新疆山区水库参与调度对灌区种植业与水库群联合调度影响研究——以玛纳斯河灌区为例

以新疆玛纳斯河灌区为例,通过对比山区肯斯瓦特水库参与调度前后灌区种植业产值与水库群联合调度方案,分析了山区水库参与调度对灌区种植业与水库群联合调度的影响。结果表明,肯斯瓦特水库参与调度可在较大程度上提高灌区水库群蓄水能力以及联合调度灵活性,削减水库群蒸发损失与弃水量,但水库群渗漏损失总量可能会增大,最终减少水库群总水量损失。在增加灌区种植业产值与总种植面积的同时提高水库群年平均蓄水量,有利于灌区种植业经济发展与生态环境的改善。在灌溉季节,应尽可能将水量蓄存在山区水库以减少水量损失并增加水库群联合调度灵活性,但在蓄水期可适当增加平原水库蓄水量以缓解山区水库蓄水能力不够的困难。     

疏勒河流域三大水库自动化模拟调度系统设计与应用

疏勒河流域三大水库自动化模拟调度系统是疏勒河灌区信息化系统建设的重要组成部分。该系统的建设和应用为实现灌区大型水库的信息采集自动化、数据传输网络化、应用服务智能化、决策支持最优化提供了基础信息支撑平台,为实现灌区水库群联合优化调度、合理配置灌区水资源、保护流域生态环境、实现流域可持续发展提供了重要的信息技术手段,从而全面提升了灌区的现代化管理水平和科学决策能力。图3幅。     

供水水库群蓄供水次序与调度图双层优化研究

水库群供水规则中蓄供水次序与调度图彼此影响,如何实现二者联合优化是供水调度的难点。为此,提出了供水水库群蓄供水次序与调度图双层优化方法。首先合理拟定不同蓄供水次序,其次求解各次序对应最优调度图,最后通过模拟调度比选最佳蓄供水次序与调度图组合。应用该方法对宝鸡峡灌区六库混联供水系统开展了实例研究。结果表明,若上游水库先蓄水且先供水或下游水库先蓄水且先供水均会增大灌区缺水率、降低供水空间公平性,最优蓄供水次序为上游水库先蓄水、下游水库先供水。较现状调度方案,采用最优蓄供水次序及对应调度图组合可有效缓解灌区缺水状况,缩小分区供水效益的差异。本方法为水库群蓄供水次序与调度图联合优化提供了可行途径。     

水库群联合补偿调度效益分析

水电站水库群联合补偿调度是将常规调度与优化调度相结合的一种调度方式.文中介绍了用该方法对水电站水库群的保证出力、水库调度线、调度图的分析及效益计算,得出:采用该方法调度,可使水电系统向社会提供高质、安全、经济可靠的电源.     

新疆山区水库参与调度后平原水库废弃可行性分析

新疆山区水库参与调度后部分平原水库可不再承担原有任务,使平原水库废弃成为可能。以玛纳斯河灌区夹河子水库为例,对比分析夹河子水库废弃前后灌区种植业与水库群联合调度方案的变化,确定平原水库废弃的可行性及对灌区种植业与水库群联合调度等的影响。结果表明:夹河子水库废弃可以降低水库群年蒸发(980.9万~1 884.0万m³)与渗漏(135.7万~878.2万m³)损失;丰水年与平水年增加水库群弃水量(分别增加3 474.4万,1 360.1万m³),枯水年减少弃水量(2 140.1万m³);显著提高灌区种植业产值(30.8%~43.9%)与种植面积(17.4%~29.9%)。故山区水库参与调度后夹河子水库废弃可行,而新疆其他类似地区也可以有选择地废弃部分水深浅、库容小、安全状态差的平原水库。     

水库群系统发电调度的合作博弈研究

水资源的竞争性和非排他性导致水库管理者基于个体利益进行发电调度,使得水库在满足个体利益的同时往往忽略了系统的整体效益。为了在保证个体利益的基础上实现系统总效益的最大化,建立了梯级水库群发电调度合作博弈模型;采用改进后的水循环算法对模型进行分层求解。以金沙江两库与三峡梯级构成的梯级水库群为研究对象,选取典型年进行实例计算。计算结果表明：梯级水库群发电调度的合作博弈模型在获得系统最大效益的同时使得个体利益达到Pareto最优状态,实现水库群总效益和单库个体效益的双赢,既优于联合优化调度模型又优于单库优化调度模型。该合作博弈模型及其新解法可为水库群调度决策分析开创一种新思路。     

基于多重迭代算法的梯级水库群调度图优化方法

基于梯级水库群中各水库的常规调度图,建立了以梯级水库群多年平均发电量最大为目标的梯级水库群调度图优化数学模型,提出了基于多重迭代实现高维模型降维的求解算法,即以轮库迭代法实现空间多水库降维,以轮线迭代法实现单一水库多调度线降维,以逐次优化算法实现调度线状态降维。万安溪-白沙梯级水库群的算例计算结果表明,该优化方法能获得形态合理的优化调度图,并能有效提高水库群发电量。     

优化引调水规则的跨流域水库联合调度研究

为解决跨流域水库群最优供水调度问题,以忻定盆地-阳泉跨流域供水系统为例,结合该地区的水库群及供水区特点,优化引调水规则和供水规则,设置引水控制线和减少引水控制线将受水水库库容分为3个区间,设置调水控制线将水源水库库容划分为2个区间,以此建立跨流域水库联合调度模型进行合理调度。结合实例对优化后的引调水规则和优化模型的可行性进行检验,结果表明:优化后的引调水规则和调度模型减少了弃水量,提高了忻定盆地-阳泉跨流域水库群联合调度的引水效率。     

黄河流域旱情监测与水资源调配技术框架

针对黄河水资源短缺、干旱频发、旱灾损失大等重大问题,以应对干旱的黄河流域水资源调配为切入点,开展大型灌区旱情实时监测、应对干旱的径流洪水预报、大型梯级水库群优化调度以及干旱风险管理等关键技术研究,提出干旱评估与演变特征识别、灌区干旱实时监测、洪水/径流预报、多年调节水库旱限水位最优控制、水库多分期汛限水位优化、梯级水库群协同优化调度、干旱应对与风险管理等关键技术,形成大型灌区旱情实时监测、径流/洪水预报以及黄河梯级水库群调度等技术平台,集成黄河流域旱灾监测与预警、抗旱水源调度等综合技术体系框架,实现黄河流域干旱的有序应对,显著提升应对干旱的黄河水资源调配技术水平。     

水库群联合调度规则研究

水库群联合调度是现在水资源调配的重点与难点,随着水库群的目标与变量越来越多,联合调度的经典算法和人工智能等算法对于复杂的水库群系统可能会存在难以构建数学模型或者调参复杂等问题。以岳城水库及东武仕水库联合调度为例,综合考虑工业用水、生活用水、农业用水、灌溉用水和生态用水,建立了水库群联合调度模型,通过模拟优化人机算法进行求解,并选取75%来水频率年分析计算水库群联合调度规则,根据水库群联合调度图,提出岳城水库和东武仕水库的具体供水方案,并给出联合调度结果。合理的水库联合调度规则可有效促进区域社会经济发展,改善生态环境。     

塔里木灌区水库群实时调度研究

为缓和塔里木灌区引水与塔里木河的综合治理这一矛盾,以大系统分解协调技术与动态规划相结合的方法为基础建立了适合本灌区的自适应实时调度模型。为灌区水库实际控制应用提供了理论依据,对塔河的治理具有重要的现实意义。     

Conjunctive Operation of Reservoirs and Ponds Using a Simulation-Optimization Model of Irrigation Systems

Water resource management in arid agricultural irrigation regions is a great challenge for managers and decision makers. In some of those regions, many ponds have been built to ensure an adequate water supply for irrigation. Therefore, reservoirs and ponds should be managed conjunctively to minimize shortages of water. In this study, a new integrated mathematical model of conjunctive, or integrated, operation of reservoirs and ponds to maximize the water supply has been proposed for a reservoir-pond irrigation system. This objective has been achieved via the use of two models: an optimal model, which is used to determine the optimal discharge of reservoirs, and a simulation model, which considers the regulatory role of ponds and reservoirs and simulates their water supply to the irrigation system. An adaptive genetic algorithm has been employed in this study to solve the nonlinear and multi-dimensional reservoirs optimization problem. This methodology has been applied to the Yarkant River Basin to demonstrate its applicability, and three scenarios are presented. The main objective of the simulation-optimization model in the Yarkant River Basin is to minimize shortages in meeting irrigation demands for nine sub-irrigation systems subject to the constraint of ecological water transfer to the Tarim River. The optimizing effect of the model was particularly prominent under the third scenario, i.e., the XBD, MMK, and ART Reservoirs and 16 ponds conjunctively operated to meet the water demand of the YKB. The frequency of success (FS) in meeting agricultural water demands reaches up to 75%, and the value for ecological demand is 50.98%. The results demonstrate the importance of the conjunctive combined use approach for management of water resources in irrigation system of arid regions.     

灌区多目标供水优化调度模型及其求解

针对灌区水资源供需矛盾十分突出的问题，以云南曲靖灌区为研究对象，应用大系统分解协调原理，建立了两层递阶水资源优化调度模型，并采用模拟技术与优化技术相结合的途径，进行优化模型的求解，给出了优化决策算法的程序框图，合理解决了多水源、多目标、多用户、多保证率的供水调度问题。研究结果可为同类灌区水资源调度运行提供依据。     

欧阳海灌区干渠优化配水的递阶模型和求解技术

针对引蓄结合的长藤结瓜式灌溉系统特点，建立了干渠优化配水的大系统多目标递阶模型，解决多种水源联合运用的时、空优化分配问题，对子系统的变维ＭＤＤＰ模型和大系统的发散系统ＭＯＤＰ模型求解技术进行了新的探索，模型和求解方法在欧阳海灌区应用，取得满意成果。     

A Study on the Large-scale System Decomposition—Coordination Method Used in Optimal Operation of a Hydroelectric System

Abstract

The optimal operation problem of multiple hydroelectric reservoir systems is very complex because of the large dimensions. Large-scale system decomposition-coordination methods, which can simplify complex problems into several interrelated sub-problems to avoid the “curse of dimensionality” and to obtain the global optimum on the global through coordination among sub-systems, is particularly well suited for optimizing large-scale, multi-reservoir systems. Applying this kind of theory and method, this paper studies and analyzes the problems of optimal operation of multiple hydroelectric reservoir systems in series, and sets up the optimal operation model of hydroelectric reservoir systems in series. On this basis, a practical example of two hydroelectric reservoirs in series on the upper reaches of the Yellow River in China is calculated and analyzed and the results are satisfactory. It is believed that applying this model can cut down the dimensions of the problem notably and that the theory and method are effective for real time operation.     

A multiobjective fuzzy linear programming model for sustainable integrated operation of a multireservoir system

Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of water, with high significance in India as the majority of its people depend on it. Rainfall uncertainties, and uneven distribution of utilizable water over space and time, have presented a serious challenge to irrigation water management and crop production. Surface water reservoirs play a major role in supplying irrigation water and also addressing uneven water distribution to some degree. Varying water requirements for different crops under multiple canals, however, requires that planners develop an optimal crop planning for the efficient operation of a multireservoir irrigation system. The spatial and temporal water transfer within a multireservoir irrigation system necessitates integrated operation of all the involved reservoirs. Thus, integrated operation of a multireservoir system is a fundamental requirement for efficient irrigation water management, and also become a key issue for sustainable agricultural development. This study derived an optimal crop plan for the integrated operation of a complex multireservoir system with intrabasin water transfer, using a multiobjective fuzzy linear programming (MOFLP) approach. The MOFLP model resulted in a level of satisfaction of 0.46, with an irrigation intensity of 102.18%, and a total crop area of 149 232.10 ha. The optimal policies were furthermore assessed with various statistical indicators with a simulation model, indicating they are performing well, with high reliability and resilience for longer periods.     

缺水型灌区水资源优化调度模型研究

长江针对缺水型灌区的供水特点,以云南曲靖灌区为例,应用大系统分解协调原理,将整个系统设计为两层递阶控制结构;以运行费用和系统缺水量最小作为目标函数,建立了灌区库群系统水资源优化调度模型;对模型权重系数进行了率定;根据系统目标重要性的优先次序,确定了灌区优化配水矩阵;并采用模拟技术与优化技术相结合的途径,进行优化模型的求解,给出了优化决策算法的程序框图,所建模型符合曲靖灌区的实际情况,研究成果可为同类灌区水资源调度运行提供依据.     

Multiobjective water resources systems analysis using genetic algorithms--application to Chou-Shui River Basin, Taiwan.

Multipurpose operation is adopted by most reservoirs in Taiwan in order to maximize the benefits of power generation, water supply, irrigation and recreational purposes. A multiobjective approach can be used to obtain trade-off curves among these multipurpose targets. The weighting method, in which different weighting factors are used for different purposes, was used in this research work. In Taiwan, most major reservoirs are operated by rule curves. Genetic algorithms with characteristics of artificial intelligence were applied to obtain the optimal rule curves of the multireservoir system under multipurpose operation in Chou-Shui River Basin in central Taiwan. The model results reveal that different shapes of rule curves under different weighting factors on targets can be efficiently obtained by genetic algorithms. Pareto optimal solutions for a trade-off between water supply and hydropower were obtained and analyzed.     

马房沟提水工程引水优化调度

文中研究了马房沟引水过程与洪安涧河南支及曲亭、涝河和巨河三个水库之间的关系，使五水源(沁河、洪安洞河南支、曲亭河、涝河和巨河)有机结合，并与三个沿河灌区(南支、跃进渠、曲亭与涝河之问新增灌区)、三个水库灌区及城市用水之间建立了供需调度模型，变无调蓄引水为有调节引水，在充分利用当地水源的前提下，按需调引客水，实现水资源的优化配置。     

基于灌区需水与水库兴利调度的水资源优化配置研究与应用

甘肃疏勒河灌区水资源优化决策支持系统通过对流域水资源特征、灌区需水量、水库调蓄功能以及生产力结构布局等矛盾的分析,建立了可持续发展水资源优化配置模型和多目标的目标函数、分解协调模型,可在不增减供、需水量的前提下提高水资源的配置效率,实现了节水、增产、保护生态的综合效益。