上海市市售带壳牡蛎微生物污染状况调查

目的了解上海市市售带壳牡蛎的微生物污染状况。方法2005年4月至2006年3月在上海市水产品批发市场每月2次采集牡蛎样品,共抽取了24份。按照GB/T4789—2003《食品卫生微生物学检验》中检验规程进行微生物检测。结果所有抽检样品均不合格,污染最严重的是大肠菌群,所检样品均超标,最高污染量达1·4×106MPN/g;其次是菌落总数,超标率达41·7%,最高污染量达2·6×107CFU/g;副溶血性弧菌污染也比较严重,检出率达29·2%,污染量在3·0×102~7·4×102MPN/100g;单核细胞增生李斯特菌未检出。结论上海市市售带壳牡蛎的微生物污染状况不容乐观,已对消费者健康构成了潜在威胁。     

北京市市售带壳牡蛎致病性弧菌污染状况调查

目的了解北京市市售带壳牡蛎致病性弧菌污染状况。方法 2014年2~11月每月在某水产品批发市场的摊位抽样200只带壳牡蛎,共80份样品(其中腮和肠样品分别为40份)。用常规培养方法检测牡蛎腮和肠(含便)中致病性弧菌,对副溶血性弧菌进行血清学分型,荧光定量PCR检测副溶血性弧菌毒力基因tdh、trh和tlh。结果 80份牡蛎样品中,致病性弧菌阳性样品检出率为62.50%(50/80),副溶血性弧菌阳性菌株检出率为33.75%(27/80),溶藻弧菌阳性菌株检出率为31.25%(25/80);各牡蛎腮和肠样品中,致病性弧菌阳性检出率为67.50%(27/40)和57.50%(23/40);27株副溶血性弧菌共9种血清型;毒力基因检测结果表示,tlh均为阳性,tdh和trh均为阴性。结论北京市市售带壳牡蛎中致病性弧菌污染严重,以副溶血性弧菌和溶藻弧菌检出为主。     

2008—2010年上海市夏秋季市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染监测结果分析

目的 了解上海市夏秋季节市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染水平和特征.方法 2008-2010年5-10月,采用GB/T 4789.7-2008《食品卫生微生物学检验副溶血性孤菌检验》方法,对上海市批发市场、集贸市场、卖场超市和餐饮单位等污染物监测点的市售海产品进行副溶血性弧菌的定性和定量检测.结果 共监测市售海产品941件,副溶血性弧菌总体检出率为13.2％,不同种类、不同监测月份和不同采样地点的海产品,其副溶血性弧菌检出率和样品几何平均浓度总体上差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).其中,海产虾类副溶血性弧菌检出率(25.0％)和样品几何平均浓度(5.0 MPN/g)显著高于其他类海产品(P＜0.05);8月份海产品副溶血性弧菌检出率(27.4％)和样品几何平均浓度(3.3 MPN/g)显著高于其他监测月份(P＜0.05);集贸市场副溶血性弧菌检出率(28.5％)和批发市场样品几何平均浓度(3.9 MPN/g)显著高于其他采样地点(P＜0.05).结论 上海市市售海产品中副溶血性孤菌的污聚率较高,应进一步开展海产品中副溶血性弧菌的风险监测和评估,并针对副溶血性弧菌污染的高风险环节开展监管.     

水产品中创伤弧菌检测方法建立与应用

目的建立一种水产品中创伤弧菌检测方法 ,并对北京市市售水产品中创伤弧菌污染情况进行监测。方法分别使用18株创伤弧菌菌株和水产品中常污染的背景杂菌,定量接种于检测创伤弧菌的选择性增菌液和4种选择性平板,优化出适合创伤弧菌检测的选择性培养基。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法和增菌培养法分别检测样品中的创伤弧菌后进行方法对比,建立PCR和增菌培养法相结合的检测方法 ,并应用此方法研究北京市市售水产品中创伤弧菌污染状况。结果改良后的选择性增菌液适用于创伤弧菌的检测。北京市市售水产品中创伤弧菌检出率为15.7%(18/115),其中贝类、蟹类、鱼类和虾类样品的检出率分别为23.4%(15/64)、8.3%(1/12)、5.3%(1/19)和5.0%(1/20)。结论 PCR法与传统增菌培养法相结合,可有效提高创伤弧菌检测效率。北京市市售贝类等水产品中创伤弧菌污染率较高,需引起食品安全风险监测重点关注。     

药食两用中药饮片微生物污染现状考察与研究

目的考察市售药食两用中药饮片微生物污染状况。方法按《中国药典》2015年版四部通则1106、1107要求,进行沙门菌和耐胆盐革兰阴性菌符合性检验;按同类食品的检验要求,增加需氧菌总数、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌3项指标对样品处理前后分别进行质量考察和研究。结果 27批样品中,11.1%不符合《中国药典》2015年版要求;增加检查项目的12批样品处理前后的检测结果有较大变化。结论药食两用中药饮片微生物污染较严重,污染程度与包装、销售渠道等有关。     

多重实时荧光串联PCR技术高通量检测生蚝中9种致病菌

大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产气荚膜梭菌、单增李斯特菌和创伤弧菌是贝类食品中常见的食源性致病菌。该文通过设计特异性引物,优化反应参数以建立多重实时荧光串联PCR(multiplexed tandem PCR,MT-PCR)方法,进一步评估方法的特异性和灵敏度,并用于检测生蚝样品。优化后的MT-PCR方法与常规qPCR具有相同定量能力,可同时检测上述9种致病菌。在对混合菌液的检测中,MT-PCR方法的检测灵敏度最低可达10² CFU/mL,且此法对其中6种致病菌的检测灵敏度高于qPCR。应用该技术检测人工染菌的生蚝样品,检测灵敏度为10²～10³CFU/g。该研究建立的MT-PCR方法可实现高通量、快速准确地检测生蚝中这9种常见的食源性致病菌,对保障食品安全和评估食源性致病菌污染风险具有重要意义。     

温州市桶装饮用水微生物污染状况调查

了解温州市桶装饮用水卫生微生物污染状况,分析其饮用安全性,为有关部门加强生产企业的监督管理提供科学依据。 方法 按国家标准方法对桶装饮用水进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、铜绿假单胞菌测定和评价。 结果 3 838份桶装饮用水样品,总合格率为60.34%,以菌落总数和铜绿假单胞菌超标为主,而各个季度合格率最高的是第一季度,其次是第四季度,各类桶装饮用水中矿泉水合格率最高为62.76%,最低为经饮水机冷水出口的桶装饮用水为55.10%,温州不同地区桶装饮用水超标率最高的是瑞安。 结论 温州地区桶装饮用水卫生微生物污染状况严重,存在较严重的卫生隐患,应引起我们和相关部门的关注和重视,加强监督与管理,同时企业自身应加强对产品的质量管理,指导消费者合理安全选用桶装饮用水。     

2018—2021年扬州市江都区食品风险监测微生物检测结果分析

目的：了解2018—2021年江都区市售食品的微生物污染情况,为食品安全风险评估提供依据。方法：按照《江苏省食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作书册》要求,采集超市、零售店、农贸市场、网店等场所104份样品,并检测相关微生物指标。结果：2018—2021年共检测104份样品,微生物总体检出率为38.46%(40/104);卫生学指示菌总体检出率为52.94%(36/68),其中豆浆果茶类检出率为81.82%(9/11),谷物冲调类检出率为75%(18/24);食源性致病菌总体检出率为9.62%(10/104),其中水产螺类的副溶血性弧菌检出率为50%(4/8),谷物冲调类的蜡样芽孢杆菌和克罗诺杆菌属检出率分别为20.83%(5/24)、10%(3/24),有1份水产螺类同时检出副溶血性弧菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,2份谷物冲调类同时检出蜡样芽胞杆菌和克罗诺杆菌属。结论：江都区市售食品存在不同程度的微生物污染风险,水产螺类、豆浆果茶类、谷物冲调类等需要重点监测。     

晋城市2010年部分市售食品污染物及添加剂情况调查

目的 了解晋城市部分市售食品中化学污染物及有害因素的安全状况.方法 金属元素、添加剂检测依据GB/T 5009-2003《食品卫生检验方法》,农药残留项目依据NY/T 761-2008《中华人民共和国农业行业标准》.结果 219份粮食、蛋制品、肉制品、蔬菜、菌类和鱼类样品检出铅超标2份,镉超标3份.21份面制品中检出铝超标7份,无汞超标样品;在52份甜味食品样品中检出11份样品甜蜜素存在超限量使用情况,糖精钠无超限量使用样品;16份白南瓜子和罐装金针菇样品中检出3份二氧化硫超限量使用,30份酱腌制蔬菜类和熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐无超限量使用样品;153份蔬菜和菌类样品中,检出有机磷农药14份,超标7份,超标率3.9％;拟除虫菊酯类农药检出33份,超标4份,超标率2.6％.结论 晋城市市售食品总体状况良好,但仍存在安全隐患,应加大食品卫生宣传力度,加强各类市场的卫生监管监测工作,农药残留问题应予以重视.     

不同灭菌预处理方法对低水分调味料带菌状况的影响

对11种低水分调味料带菌状况进行了取样分析。结果表明,辣椒粉微生物污染最严重,48份样品平均带菌量为4.8×105个/g。应用不同的灭菌预处理对其进行带菌量控制的研究,结果表明,臭氧灭菌进行预处理后,辣椒经车间烘烤、粉碎后其带菌量能达标,而采用紫外、微波灭菌预处理后的辣椒带菌量仍超标。     

温暖月份零售带壳牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌的定量研究

为了解温暖月份零售带壳牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌 (VP)的污染情况 ,2 0 0 3年 4～ 8月在福建省福州和厦门两地共收集带壳牡蛎 113份 ,样品分别来自水产品批发市场 (18% ) ,零售市场 (4 6 % )和饭店 (36 % )。采用Vitek鉴定系统和最可能数法进行VP的定量分析。结果显示 ,带壳牡蛎中VP密度的几何均数为 6 0MPN 10 0g ,4 1 6 %的样品VP密度低于 30MPN 10 0g的最低检出限 ,仅厦门2个样品菌量超过 2 4 0 0 0MPN 10 0g。两个地区、不同采样点和不同月份之间样品VP密度的几何均数差别均有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。厦门样品污染菌量高于福州 ;批发市场样品菌量最高 ;5月份样品菌量最高 ,为 14 9MPN 10 0g ,而 6～ 8月样品菌量约为 4 0MPN 10 0g。零售环节带壳牡蛎VP的检出率较高。未来应加强对生食海产品中VP污染状况的监测。     

2020~2021年广州市售牡蛎中GII型诺如病毒污染情况调查

滤食性牡蛎是食源性诺如病毒传播的重要食品媒介。为了解广州市售牡蛎中的诺如病毒污染水平与遗传多样性特点,合理评估消费风险,本研究于2020年6月至2021年5月期间,每月从当地水产市场随机采集牡蛎样本,采用实验室前期建立的蛋白酶K处理偶联聚乙二醇沉淀小体系法,包括荧光定量RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR技术检测贝类中病毒的污染量以及基因型分布特点。结果共检测牡蛎110只,GII型诺如病毒阳性检出率为52.7%（58/110）,病毒污染含量范围为1.56×103~1.09×106 copies/g（消化腺）。其中,春夏季节（3~8月）牡蛎中诺如病毒的阳性率为35.7%（20/56）,低于在秋冬季节（9~2月）的阳性率70.4%（38/54）;但不同季节中检出的病毒含量无显著差异,分别为春季（2.69±1.46）×105 copies/g（消化腺）,夏季（1.97±2.16）×105 copies/g（消化腺）,秋季（6.91±6.16）×104 copies/g（消化腺）,冬季为（4.83±2.99）×104 copies/g（消化腺）。部分阳性样本测序分析后显示,除1份为GII.17基因型外,其余均为GII.4基因型（n=13）,与当地的临床流行基因型呈现一致性。本研究显示广州市售牡蛎中仍存在较高的诺如病毒污染水平,需要进一步加强病毒防控工作,尤其提醒消费者在食用牡蛎时需加工充分。     

河南省保健食品中污染物调查

目的了解保健食品中重金属、微生物及农药污染情况。方法样品为2008—2013年由保健食品生产、经营企业送检和监督部门抽检的产品共1 962份,采用GB/T 5009、GB 5009、GB/T 4789、GB 4789规定的方法,对2008—2013年河南省保健食品中的重金属、微生物、农药残留进行检测及分析。结果 6年间铅、砷、汞总超标率分别为6.67%(120/1 800)、6.12%(110/1 798)和1.32%(13/988),铅、砷年度超标率呈下降趋势,汞年度超标率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。菌落总数、霉菌及酵母菌总超标率分别为5.25%、3.55%和0.32%,其年度超标率均呈下降趋势,大肠菌群年度超标率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。铅、砷、汞、大肠菌群及霉菌超标主要集中于植物及动物类保健食品;铅、砷、汞、菌落总数、大肠菌群及霉菌超标率均以丸剂最高;植物类、动物类及营养素补充剂类保健食品的铅含量均值分别为0.71、0.74和0.31 mg/kg,砷含量均值分别为0.41、0.39和0.12 mg/kg,汞含量均值分别为0.07、0.04和0.03 mg/kg。致病菌未检出。检测377份样品的六六六、滴滴涕,均未超标。结论重金属污染较重,但超标率趋于下降,微生物存在不同程度污染但有所好转,植物类、动物类及丸剂保健食品风险较大;六六六、滴滴涕污染较低。     

Vibrio cholerae and enteric bacteria in oyster-producing areas of two urban estuaries in Australia

Three sampling sites in oyster-producing areas of 2 estuaries were monitored at intervals of about 2 weeks for 1 year. Oysters (Crassostrea commercialis), water and sediment were examined for Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella. V. cholerae was detected in 20, 30 and 11% of oyster, water and sediment samples respectively. The highest incidence was in the autumn (March-May), with few isolations from July to October. Most isolates were non-O1 serotypes. The presence of V. cholerae and the enteric bacteria appeared to be influenced by different, but perhaps overlapping, sets of factors in these high salinity waters. There was no relationship between rainfall or salinity and the detection of V. cholerae, whereas high counts of E. coli in oysters and the presence of Salmonella were correlated wtih rainfall and, to a lesser degree, reduced salinity. High counts of E. coli were correlated with V. cholerae isolations from water and with the presence of Salmonella. Oysters concentrated E. coli effectively. The counts of E. coli in oysters were 7.3 times higher than those in water. Examination of 8 batches of purified and unpurified oysters indicated that purification reduces the incidence of V. cholerae. However V. cholerae was detected in 3 of 25 market samples of oysters, demonstrating that it can be present in oysters throughout the distribution system. The highest V. cholerae count observed in oysters was 3/g.     

Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in U.S. retail shell oysters: a national survey from June 1998 to July 1999.

From June 1998 to July 1999, 370 lots of oysters in the shell were sampled at 275 different establishments (71%, restaurants or oyster bars; 27%, retail seafood markets: and 2%, wholesale seafood markets) in coastal and inland markets throughout the United States. The oysters were harvested from the Gulf (49%). Pacific (14%), Mid-Atlantic (18%), and North Atlantic (11%) Coasts of the United States and from Canada (8%). Densities of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were determined using a modification of the most probable number (MPN) techniques described in the Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual. DNA probes and enzyme immunoassay were used to identify suspect isolates and to determine the presence of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene associated with pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus. Densities of both V. vulnifcus and V. parahaemolyticus in market oysters from all harvest regions followed a seasonal distribution, with highest densities in the summer. Highest densities of both organisms were observed in oysters harvested from the Gulf Coast, where densities often exceeded 10,000 MPN/g. The majority (78%) of lots harvested in the North Atlantic, Pacific, and Canadian Coasts had V. vulnificus densities below the detectable level of 0.2 MPN/g; none exceeded 100 MPN/g. V. parahaemolyticus densities were greater than those of V. vulnificus in lots from these same areas, with some lots exceeding 1,000 MPN/g for V. parahaemolyticus. Some lots from the Mid-Atlantic states exceeded 10,000 MPN/g for both V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyicus. Overall, there was a significant correlation between V. vulificus and V. parahaemolyticus densities (r = 0.72, n = 202, P < 0.0001), but neither density correlated with salinity. Storage time significantly affected the V. vulnificus (10% decrease per day) and V. parahaemolyticus (7% decrease per day) densities in market oysters. The thermostable direct hemolysin gene associated with V parahaemolyticus virulence was detected in 9 of 3,429 (0.3%) V. parahaemolyticus cultures and in 8 of 198 (4.0%) lots of oysters. These data can be used to estimate the exposure of raw oyster consumers to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus.     

福建省带壳牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌的市场调查

为了解零售带壳牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌(VP)的污染情况，2003年4月～2004年3月每月在福建省福州和厦门两地收集带壳牡蛎，样品共252份，分别来自水产品批发市场(11％)、零售市场(50％)和饭店(39％)。采用Vitek鉴定系统和最可能数(MPN)法进行VP的定性和定量分析。结果显示，带壳牡蛎VP几何平均密度为46MPN，100g，46％的试样VP密度低于30MPN/100g的最低检出限，仅厦门2个试样菌量超过104MPIN/100g。两个地区、不同采样点和不同季节之间试样vP平均密度差别均有显性。厦门试样菌量高于福州；批发市场试样菌量最高；春季试样菌量(93MPN/100g)高于其它季节(约为40MPN/100g)。研究结果可以用于估计生食牡蛎人群VP的暴露量。     

2016~2018年市售242件婴幼儿米粉微生物污染情况调查

目的 了解玉溪市售国产婴幼儿营养米粉的卫生状况。方法 采用国家标准方法对242件玉溪市市售的婴幼儿营养米粉进行细菌总数、大肠菌群、肠杆菌科、克罗诺杆菌属及蜡样芽胞杆菌检测分析。结果 本次采集的婴幼儿米粉样品的合格率为74.38%; 大肠菌群指标均未超标; 7件米粉样品细菌总数超标, 占比8.54%; 58件样品检出克罗诺杆菌属, 阳性率为23.97%; 10件样品检出蜡样芽胞杆菌, 阳性检出率为4.13%。一季度生产的样品合格率最低, 产自中国福建、广西、湖南、浙江及美国、西班牙、英国、日本和欧洲其他地区的米粉样品合格率最高, 采自零售店及包装形式为散装的样品合格率最低。结论 2016至2018年玉溪市市售婴幼儿米粉中部分样品细菌总数超标, 存在克罗诺杆菌属污染, 可能会导致婴幼儿感染。     

Occurrence of mycotoxin patulin in apple-based products marketed in Tunisia

An investigation on the presence of mycotoxin patulin was performed on 71 apple juices and concentrates and 21 infant fruit purees purchased from retail outlets or producers in Tunisia, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a C18 column with UV detection at 276 nm, keeping the recovery higher than 96% for spiking levels ranging between 30 and 100 ppb. The detection limit of the method was found to be 5 ppb. The findings showed that 12% of the samples locally produced in Tunisia were contaminated by patulin, with a maximum level of 6 ppb, and 5% of the samples imported and marketed in Tunisia were contaminated at a mean level less than 6 ppb. No detectable patulin contaminations for apple cider and infant fruit puree samples were found.     

Survey of the histamine content in fish samples randomly selected from the Greek retail market

The histamine content of fish sold in the Greek retail market was surveyed and the performance of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) methods for the determination of histamine were compared. A total of 125 samples of fresh and canned tuna, fresh and canned sardines, deep frozen swordfish, smoked and deep frozen mackerel, anchovies, salted and smoked herring were analysed by HPLC (55 samples), ELISA (106 samples) and both methods (36 samples). Histamine levels as determined by HPLC, ranged from 2.7 mg kg^?1 to 220 mg kg^?1. The highest histamine concentrations obtained by HPLC were found in herring and anchovy samples. Eight out of the 55 samples (14.5%) analysed by HPLC, exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) limit (50 mg kg^?1), while 16 out of the 106 samples (15%) analysed by ELISA exceeded the limit. The results show that for histamine concentrations below 50 mg kg^?1, there is good agreement between the ELISA and HPLC but above 50 mg kg^?1 big differences were found.     

市售东海鱼鲞生物胺及相关质量指标分析

为研究零售期东海鱼鲞的生物胺潜在风险及生物胺与品质指标的相关性,以浙江地区的4种鱼鲞（鳗鱼、大黄鱼、鲳鱼和马鲛鱼）为研究对象,对理化指标（水分含量、NaCl、pH、TVB-N和POV）、微生物指标（菌落总数）和8种生物胺进行测定分析。结果表明,4类鱼鲞的理化、微生物和生物胺指标各不相同。水分含量为25.6%～59.7%,NaCl含量为3.4%～24.1%,pH为6.08～6.97,TVB-N为7.7～56.4 mg/100 g,菌落总数为3.43～5.67 lg CFU/g,POV为0.04～1.76 g/100 g,其中50%样品超过水产干制品POV限值。鱼鲞样品的主要生物胺为亚精胺、组胺、尸胺和腐胺。15%的样品组胺含量>100 mg/kg,超过FDA和/或欧盟的限量标准,其中黄鱼鯗B4的组胺含量达到了1405.88 mg/kg。全部样品的酪胺含量均<100 mg/kg,符合FDA限量标准。生物胺总量在96.05～2164.64 mg/kg之间,其中15%的样品>1000 mg/kg,超过FDA限量标准。相关分析表明,部分生物胺指标与菌落总数和NaCl含量呈中度或高度相关（P<0.05）,相关系数r分别为0.727～0.975和?0.828～?0.970。综上,东海鱼鯗,包括以非高组胺鱼为原料的产品,可能存在生物胺超标风险及其他质量问题。本研究为鱼鲞类水产干制品的品质评价和安全控制提供了基础数据和参考依据。