术方式的优点。方法 100例脑室出血病例随机分为改良组及传统组。改良组选择在出血相对较多的一侧常规行侧脑室额角穿刺外引流;而在出血相对较少的一侧额角置入Ommaya囊后行囊腔穿刺外引流。脑室外引流5～7天后,逐步改为仅Ommaya囊及腰大池持续引流。传统组则行双侧侧脑室普通外引流结合每天腰穿放血性脑脊液治疗。最后比较2组患者迟发性脑积水、颅内感染发生率及预后情况等。结果 2组迟发性脑积水、颅内感染发生率及预后（ADL分级）比较差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05,表明改良组疗效明显优于传统组。结论该项改良技术安全可靠、损伤小、恢复快,能大大降低病死率和伤残率,减少并发症和后遗症,改善预后,优于传统方法。     

脑室内出血外引流术后脑积水的预测及治疗

脑室内出血的治疗方法通常是保守治疗或行脑室外引流手术，预测产生脑积水概率较高的需要行脑室外引流术，也可加用腰大池外引流，而出血量多的病人则需要多次外引流手术，一般不行脑室-腹腔分流术。但在出血引流后往往会并发脑积水。严重者需要急诊的脑室-腹腔分流手术，而慢性脑积水者往往又在症状严重后始能发现．即使再做脑室-腹腔引流手术也为时已晚，致残率较高，预后较差。本院于2002年4月至2005年10月期间。对38例脑室外引流患者在引流完成前行脑积水危险因素判断，有脑积水高危因素的病人在拔除脑室外引流管的同时行脑室-腹腔分流术，对照1997年1月至2001年12月33例未进行预测组，取得较好的疗效。     

The effects of intraventricular administration of norepinephrine on vasogenic edema

The effects of intraventricular application of norepinephrine (NE) on the development of vasogenic edema was studied in mongrel dogs randomly divided into a control and an experimental group (NE group). Vasogenic edema was produced by infusion of a 2.0 M NaCl solution (hypertonic saline) unilaterally into the carotid artery. NE (40 micrograms/kg) was injected into the lateral ventricle 30 minutes before the infusion of hypertonic saline, after which intracranial pressure (ICP) and systemic blood pressure were continuously recorded. The animals were sacrificed 2 hours after the infusion of hypertonic saline and brain tissues were sampled from both hemispheres for measurement of the water content. Infusion of hypertonic saline produced a marked increase in ICP in the control group and a lesser increase in the NE group. The mean ICP in the control group was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that of the NE group from 30 to 120 minutes after saline infusion. The water content of the saline-infused hemisphere was significantly higher than that of the contralateral hemisphere in the control group, whereas the difference was not significant in the NE group. These results suggest that intraventricular administration of NE may protect against the development of intracranial hypertension due to vasogenic edema.     

高血压脑基底节出血并破入脑室外科手术治疗

目的探讨高血压脑出血并破入脑室的外科治疗方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年4月～2010年10月内蒙古医学院第三附属医院神经外科收治的182例高血压脑基底节出血并破入脑室患者的临床资料,根据患者的不同情况,采用开颅血肿清除并置入侧脑室引流管、侧脑室穿刺引流、腰大池引流为主要手段的综合治疗。结果 182例患者生存109例,死亡34例,39例手术后放弃治疗。结论高血压脑基底节出血并破入脑室死亡率和致残率较高,手术清除血肿同时引流脑室才能提高疗效。     

Intraventricular hematomas associated with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhages: with special reference to third ventricular hematoma

Intraventricular hematoma (IVH) is often associated with many kinds of intracranial hemorrhage; for example, hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and so on. In this paper we discuss the clinical significance of IVH in the third ventricle, as well as the effects of surgical treatment. Forty-five patients were treated in our hospital because of massive IVH associated with small or mode-rate-size (hematoma volume less than or equal to 15 ml) thalamic or caudate-head hemorrhage between April, 1983 and April, 1988. All cases had an intraventricular cast in at least one ventricle. The patients were divided into two subgroups (depending on the site of the dominant IVH): the third-fourth ventricle dominant type-IVH group, and the lateral ventricle dominant type-IVH group. The former was further divided into two subgroups based on the thickness of the IVH in the third ventricle (its thickness being greater than or equal to 1 cm and less than 1 cm), and the area of IVH in the fourth ventricle (its area being greater than or equal to 1 cm2 and less than 1 cm2) as determined by CT scan monitoring. All cases were also divided according to continuous ventricular drainage (CVD), position of the catheter tip (in either the third ventricle or the lateral ventricle), and the intraventricular administration of urokinase (UK). For each group we checked the consciousness grade using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on day 0 and on day 7, as well as the interval between day 0 and the day on which the IVH in the third ventricle disappeared on the CT scan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Endoscopic evacuation of intraventricular hematoma and third ventriculostomy

We described our experience of three cases treated with endoscopic evacuation of intraventricular hematoma and third ventriculostomy for a tight intraventricular hematoma associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. A steerable endoscope was introduced into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle contralaterally to the intracerebral hemorrhage, through a 14 Fr. peel-away sheath. First, the hematoma in the lateral ventricle contralateral to the hemorrhage was evacuated by direct aspiration using a syringe connected to the operative channel of the endoscope, and evacuation of the hematoma was subsequently carried on the third ventricle, aqueduct and the fourth ventricle. After the evacuation of the intraventricular hematoma, third ventriculostomy was performed for acute obstructive hydrocephalus. Finally, the procedure was completed with septostomy and evacuation of the hematoma in the lateral ventricle ipsilateral to the hemorrhage. Sufficient evacuation of the hematoma was obtained in all cases and no major complications were encountered. We conclude that for patients with intraventricular hematoma associated with intracerebral hemorrhage endoscopic evacuation of intraventricular hematoma brings about sufficient removal of hematoma, reduction of hospitalization time and prevention of subsequent hydrocephalus.     

Clinical application of neuroendoscopic techniques.

We treated 126 patients with different neurosurgical diseases by performing endoscopic neurosurgery, endoscopy-controlled microneurosurgery and endoscopy-assisted microneurosurgery. The indications were intracranial cysts in 51 patients, brain cysticercosis in 10 patients, hydrocephalus in 31 patients, and epidermoid cysts in 34 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 24 months (mean follow-up duration 9 months). After operation, 115 of 126 patients had improvement in their initial symptoms, 7 had no change and 4 developed complications, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intraventricular hemorrhage, and transient cardiopulmonary dysfunction. It is concluded that (1) neuroendoscopic techniques show a distinct value in the treatment of deep-seated, intracranial diseases, or ventricle and cistern lesions; (2) neuroendoscopic techniques play an important role in microneurosurgery and consequently improve surgical quality; (3) the benefits of neuroendoscopic techniques include less surgical manipulation and trauma, milder postoperative reaction, decreased expenses and shortened hospitalizations.     

A large arachnoid cyst of the lateral ventricle extending from the supracerebellar cistern--case report

BACKGROUND: The pathogenetic mechanism of intraventricular arachnoid cyst development is still controversial, but is believed to originate from the vascular mesenchyme or as an extension of the arachnoid cyst in the subarachnoid space into the ventricle through the choroidal fissure. We report a case supporting the extension hypothesis and suggest differential points between an intraventricular arachnoid cyst that extended from the supracerebellar space and a lateral ventricular diverticulum that extended into the supracerebellar cistern. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 12-month-old girl presented with macrocephaly and developmental delay. Her magnetic resonance imaging showed an arachnoid cyst that had developed from the supracerebellar space in the posterior fossa, and which extended into the left lateral ventricle resulting in expansion of the left lateral ventricle and displacing the choroids plexus anteriorly and laterally and the midline to the right. We treated an intraventricular arachnoid cyst by endoscopic fenestration resulting in dramatic reduction of the intraventricular arachnoid cyst with large bilateral subdural fluid collection. We performed a subduroperitoneal shunt for subdural fluid collection and subsequent cystoperitoneal shunt for the remnant cyst. CONCLUSION: We suggest that this case supports the extension hypothesis from the subarachnoid space through the choroidal fissure into the lateral ventricle. We also suggest that one of the radiological differential points between an intraventricular arachnoid cyst and a ventricular diverticulum is displacement and compression of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle.     

Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring: a report of 136 cases

Objective： To evaluate the effect of the treatment modality guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure （ICP） monitoring on patients with severe traumatic brain injury （TBI）. Methods： The clinical data of a group of 136 severely brain-injured patients admitted to Shanghai Neurosurgical Emergency Center from December 2004 to February 2006 were studied. Results： The intraventricular ICP monitor was placed in all the 136 patients via Kocher＇s pathway, Paine＇s pathway or intraoperative opened ventricle. In this series, the probe was placed during the procedure of craniotomy in 98 patients; for other 38 patients, the probe was placed initially to measure or to monitor ICE A stepwise protocol targeting at ICP control （420 mm Hg） and optimal cerebral perfusion pressure （CPP） maintenance （60-90 mm Hg） was deployed.Among them, 76 patients survived with good recovery, 14 with moderate disability, 24 with severe disability, 10 with vegetative state, and 12 died. Complications associated with intraventricular ICP monitoring included hemorrhage and infection. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient and infection in 5 patients. There were no unacceptable complications related to ICP monitoring. Conclusions： Ventricular access for 1CP monitoring can be safely and accurately achieved. ICP monitoring via ventriculostomy may facilitate an early and accurate intervention for severely brain-injured patients. The intraventricular ICP monitoring is a low-risk procedure and can yield great benefits for management of patients with severe TBI.     

Effects of hypertonic saline versus lactated Ringer's solution on cerebral oxygen transport during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock

Hypertonic saline successfully restores systemic hemodynamics in dogs and humans with severe hemorrhagic shock and, in contrast to lactated Ringer's solution, does not increase intracranial pressure (ICP). This study compares cerebral oxygen delivery in 12 dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock by the rapid removal of blood (mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg maintained for 30 minutes), and then resuscitated with lactated Ringer's solution (six dogs) or 7.5% saline solution (six dogs) to restore systolic arterial pressure. Both solutions effectively restored systemic hemodynamic stability, increasing cardiac output and systolic blood pressure while decreasing mean and diastolic arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. The ICP was significantly lower after resuscitation in the hypertonic saline group (p less than 0.05), but cerebral blood flow, which had decreased during shock, was not restored by either fluid, and cerebral oxygen transport fell further secondary to a hemodilutional reduction of hemoglobin. Although hypertonic saline may improve systemic hemodynamics and maintain a low ICP during resuscitation, it fails, as does Ringer's solution, to restore cerebral oxygen transport to prehemorrhagic shock levels.     

Early hemodynamic changes in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

A model of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage is described in which carefully controlled volumes of autologous blood were injected at arterial pressure into the caudate nucleus of the rat. A comparison of intracranial pressure changes and local cerebral blood flow (CBF) was made between three groups of rats, each receiving different injection volumes, and sham-operated control rats by monitoring intraventricular pressure and by obtaining quantitative autoradiographic measurements of CBF within 1 minute of the experimental hemorrhage. Cerebral blood flow was reduced both around the hematoma and in the surrounding brain. This change was strongly volume-dependent and was not accompanied by significant alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure. This finding suggests that the degree of ischemia at the time of an intracerebral bleed depends on the size of the lesion, and implicates local squeezing of the microcirculation by the hematoma, rather than a generalized alteration in perfusion pressure, as the cause of ischemia.