鸡尾山高速远程滑坡—碎屑流动力学特征分析

以武隆鸡尾山滑坡为例,通过灾害形成地质环境条件的调查,概述了鸡尾山滑坡失稳诱发因素,包括:上硬下软的地层结构、岩溶发育、高陡地形地貌条件和采矿活动等;介绍了鸡尾山斜倾厚层滑坡视向滑动的基本模式,为"后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳"。在此基础上,根据鸡尾山滑坡的运动和堆积特征,将滑坡分为滑源区和堆积区,通过二维DAN-W模拟,选取Frctional、Voellmy等流变模型,模拟了滑坡运动的整个过程,得到滑坡堆积体的体积、厚度和滑坡运动速度的变化规律,与实际情况基本一致。并且为西南山区高速远程滑坡成灾范围及滑动堆积特征的模拟分析提供了相应的依据。     

大型层状基岩滑坡软弱夹层演化特征研究——以重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡为例

软弱夹层经过长期地质历史演化,性质劣化后形成滑带,对大型层状基岩滑坡的稳定性起重要的控制作用。为了查清软弱夹层形成滑带的演化过程,以重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡为例,对比研究了山体内软弱夹层的发育规律,将其划分为原生软岩、层间剪切带和滑带3个阶段,并通过岩矿组分含量、物理性质、微结构、物理化学性质和蠕变力学性质试验分析了3个阶段的演化特征。结果表明:从矿物成分演化过程来看,黏土矿物含量增加趋势明显,均值从4.4%增加到16.9%;从微结构演化过程来看,微结构由致密变得疏松,孔隙及节理裂隙增多,密度降低了5%~6%,孔隙率升高了108%;从物理化学性质演化过程来看,交换性盐基总含量在原岩中最高,其次是滑带,层间剪切带最低,有机质含量逐渐增大,整个演化环境呈弱碱性。从蠕变剪切强度演化过程来看,软弱夹层的内摩擦角由57.58°降低到29.63°,黏聚力由585 kPa降低到96 kPa。在此基础上,对鸡尾山滑坡驱动块体最大主剖面的下滑推力进行分析,下滑推力随着长期剪切强度参数的降低而增大,当内摩擦角φ < 25°,黏聚力c < 129 kPa时,下滑推力大于0,驱动块体失稳。该研究对受软弱夹层控制的层状基岩滑坡的发育发展过程、失稳机理研究提供了重要的借鉴意义。     

“8.12”山阳滑坡视向滑动成因机理

笔者在对"8.12"山阳滑坡分离界面特征、滑坡结构特征与剪出口特征分析的基础上,通过与重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡成因机理的对比分析,从滑坡的陡倾层状斜向结构、滑坡体倾向阻挡、视向临空条件、驱动块体下滑以及前部相对稳定块体阻滑等5个方面总结了山阳滑坡产生视向滑动的成因机理。在此基础上,结合山阳滑坡视向滑动剪出后的高速远程运动特征与滑体结构分布特征,将滑坡的整个运动过程划分为视向剪切滑动区、整体滑动堆积区、碰撞折返堆积区以及前部碎屑抛洒区。     

端部岩桥直剪破坏试验及断裂条件

以重庆鸡尾山岩质滑坡为代表的前缘“关键块体”型滑坡具有较强的隐蔽性,研究“关键块体”前缘锁固段岩桥的破坏性质对滑坡预警具有重要意义。以鸡尾山滑坡地质条件为基础,在岩样端部预制不同长度边缘裂缝,填入软弱材料,形成软弱夹层节理,在不同法向压力下进行直剪试验,分析了前缘端部岩桥的裂纹扩展规律、块体剥落特征信息和岩桥断裂条件,提出了临滑阶段剪应力变化率k值。试验结果表明：软弱夹层节理长度对岩桥破坏模式和块体剥落剧烈程度有重要影响,且端部岩桥越长,破坏前临滑阶段剪应力增速k值越小。端部岩桥破坏模式为剪切破坏、拉剪破坏和张拉破坏,且不同破坏模式决定了相同节理岩桥块体剥落的剧烈程度。岩桥块体剥落点与破坏点剪应力比值百分数平均值为79.5%～92.2%,且端部岩桥临滑阶段时间快慢依次为短节理慢、中间节理居中和长节理快。端部岩桥3种破坏模式满足一定断裂条件,且呈现出3个阶段和裂纹稳定扩展。通过本直剪试验研究揭示的端部岩桥破坏特征信息和断裂条件,可对前缘“关键块体”锁固段型岩质边坡失稳破坏评价提供理论依据。     

端部岩桥直剪破坏试验及断裂条件

以重庆鸡尾山岩质滑坡为代表的前缘“关键块体”型滑坡具有较强的隐蔽性,研究“关键块体”前缘锁固段岩桥的破坏性质对滑坡预警具有重要意义。以鸡尾山滑坡地质条件为基础,在岩样端部预制不同长度边缘裂缝,填入软弱材料,形成软弱夹层节理,在不同法向压力下进行直剪试验,分析了前缘端部岩桥的裂纹扩展规律、块体剥落特征信息和岩桥断裂条件,提出了临滑阶段剪应力变化率k值。试验结果表明:软弱夹层节理长度对岩桥破坏模式和块体剥落剧烈程度有重要影响,且端部岩桥越长,破坏前临滑阶段剪应力增速k值越小。端部岩桥破坏模式为剪切破坏、拉剪破坏和张拉破坏,且不同破坏模式决定了相同节理岩桥块体剥落的剧烈程度。岩桥块体剥落点与破坏点剪应力比值百分数平均值为79.5%～92.2%,且端部岩桥临滑阶段时间快慢依次为短节理慢、中间节理居中和长节理快。端部岩桥三种破坏模式满足一定断裂条件,且呈现出3个阶段和裂纹稳定扩展。通过本直剪试验研究揭示的端部岩桥破坏特征信息和断裂条件,可对前缘“关键块体”锁固段型岩质边坡失稳破坏评价提供理论依据。     

端部岩桥直剪破坏试验及断裂条件

以重庆鸡尾山岩质滑坡为代表的前缘“关键块体”型滑坡具有较强的隐蔽性,研究“关键块体”前缘锁固段岩桥的破坏性质对滑坡预警具有重要意义。以鸡尾山滑坡地质条件为基础,在岩样端部预制不同长度边缘裂缝,填入软弱材料,形成软弱夹层节理,在不同法向压力下进行直剪试验,分析了前缘端部岩桥的裂纹扩展规律、块体剥落特征信息和岩桥断裂条件,提出了临滑阶段剪应力变化率k值。试验结果表明:软弱夹层节理长度对岩桥破坏模式和块体剥落剧烈程度有重要影响,且端部岩桥越长,破坏前临滑阶段剪应力增速k值越小。端部岩桥破坏模式为剪切破坏、拉剪破坏和张拉破坏,且不同破坏模式决定了相同节理岩桥块体剥落的剧烈程度。岩桥块体剥落点与破坏点剪应力比值百分数平均值为79.5%～92.2%,且端部岩桥临滑阶段时间快慢依次为短节理慢、中间节理居中和长节理快。端部岩桥三种破坏模式满足一定断裂条件,且呈现出3个阶段和裂纹稳定扩展。通过本直剪试验研究揭示的端部岩桥破坏特征信息和断裂条件,可对前缘“关键块体”锁固段型岩质边坡失稳破坏评价提供理论依据。     

四川茂县新磨村滑坡启动机制物理模拟试验研究

2017年四川省茂县新磨村滑坡的启动具有明显的“锁固段”效应。在现场调查基础上,采用高强度脆性材料制作斜坡模型,开展物理模拟试验,重现滑坡变形破坏过程,分析新磨村后山高位顺层滑坡在反倾节理和潜在滑移破裂面控制下的启动机制,结合“锁固段”岩体变形破坏特征、变形监测数据和声发射信号,研究滑坡临滑前兆。试验发现：受上部滑体推挤,滑源区前部“锁固段”岩体沿反倾节理鼓胀剪出,在坡表形成鼓胀裂缝,在斜坡内部形成顺坡向拉裂面,两组破裂面组合形成阶梯状破坏面,构成“锁固段”岩体破坏边界条件。斜坡在上部滑移块体推挤下,中部形成向临空面高速启动的弹射块体,并带动下部倾倒块体向坡外运动,滑坡启动。故对于此类滑坡,可将沿反倾节理剪出形成的鼓胀裂缝视为宏观临滑前兆;同时在“锁固段”屈服阶段,坡表与坡顶的位移比值随时间先快速增长、后平缓,表征滑面逐渐贯通,滑坡各部位变形逐渐趋于协同,滑坡即将失稳。该比值时序曲线的斜率趋近于零可视为此类滑坡的临滑前兆。研究结论对发育反倾节理的顺层边坡失稳预警有理论和实践意义。     

基于离散元的含软弱夹层岩质边坡滑移机理分析

以苏州清明山滑坡为例,采用颗粒流软件PFC2D建立了滑坡体的二维数值模型,通过监测坡体表面不同部位的位移和应力变化情况,对边坡滑动的演化过程和破坏机理进行了详细的分析。数值试验结果显示该顺层边坡的失稳是一个渐进的过程,首先沿靠近坡面的一组软弱结构面发生滑动,下方滑床岩体在上覆滑体的挤压和摩擦作用下发生破碎,使滑动不断向深处发展。在前期形成的临空面和软弱结构面的共同影响下,滑坡后缘岩体产生一组近乎垂直的拉裂面,该竖向破裂面的存在有利于雨水入渗,进一步降低软弱夹层的抗剪强度参数,从而使边坡由小范围的崩塌破坏转为大范围的滑动破坏,属滑移-压致拉裂型滑坡。清明山滑坡滑移机理的研究对后续地质灾害治理有重要意义。     

2009年65重庆武隆鸡尾山崩滑灾害基本特征与成因机理初步研究

2009年6月5日下午15时许,重庆市武隆县铁矿乡鸡尾山山体发生了大规模的崩滑,约500万m3被结构面切割成积木块状的灰岩山体,沿缓倾页岩软弱夹层发生整体滑动。高速运动的滑体物质在堵塞前部宽约200m,深约50m的铁匠沟沟谷后,形成平均厚约30m,纵向长度约2200m的堆积区,掩埋了12户民房和正在开采铁矿的矿井入口,造成10人死亡,64人失踪,8人受伤,成为近年来少有的一次崩滑灾难性事件。本文在对灾害现场进行大量地质调查的基础上,结合遥感、三维激光扫描等综合手段,对鸡尾山崩滑体特征进行了详细描述,对灾害发生原因进行了初步分析。结果表明,鸡尾山山体垮塌是在不利的地质结构条件下,并受到长期重力、岩溶等作用和采矿活动的影响,因前部起阻挡作用的关键块体被剪断突破而导致的一起大型山体崩滑事件。深入研究鸡尾山崩滑体的形成条件和成灾机理,对我国西南地区存在与鸡尾山崩滑体类似地质条件的灾害隐患点的减灾防灾工作,具有重要的指导意义。     

岩溶及水动力对鸡尾山滑坡影响作用研究

鸡尾山特大型滑坡是我国西南岩溶石山地区一种独特的大型岩质斜坡失稳模式,它得到工程地质等领域极大重视,从滑坡成因和机理、滑坡启动以及运动过程、堆积物分布、次生灾害等方面都开展了一系列研究,取得了众多成果;对于滑坡结构面和滑动面方面认为:垂直结构面由两组构成,水平滑动面则为软弱夹层。本文通过野外地质调查,样品测试、综合分析等方法,查明了滑坡区岩溶及裂隙发育特征、软弱夹层及其下伏瘤状灰岩分布特征、岩溶地下水补径排条件;发现了大量瘤状灰岩块石分布于滑坡堆积体中;深入讨论了岩溶与滑坡垂直结构面、水平滑动面的关系。主要结论:(1)存在3组垂直结构面,它们对应由3组构造裂隙经过长期溶蚀侵蚀作用后形成;(2)部分滑动面已经越过软弱夹层、进入或越过瘤状灰岩,因此,滑动面主要由顺层岩溶、岩层间弱胶结、软弱夹层等条件控制;(3)岩溶地下水对滑坡孕灾过程中垂直结构面、以及水平滑动面起到扩张作用,在滑坡启动期无水动力作用。本文研究对鸡尾山滑坡成因分析及研判有一定实际意义。     

Physical Modeling of Landslide Mechanism in Oblique Thick-Bedded Rock Slope: A Case Study

The Jiweishan landslide illustrates the failure pattern of an apparent dip slide of an oblique thick-bedded rockslide. Centrifugal modeling was performed using a model slope consisting of four sets of joints to investigate the landslide initiation mechanism. Crack strain gauges pasted between the slide blocks and the base failed in sequence from the rear to the front as the centrifugal acceleration increased. When the acceleration reached 16.3g, the instantaneous failure of the key block in the front triggered the apparent dip slide of all blocks. The physical modeling results and previous studies suggest that the strength reduction in the weak layer and the failure of the key block are the main reasons for the Jiweishan landslide. The centrifuge experiment validated the previously proposed driving-blocks–key-block model of apparent dip slide in oblique with inclined bedding rock slopes. In addition, the results from limit equilibrium method and centrifuge test suggest that even though the failure of the key block in the front is instantaneous, a progressive stable–unstable transition exists.     

Mechanism on apparent dip sliding of oblique inclined bedding rockslide at Jiweishan, Chongqing, China

Because of the existence of a front stable rockmass barrier, the failure pattern of an oblique inclined bedding slope is conventionally recognized as a lateral rockfall/topple, and then a transformation into a rockfall accumulation secondary landslide. However, the Jiweishan rockslide, Wulong, Chongqing, which occurred on June 5, 2009, illustrates a new failure pattern of massive rock slope that rockmass rapidly slides along apparent dip, and then transforms into a long runout rock avalanche (fragment flow). This paper analyzes the mechanism of the new failure pattern which is most likely triggered by gravity, karstification, and the processes associated with mining activities. A simulation of the failure processes is shown, using the modeling software, FLAC^3D. The results show that there are five principal conditions for an apparent dip slide associated with an oblique inclined bedding slope are necessary: (1) a block-fracture bedding structure. The rockmass is split into obvious smaller, distinct blocks with several groups of joints, (2) an inclined rockmass barrier. The sliding rockmass (i.e., the rockslide structure before movement) exists along a dip angle and is barricaded by an inclined stable bedrock area, and the subsequent sliding direction is deflected from a true dip angle to an apparent dip angle; (3) apparent dip exiting. The valley and cliff provide a free space for the apparent dip exiting. (4) Driving block sliding, which means the block has a push type of effect on the motion of the rockslide. The “toy bricks” rockmass is characterized by a long-term creeping that induces the shear strength reduction from peak to residual value along the bottom soft layer, and the sliding force is therefore increased. (5) The key block resistance and brittle failure. The pressure on the key block is increased by the driving rockmass and its strength decreases due to karstification, rainfall, and mining. The brittle failure of the karst zone between the key block and the lateral stable bedrock occurs instantaneously and is largely responsible for generating the catastrophic rockslide–rock avalanche. If there was not a pre-existing key block, the failure pattern of such the inclined bedding rockmass could be piecemeal disintegration or small-scale successive rockfall or topple. The recognition of catastrophic failure potential in such inclined bedding slopes requires careful search for not only structures dipping in the direction of movement, but also key block toe-constrained condition.     

Investigation of Stability of the Critical Rock Blocks that Initiated the Jiweishan Landslide in China

The objective of the paper is to investigate the initiation of the Jiweishan landslide by simulating the field geological conditions around and inside a selected critical rock block and then to study its stability through 3-D discontinuum stress analysis. The study led to the following main conclusions: (1) The mining excavations that occurred underneath the investigated block at the landslide site, the friction angle of T2 discontinuities and sliding plane and the dip angle of the sliding plane seem to be the most important factors with respect to the instability of the investigated block; (2) It seems that the friction angle of T2 discontinuities and sliding plane need to drop to a value between 5° and 10° for the investigated block to be unstable. This means that the rainfall and karstification have played important roles in reducing the said friction angle and contributed to the failure of the investigated block. (3) The northern part of the investigated block (key block) had moved out first from the top of the mountain in a direction parallel to the strike of the north boundary discontinuity plane (T2) and had undergone shear failure on the T2 surface as well as on a weak shale layer (the sliding plane) and the remaining part of the investigated block (driving block) had moved along a direction slightly east of the north direction and had undergone shear failure on the sliding plane and separation from southern and western boundary discontinuity planes (T0 and T1) to fill the empty space created by the key block to initiate the Jiweishan landslide.     

高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制及弹冲速度计算——以武隆县鸡尾山滑坡为例

高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制是开展高速岩质滑坡全过程动力学研究的基础。系统阐述了高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制,着重分析了岩质滑坡启程中的滑带释能和锁固体释能加速效应。基于岩石循环加、卸载试验,探讨了岩石弹性应变能释放规律,并将得到的规律用于确定滑带可释放弹性应变能。鉴于目前确定滑坡启动弹冲速度所存在的诸多问题,重新推导了滑坡启动弹冲速度计算公式,并对鸡尾山滑坡启动弹冲规律进行了研究。研究表明,鸡尾山滑坡启动弹冲速度为1.261 1 m/s,滑体初始动能主要源于滑带弹性应变能的释放。最后通过一个滑坡概化模型计算得到了岩质滑坡启动弹冲的极限速度范围为2.6⁴.4 m/s。     

A numerical analysis of rock creep-induced slide: a case study from Jiweishan Mountain,China

Landslides and slope failures are very common phenomena in hilly regions, Southwestern China. These are hazardous because of the accompanying progressive movement of the slope-forming material. To minimize the landslide effects, slope failure analysis and stabilization require in-depth understanding of the process that governs the behavior of the slope. The present paper first briefly describes a three-dimensional numerical brittle creep model for rock. The model accounts for material heterogeneity, through a stochastic local failure stress field, and local material degradation using an exponential material softening law. Then a case study of the Jiweishan rockslide that occurred in China is numerically investigated considering the effect of the mining activity. Numerical simulations visualize the entire process of the Jiweishan rockslide from the fracture initiation, propagation and coalescence. The distribution and evolution of associated stress and deformation field during the slide are also presented. Numerical simulations show that the underground mining excavations have remarkably negative effect on the stability of the rock slope, which is one of the important triggering factors of the rockslide. Moreover, it is possible to take some precautions for the unstable failure of rock mass by monitoring acoustic emission (AE) events or microseismicities since the occurrence of clusters of AE events prior to the final unstable rockslide. The results are of general interest, because they can be applied to the investigation of time-dependent instability in rock masses, to the mitigation of associated rock hazards in rock engineering, and even to a better understanding of the seismic activities in geological and geophysical phenomena occurring in the earth’s crust.     

基于物理模拟试验的岩质滑坡地表位移分析

三段式岩质滑坡是一种典型的斜坡变形破坏模式,运用二维地质力学加载系统对其变形破坏全过程进行物理模拟试验研究,采用激光位移计对坡顶和坡脚位置进行位移监测。结果表明:位移监测曲线总体上表现为锁固段经历长时间的能量积累与应力调整后的突发脆性破坏;由于软弱夹层具有蠕滑特性,前缘蠕滑阶段呈现出与土质滑坡相似的初始变形→等速变形→加速变形特征;后缘拉裂阶段作为最短暂的变形阶段,其位移监测曲线表现为“减-增-减-增”的“W”型变化趋势;锁固段是三段式岩质边坡维持稳定的关键所在,其受剪变形的顺序为先上后下,损伤变形由端部向中部递进,最终锁固段剪断形成突发脆性破坏,滑坡高速启动。