Florida两浅水湖中骚扰性摇蚊幼虫与其它无脊椎动物的密度动态及其影响因素

１９９２年冬季和１９９３年春季针对美国中佛罗里达地区两个浅水湖中骚扰性摇蚊幼虫和其它底栖无脊椎动物种群变化的调查结果表明：摇蚊幼虫占底栖无脊椎动物群落组成的４８％，莹蚊科占２１％，水生蠕虫占３１％。上述底栖无脊椎动物的垂直分布情况是：１ｍ以内水深处为３７３３个／ｍ２底面积，１．１—１．９ｍ深处为５５３８个／ｍ２，２—３ｍ深处为９１８１个／ｍ２。１１月至３月密度最低，１０、４月份密度较高。摇蚊幼虫与其它无脊椎动物冬春季密度变化与湖中水深、水温、含氧量等因素变化有关     

Florida两浅水湖中骚扰性摇蚊幼虫与其它无脊椎动物的…

１９９２年冬季和１９９３年春季针对美国中佛罗达地区两个浅水湖中骚扰性遥蚊幼虫和其它底杠无脊椎动物种群变化的调查结果表明，摇蚊幼虫与底栖无脊椎动物落组成的４８％，莹蚊科占２１％，水生蠕虫占３１％，上述底栖无脊椎动物的垂直分布情况是：１ｍ以内水深处为３７３３个／ｍ＾２底面积，１．１－１．９ｍ深处为５５３８个／ｍ＾２，２－３ｍ深处为９１８１个／ｍ＾２，１１月至３月密度最低，１０，４月份密度较高，摇蚊幼虫     

印鼠客蚤实验室种群的羽化规律研究

为开展蚤传疾病的传播机制、蚤的生理毒理、杀蚤剂的药物开发等研究提供材料．我们用印鼠客蚤的实验室种群进行蚤的羽化规律研究。该种群用人工饲料饲养幼虫，小白鼠作为供血动物。结果表明，在每1000只蚤的繁殖体系中，供血10天后，子代蚤羽化开始的前4天，雌虫占全部成虫的98．6％；羽化的第9、10天为高峰，雌性的日羽化指数（日羽化率×日雌性比）分别为7．3％和6．7％，第14天以后逐渐下降；羽化开始的第5天后，雄蚤的羽化量逐渐增加，到第14天达到高峰．日羽化指数占全部成蚤的5．9％。成蚤日累计羽化率随时间的变化为“S”型。雌性印鼠客蚤的羽化数量与时间呈负相关。可见，印鼠客蚤的雌性个体比雄性发育快，分别存在不同的羽化高峰，两个高峰重叠，延长成蚤羽化高峰日。关键词印鼠客蚤；实验室种群；羽化规律；性比     

诱蚊诱卵器不同指标在白纹伊蚊种群动态研究中的应用

为了研究诱蚊诱卵器的不同指标在不同孳生地状态的白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus种群动态研究中的应用效果,2006年在上海市共青森林公园（试验区）和内燃机研究所（对照区）进行实验研究。试验中试验区采用各种方法清除孳生地,对照区不采取任何措施。采用诱卵阳性率,诱卵器平均卵数,诱蚊阳性率记录白纹伊蚊种群动态。结果显示,诱卵阳性率和诱卵器平均卵数在对照区和试验区都有很好的相关性;相比诱卵阳性率,诱蚊阳性率灵敏度在对照区和试验区分别为78．6％和67．6％,特异度分别为96．2％和98．7％,符合率分别为90．3％和94．2％。可见诱蚊诱卵器在不同孳生地水平的场所研究白纹伊蚊种群动态最好指标都为诱卵阳性率,其诱捕成蚊功能是有效补充。     

4322例遗传咨询者的淋巴细胞染色体分析

总结我室１３年来对４３２２例遗传咨询者的外周血淋巴细胞染色体分析结果，共检出染色体异常２１１例，为受检人数的４．８８％，其中２１三体综合征３６例，占受检人数的０．８３％，Ｋｌｉｎｅｆｅｌｔｅｒ综合征６７例，占受检人数的１．５５％，Ｘ染色体数目与结构异常２４例，占受检人数０．５６％。各种易位型染色体异常３６例，占受检人数的０．８３％，其它类型的染色体结构异常、９号染色体臂间倒位、Ｄ组与Ｇ组染色体短臂增加、以及额外小染色体、大Ｙ、小比例的染色体不正常等畸变或多态现象共４８例，占受检人数的１．１３％。通过与其它资料对比，认为在特定人群中染色体病患病约为４％左右，故还需努力提高产前诊断技术降低我国染色体病发病。     

家蝇抗药性的分子机制：乙酰胆碱酯酶介导的抗药性

乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂的主要作用靶标,该酶氨基酸残基的替换可以降低AchE对这两类杀虫剂的敏感性,从而使昆虫表现出对这两类杀虫剂的抗性。至今在抗性家蝇AchE中鉴定出多个不同位点的点突变,以G262A／V和F327Y突变最为普遍。262和327两位点上的氨基酸残基靠近AchE的活性位点三联体,G262A／V和F327Y替换可以通过改变起催化作用的丝氨酸的定位或通过降低酰基．结合袋的空间来改变酶的活性,在抗性进化过程中起着重要的作用。家蝇AchE点突变的效用是累加,多突变组合往往导致更高水平且更广谱的抗性。从不同抗性家蝇种群中检测出相同的AchE遗传突变,表明这一抗性进化机制的保守性;多种抗性等位基因共存于家蝇种群中,反映了杀虫剂使用的多重性。家蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶抗性等位基因种类分布因地区而不同,但也有重叠。家蝇种群表现出抗性等位基因的演替,推测是杀虫药剂的轮替使用的结果。     

军人心理咨询1035人次初步分析

目的 探讨军人心理咨询的特点与疗效。方法 对1997年5月－2000年5月，来自全军各大军区和各军种，采用电话、通信、门诊3种形式心理咨询的军人1035人次进行统计分析。结果 心理问题占84．1％，各种躯体疾病占10．0％，其它（如单纯咨询等）占6．0％；心理咨询的总有效率987％，其中显效率63．6％，有效率35．2％。结论 军队中存在大量需要咨询的心理问题，心理咨询对减少心理疾病的发生，维护军人心理健康的效果显著。     

广东省流动人口疟疾流行与监测的研究

流动人口疟疾管理是当前我省控制疟疾的主要问题之一，1992年～1996年在粤桂琼流动人口疟疾联防区广东省高州、信宜、雷州和徐同四个县(市)进行疟疾流行病学监测研究。通过联防，近五年这四个县(市)疟疾年发病率逐年下降，至1996年为0．51／万。5年来共血检140914人，发现疟原虫阳性4299例，阳性率3．05％，其中外束流动人口占总数的29．1％；对58717位回人员进行血检，疟原虫阳性1084例。阳性率为1．85％，其中海南回归的疟疾病例占总病例的36．5％，广西回归的占15．0％，广东省内回归的占41.2％，其它省份占7．3％。疟疾发病与职业的关系，调查2625例患者，以从事种植业和农、林业者疟疾发病最高，分别占32．3％和31．7％，其次为建筑工，占15．2％。因此．对流动人口疟疾防治和管理，应针对高危、重点人群，采取因地制宜、分类指导措施的原则。     

淡色库蚊抗性酯酶活性聚集度及有机磷抗性发展动态研究

本文报道浙江省不同地市淡色库蚊种群的抗生酯酶活性聚集度和对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的发展动态，通过生物测定法，敌百虫对各地方幼虫种群的半致死浓度分别是：宁波０．３５ｐｐｍ，杭州０．４６ｐｐｍ，舟山０．４７ｐｐｍ，温州０．６６ｐｐｍ，嘉兴０．７５ｐｐｍ，和台州１．４３ｐｐｍ。根据各地的历年资料综合分析，自七十年代以来，蚊虫幼虫对敌百虫的抗性逐渐下降，至九十年代初降至最低，但近几年又有回升趋势。通过雌蚊抗性酯     

正常人与神经症患者个性心理特征对照研究

神经症是一种常见的精神障碍，发病率较高．当代关于神经症的病因学说很多，一般认为生活事件和个性特征与神经症发病关系密切[1]。作者对首次发病的神经症患者的个性特征和生活事件与正常人进行了对照研究。1对象与方法1．1对象病例组为1993～1997年首次住院患者240例，均符合CCMD—2—R神经症诊断标准，其中意症70例（占29．2％）、神经衰弱55例（占22．9％）、焦虑症51例（占21．3％）、抑郁性神经症38例（占158％）、强迫症8例（占3．3％）、恐怖症7例（占2．9％）、疑病症6例（占2．5％）、其它5例（占21％）。男性100例，女性140例…     

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities as aquatic bioindicators of contamination by Giardia and Cryptosporidium

Benthic macroinvertebrates (community composed mostly by aquatic forms of insects, such as stonefly nymphs, dragonfly nymphs, water bugs or beetle larvae) are often used in biological monitoring programmes to evaluate the ecological status of rivers and thus to indicate the repercussions of anthropogenic activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of this indicator community to detect human enteroprotozoan parasites that are transmitted via water. In total, 32 samples of macroinvertebrates were collected, with the aid of surber nets of mesh size 500 μm, from nine rivers in Galicia (NW Spain), on different occasions between 2005 and 2009. The samples were homogenised (0.04 M phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2), sieved (150 and 45 μm mesh), and concentrated (by a diphasic method). Aliquots of the sediments were then analysed by a direct immunofluorescence technique with monoclonal antibodies against Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Giardia cysts were detected in one (3.1 %) of the samples and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in four (12.5 %) of the samples. This work is the first study carried out to investigate the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in this benthic community. The results demonstrate that benthic invertebrates could be used as bioindicators of contamination by these waterborne protozoans. Moreover, as this aquatic organisms act as intermittent accumulators and its monitoring enables chronological analysis of perturbations, in both the short- and mid-term, this may represent a suitable alternative or complementary method to the usual techniques of detecting human and animal enteropathogens in water samples.     

Evaluation of different-stage levels of ciguatera toxicity of the marine food fish chain found around Saint Barthélemy Island in French Antilles

A total of 259 specimens of 32 potentially ciguatoxic fish species from St-Barthelemy, Leeward Islands in the Caribbean sea were checked for ciguatoxin. It was found that flesh and viscera from 229 specimens belonging to 27 species (essentially bottom-dwelling species) were ciguatoxic. No correlation between toxicity and species size or diet was demonstrated since five of the six highly ciguatoxic species Seriola dumerili, Caranx latus, Caranx bartholomaei, Caranx ruber and Scomberomorus cavalla are large roving predators feeding mainly on fishes while the last species (Alphestes afer) is a benthic resident of very small size (less than 300 g) which feeds mainly on invertebrates. Small (less than 1 kg) benthic carnivorous fishes (invertebrate feeders), such as Bodianus rufus, Priacanthus arenatus, Mulloidichtys martinicus, Malacanthus plumieri and Halichoeres radiatus, are significantly ciguatoxic and play an important role in the transmission of ciguatoxin in the food chain. Other ciguatoxic species included large carnivorous fishes and the small surgeon Acanthurus bahianus. Furthermore, additional results suggest that most of edible benthic species from Saint-Barthelemy harbour ciguatoxin as well, though at an extremely low level. The ciguatera food chain in the Caribbean sea is therefore comparable with that described in the Pacific Ocean, except concerning small invertebrate feeders since their role in this chain is demonstrated for the first time.     

Carcass enrichment does not alter decay rates or arthropod community structure: a test of the arthropod saturation hypothesis at the anthropology research facility in Knoxville, Tennessee

In a test of an arthropod saturation hypothesis, we asked if the 30-yr history of carcass enrichment at the Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville TN, has altered carcass decay rates or community structure of sarcosaprophagous arthropods, compared with three local nonenriched sites. Over a 12-d period in 1998, using pitfall traps and sweep nets, we sampled a total of 81,000 invertebrates from freshly euthanized pigs (Sus scrofa L.) placed in these sites. From this number, we sorted 69,286 forensically important (sarcosaprophagous) arthropods. The community structure of these organisms, as measured by species and individuals accumulation curves, rarefaction, and nonparametric correlation, was comparable in all four sites in taxonomic similarity, colonization rates, aerial species richness, and ranked abundances of forensically important taxa on a per carcass basis. Measures of carcass decay rate, remaining carcass weight (%) and periodic weight loss, also were similar. In most cases, carcass surface temperatures and maggot mass temperatures were also statistically indistinguishable. Probability-based results and posthoc power analyses of these variables led us to conclude that the sarcosaprophagous arthropod community of the Anthropology Research Facility is representative of surrounding sites.     

Innate immunity against moulds: lessons learned from invertebrate models

The emergence over the past two decades of invasive mycoses as a significant problem in immunocompromised patients underscores the importance of deciphering innate immunity against filamentous fungi. However, the complexity and cost of traditionally used mammalian model hosts presents a bottleneck that has limited the rate of advances in this field. In contrast, invertebrate model hosts have several important advantages, including simple immune systems, genetic tractability, and amenity to high-throughput experiments. The application of these models to studies of host-pathogen interactions is contingent on two tenets: (1) host innate defenses are preserved across widely disparate taxa, and (2) similar fungal virulence factors are operative in insects and in mammals. Validation of these principles paved the way for the use of invertebrates as facile models for studying invasive mould infections. These studies have helped shape our understanding of human pattern recognition receptors, phagocytic cell function and antimicrobial proteins, and their roles in host defense against filamentous fungi.     

Comparative performance and complementarity of four sampling methods and arthropod preference tests from human and porcine remains at the Forensic Anthropology Center in Knoxville, Tennessee

Comparative performance and complementarity tests of four arthropod sampling methods (aerial netting, hand collection, pitfall traps, and sticky traps), used by forensic entomologists in death investigations, training workshops, and research trials, were conducted from simultaneously placed human and porcine subjects inside the Forensic Anthropology Center at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. A secondary aim investigated the widely held claim that pig carcasses are reliable surrogates for human corpses. Over a 35-d period in summer 1989, >72,000 invertebrates from three subjects (one human, two pigs) were sampled of which 93% were members of the forensically important (FI) fauna. Performance tests revealed that hand collections, when performed by an experienced forensic entomologist, consistently yielded the largest fraction of FI arthropods from the total invertebrate catch, followed by aerial netting, sticky traps, and pitfall traps, regardless of subject. Pitfall traps and hand collections were broadly effective at sampling both fly and beetle populations, whereas aerial netting and sticky traps mostly targeted flies. The best two-method combination, based on the highest combined catches of FI taxa, were hand collections and pitfall traps, regardless of subject. Between-subject comparisons revealed negligible preference by FI arthropods for human over pig remains. Insofar as our limited comparisons allow with only three study subjects, these results validated the concept of transferability of "best practices" from one subject to another and confirmed the claim that pig carcasses (of 23-27-kg starting mass) can substitute for human corpses in research and training programs, at least for summer-exposed and unconcealed remains in the first 5 wk postmortem.     

Innate Immunity Against Moulds: Lessons Learned from Invertebrate Models

The emergence over the past two decades of invasive mycoses as a significant problem in immunocompromised patients underscores the importance of deciphering innate immunity against filamentous fungi. However, the complexity and cost of traditionally used mammalian model hosts presents a bottleneck that has limited the rate of advances in this field. In contrast, invertebrate model hosts have several important advantages, including simple immune systems, genetic tractability, and amenity to high-throughput experiments. The application of these models to studies of host-pathogen interactions is contingent on two tenets: (1) host innate defenses are preserved across widely disparate taxa, and (2) similar fungal virulence factors are operative in insects and in mammals. Validation of these principles paved the way for the use of invertebrates as facile models for studying invasive mould infections. These studies have helped shape our understanding of human pattern recognition receptors, phagocytic cell function and antimicrobial proteins, and their roles in host defense against filamentous fungi.     

Comparative study of invertebrate actins: Antigenic cross-reactivity versus sequence variability

Summary The immunological similarities or differences between various actins from muscles of invertebrates were investigated. We elicited antibodies to actin purified from the adductor muscle of the mollusc,Pecten maximus. The antiserum comprised a major population that was specific for the N-terminal extremity of this isoform. This antibody population was used together with other antibodies specific for various domains on the surface of skeletal muscle actin to compare seven actins from invertebrate muscles. The N-terminal extremity showed close homologies between invertebrates (except for Crustacea) but differences were observed with vertebrate skeletal and cytoplasmic actins. In contrast, sequence 18–28, which constitutes part of the myosin interaction domain, appears to be conserved in all actins studied. Other regions (sequences 40–113, 168–226 and 285–375) presented a variable behaviour depending on the particular invertebrate species.     

Protection of confined cattle against biting and nuisance flies (Muscidae: Diptera) with insecticide-treated nets in the Ghanaian forest zone at Kumasi

Insecticide-treated nets for the protection of cattle against Muscinae and Stomoxyinae were evaluated using four identical pens in Kumasi, Ghana, 2005. Two pens served as controls: pen A as negative control and pen C as a positive control containing two zebus and no netting protection. Pens B and D had two zebus each: B was protected with an untreated net (1 m height) while D had the same but deltamethrin-treated net with a persistency attaining 9 months. Nuisance fly densities were weekly monitored using mono-conical traps outside each pen at distances of 20–30 m. No Glossinidae were detected in an otherwise suitable habitat and fewer than ten Tabanidae per catch were recorded. Insect attacks were counted twice per week with photos of selected body regions. Video footages of each animal allowed recordings of defensive movements during 30 s. For the first 3 weeks, mean outside catches were highest around B and C with, respectively, 9.0 and 8.0 insects per trap per day compared with catches outside A and D with 1.8 and 3.3 insects. Catches increased sharply around pens B and C with, respectively, 155.7 and 172.8 insects during week 4 and following, while outside pens A and D significantly fewer insects (11.8 and 7.3) were caught. Pictures of selected body regions showed significantly fewer attacking insects inside pen D, leading to significant nuisance reductions. Feed-uptake and resting was undisturbed, contrasting with relentless disturbance of animals in pens B and C. Protecting confined cattle with a treated net prevented attacks by nuisance insects and reduced their densities.     

Genetic variation of G4P[6] rotaviruses: Evidence for novel strains circulating between the hospital and community

One hundred forty‐six fecal specimens collected between 2007 and 2008 from infants with acute gastroenteritis were screened for rotavirus by ELISA with VP6‐specific antibody. One hundred twenty‐three of the samples (84.2%) were confirmed to be positive for group A rotavirus (community‐acquired, n = 90 [73.2%] and nosocomial, n = 33 [26.8%]), and were typed subsequently using RT‐PCR and sequence analysis methods. Determination of G‐ and P‐type combinations showed that G4P[6] (78.9%) was the most common strain, followed by G3P[8] (7.3%), G1P[8] (6.5%), G2P[4] (0.8%), G2P[6] (0.8%), G1P[6] (0.8%), and G9P[8] (0.8%) strains. Of the 97 G4P[6] strains, 62 (63.8%) were responsible for community‐acquired cases and 35 (36.1%) were hospital‐acquired cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene from the G4P[6] strains revealed that both the community‐acquired and nosocomial strains were segregated to the human rotaviruses circulating world‐wide, including the prototype vaccinal strain, ST3, which constituted a novel sublineage in lineage 1. Owing to the recent emergence of G4P[6] rotaviruses within the hospital, as well as in the community, the findings from this study are important since they provide new information concerning the community and nosocomial spread of rotaviruses. J. Med. Virol. 82:700–706, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.