Measurements and Modelling of the Wind Speed Profile in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

We present measurements from 2006 of the marine wind speed profile at a site located 18 km from the west coast of Denmark in the North Sea. Measurements from mast-mounted cup anemometers up to a height of 45 m are extended to 161 m using LiDAR observations. Atmospheric turbulent flux measurements performed in 2004 with a sonic anemometer are compared to a bulk Richardson number formulation of the atmospheric stability. This is used to classify the LiDAR/cup wind speed profiles into atmospheric stability classes. The observations are compared to a simplified model for the wind speed profile that accounts for the effect of the boundary-layer height. For unstable and neutral atmospheric conditions the boundary-layer height could be neglected, whereas for stable conditions it is comparable to the measuring heights and therefore essential to include. It is interesting to note that, although it is derived from a different physical approach, the simplified wind speed profile conforms to the traditional expressions of the surface layer when the effect of the boundary-layer height is neglected.     

丘陵地区大气边界层风廓线雷达适用性分析

本文利用2010年夏季福建省三明市开展的大气扩散实验资料,研究了大气边界层风廓线雷达在福建丘陵地区的适用性,并探讨了风廓线雷达探测的误差特征和修正方法。结果表明：大气边界层风廓线雷达水平风场的探测结果在300~2 000 m高度范围的偏差与高度和风速具有一定统计关系;通过与100 m气象铁塔水平风场资料对比,说明风廓线雷达对丘陵地区低层大气风场的探测具有一定局限性。经过修正的风廓线雷达探测结果可以较好地反映实验区域大气边界层水平风场的垂直结构。     

苏州城区大气边界层低空急流特征分析

利用2012年苏州城区风廓线雷达的观测资料,从低空急流个例分析入手,选取1、4、7、10月四个典型月份,分析该地区边界层低空急流的时空分布及强度变化特征。结果表明:冬春两季低空急流发生频率最高,夏季出现频率最低。在4个典型月份里低空急流均表现出日落后出现频率升高,夜间保持稳定,日出后出现频率降低的特征。全年有80%的低空急流分布在900 m以下高度上,冬、夏季平均高度最低。全年低空急流风速70%以上集中在4~12 m·s~(-1),小于4 m·s~(-1)和大于20 m·s~(-1)的低空急流出现频率较低。     

内蒙古草原近地层垂直风速廓线的观测研究

利用中国国家气候中心2009-2010年在内蒙古锡林浩特开展的100 m铁塔大气湍流观测数据,分析了不同稳定度条件下的垂直风廓线变化特征,并在局地相似理论基础上建立了垂直风廓线表达式。结果表明:(1)内蒙古草原近地层大气中,不稳定层结和稳定层结条件发生的概率远高于中性和弱不稳定、弱稳定层结的发生概率。(2)稳定层结时,大气特性在垂直方向上变化较明显,需要按照不同的高度层分别研究其风速的变化规律。根据内蒙古锡林浩特草原大气湍流观测资料得到,稳定层结时的无因次风速梯度随稳定度ξ的变化关系可以表达为1+β_mξ,其中β_m的取值与距地面高度有关:30 m高度及以下,β_m取4.3-5.4;高度在(30 m,50 m],β_m取2.9-3.4;50 m及以上高度,β_m取2.0-2.9。     

沂蒙南部山区冬季大气边界层风、温场结构特征研究

利用现场低空探测所获得的实测资料,分析了沂蒙南部山区冬季大气边界层内的风、温场垂直分布特征以及随时间的演变特征。     

大气边界层的研究——从均匀到非均匀

主要从理论、试验角度对大气边界层的研究进行了简要的回顾,尤其对近年来倍受关注的非均匀地表条件下的边界层研究进行了较详细的介绍,并对大气边界层的研究进行了展望。20世纪50年代,Monin和Obukhov提出的Monin-Obukhov相似理论,为现代大气边界层物理学奠定了基础。之后进行的多次大型综合性外场试验,不仅揭示和发现了大气边界层中的许多现象和规律,也验证和发展了Monin-Obukhov相似理论。80年代以后,非均匀地表条件下的大气边界层研究越来越受到关注,一些新的现象被揭示,新的问题被提出,同时也提出了一些新的概念和研究方法。未来10 a,除大气湍流机理等需长期坚持研究外,还应进一步开展非均匀复杂下垫面边界层研究、城市边界层研究和局地边界层气象预报研究。     

系留气艇探测风速的误差订正及其应用评估

使用系留气艇探空系统在常州、苏州、南京市区对边界层风速、温度、湿度廓线进行了观测,原始数据表明探测结果存在明显的系统误差。本文主要讨论风速订正问题,分析发现风速误差与高度和风速有关,据此提出了依据高度和依据风速的两种订正方案。对比结果表明:两种方案都能有效修正系留气艇测量风速的系统误差,高度订正方案表现更好。本文还用订正后的系留气艇探测结果与苏州市气象局的风廓线雷达资料进行对比,结果显示风廓线雷达探测结果在500 m以下系统偏小。     

南京近郊地区初冬大气边界层风温场的探测和分析

利用现场低空探空探测所获取的实测资料,揭示了南京近郊初冬大气边界层风、温场在不同天气条件下的特征,得出了晴天温廓线日变化的模型,用谐波分析探讨了温度和风随高度分布和随时间演变的特征。     

‘Application of a New Spectral Theory of Stably Stratified Turbulence to the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Sea Ice’

A new spectral closure model of stably stratified turbulence is used to develop a K–ε model suitable for applications to the atmospheric boundary layer. This K–ε model utilizes vertical viscosity and diffusivity obtained from the spectral theory. In the ε equation, the Coriolis parameter-dependent formulation of the coefficient C ₁ suggested by Detering and Etling is generalized to include the dependence on the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, N. The new K–ε model is tested in simulations of the ABL over sea ice and compared with observations from BASE as simulated in large-eddy simulations by Kosovic and Curry, and observations from SHEBA.     

2009年冬季华北初雪对流层低层风场及大气层结特征

对2009年冬季我同华北一次回流初雪天气进行了数值模拟和诊断分析,重点研究了与回流相关的对流层低层风场的动力热力作用以及大气层结特征.结果表明:初雪是存高空低压槽、低空回流切变线以及地面倒槽锋生的共同影响下产生的,降雪区域随着影响系统向东南方向移动而移动;对降雪起到重要动力作用的偏东风回流主要出现在850 hPa及以下层次,其发展一方面与偏西气流形成低空风场辐合线,有利于气流的上升运动,一方面在地形的共同作用下,形成偏南风;偏南风的形成有利于暖空气向降雪区域输送,而暖平流与强冷空气相遇引起了锋生;偏东风回流除了起到重要的动力作用外,热力作用也很明显,其对降雪区域的水汽辐合起到了主要作用;在降雪发生时,对流层低层有明显的降温过程,大气边界层温度降到了0℃以下,850 hPa温度降至-5℃左右,该结果表明冬季关注数值模式模拟的对流层低层温度层结特征,将有助于对降水性质做出更准确的预报.     

An experimental simulation of a coastal fog-stratus case using COAMPS(tm) model

This paper presents an experimental simulation of a summer season marine fog-stratus case along the west coast of California using the US Navy COAMPS(tm) model. The purpose is to show the potential usefulness of mesoscale models in forecasting this type of marine boundary weather phenomenon. The role of data assimilation and the impacts of solar radiation, microphysics, and vertical resolution in improving the forecasts are examined. The model capability in forecasting the burn-off process over the San Francisco Bay area is also tested with very high horizontal resolution (2-km grid size) using the model's one-way nesting technique. The model demonstrates promising capacity in this case to replicate the temporal and spatial cloud coverage over the San Francisco Bay and surrounding area, shown in satellite imagery, despite a 2-h lag to complete clearing over the bay. This study also suggests that a better microphysics parameterization and proper representation of microphysics in the solar radiation scheme are both important for COAMPS(tm) to produce more realistic simulations and to improve the burn-off forecast.     

Coherent Structures in the Atmospheric Surface Layer under Stable and Unstable Conditions

Simultaneous measurements of the instantaneous values of absolute temperatureat seven heights within the lower 36 m of the atmospheric boundary layer underdifferent stability conditions were carried out, accompanied by measurements ofthe wind velocity components at two levels and of solar radiation flux at the surface.The data obtained allow one to investigate individual convective cells known ascoherent structures (CS). Outside the CS, i.e., during quiet periods, an instanttemperature profile is in close agreement with the dry-adiabatic lapse rate, butwithin CS the temperature changes much faster with height, and the shape ofthe profile varies significantly.A method was developed to transform temperature records from sensors atseveral heights into an other form, namely, into temporal variations of theheights of isothermal surfaces. Since coherent structures were found to advectwith the mean wind velocity, these temporal height variations may be transformedinto the spatial ones, i.e., into the xoz-plane section of the temperature field.In such a pictorial presentation coherent structures look like asymmetric columnsof heat, penetrating the whole atmospheric surface layer.Coherent structures also exist in the stable stratified surface layer, but they have aninverse asymmetry and occupy only the lower several metres. Wavelike activitydominates in the upper part of the stable surface layer.The characteristic time of surface-layer adjustment to the rapid changes of solarradiation (due to cloud shadows or cloud gaps) was found to be on the order ofone minute. Such a time interval is required for coherent structure to reach the topof surface layer.     

北京大气边界层中风和温度廓线的观测研究

为了研究冬季北京城区大气边界层结构的特征,分别在城区和郊区4个观测点利用系留气艇在2001年1月5～13日和2月21～28日进行了大气廓线探测,并分析了温度和风廓线垂直变化的基本特征.初步结果显示城市热岛效应十分明显,热岛强度随高度增加而递减,近地层热岛强度在晴天最大可达到4℃左右.除了近地层郊区的风速大于城区外,城区和郊区风速的垂直分布特征有较大差异.在100～200m高度以下,城区和郊区风速和风向随高度分布都出现了明显的拐点,300 m以上高度风向和风速基本趋于一致,表明城区和郊区的风廓线均受到城市覆盖层的影响.随着北京市区的规模不断扩大,在今后探测中应考虑郊区测点的代表性.     

Dispersion Moments of Fumigating Plumes – Lidar Estimates and Pdf Model Simulations

Near-instantaneous vertical scans ofpower plant plumes, sampled by a lidar over three days as part ofthe 1995 Kwinana Coastal Fumigation Study, are analysed to obtainhourly-averaged total dispersion moments up to fourth order, andalso the relative and meander spreads. Two distinct fumigationcases, termed as neutral and stable cases, are observed dependingon whether the plume transport prior to fumigation takes place ina neutral atmosphere, or in a stable region above the neutralatmosphere. Plumes in the stable case are observed to undergoslower fumigation. The mean spreads display contrasting behavioursfor the two fumigating cases, while the vertical skewness shows anegative peak value of about -1 for the neutral case and -2for the stable case in the fumigation zone. The lateral skewnessis positive with a peak value of about unity for both cases, andis attributed to wind directional shear within the thermalinternal boundary layer. The vertical kurtosis is greater than theGaussian value of 3 in the fumigation zone, while the lateralkurtosis is scattered about this value. A recently-developedskewed probability density function model with wind shear isapplied to describe the fumigation data. Overall, the modelsimulates the observed vertical and lateral statistics well up tothe fourth order, except for the lateral skewness and kurtosisvalues in the stable case, which is probably due to the lidar'srange and sensitivity constraints and an inadequate sample size.Although the lateral turbulent diffusion in the model is Gaussian(i.e., zero skewness), the inclusion of wind shear in the model ismanifested in the predicted lateral skewness being greater thanzero in the fumigation zone, and of similar magnitude to the lidardata in the neutral case.