R134a单元式风冷冷风空调机蒸发器设计

以理论模型为基础，对R134a单元式风冷冷风机组翅片管式蒸发器进行设计。应用管内流动沸腾换热模型仿真分析R134a的质量流量对沸腾换热的影响，利用外掠翅片管束换热关联式计算管外翅片侧表面换热系数，进而得出翅片管蒸发器总传热系数，利用计算结果进行设计。     

板式蒸发器换热性能的数值模拟1：数学模型

采用分布参数法对波纹型多通道单流程板式蒸发器建立数学模型，通过计算局部蒸发换热系数和摩擦压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维流动的换热关系。总结了文献已有的各种换热和压降关联式，并添加到模型控制方程组中。基于此模型，可对目前应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂的板式蒸发器在小换热温差下的换热性能进行研究。     

板式蒸发器换热性能的数值模拟Ⅰ:数学模型

采用分布参数法对波纹型多通道单流程板式蒸发器建立数学模型,通过计算局部蒸发换热系数和摩擦压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维流动的换热关系.总结了文献已有的各种换热和压降关联式,并添加到模型控制方程组中.基于此模型,可对目前应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷荆的板式蒸发器在小换热温差下的换热性能进行研究.     

蒸发温度对强化换热管管外核态池沸腾换热性能的影响

对R134a在水平强化管(Φ25 mm)外核态池沸腾进行了实验研究。通过Wilson图解法求得管内换热准则关系式,通过改变蒸发温度(5.6℃,0℃,-2℃,-4℃,-6℃,-8℃)和热流密度(4~55 k W/m2),得到了管外沸腾换热系数随热流密度和蒸发温度变化的规律。实验表明,管外沸腾换热系数随着热流密度和蒸发温度的升高而增加。结合实验数据,提出了一个新的管外池沸腾换热关联式,该关联式与实验数据点的偏差显示,95%的数据点的相对误差在±20%以内。     

R-134a在水平直管和螺旋管内凝结换热特性的实验研究

对替代制冷剂R-134a在水平直管和螺旋管内的凝结换热特性进行了实验研究。在三个不同的冷凝温度（35℃、40℃和45℃）、制冷剂R-1Ma的质量流量变化范围为100-400kg／（m^2·s）和制冷剂的干度范围为0．1-0．8的条件下，实验得到了R-134a在水平直管和螺旋管内的凝结换热系数随R—134a的质量流量和干度的变化关系，并将水平直管和螺旋管内的凝结换热特性数据进行了对比。实验结果表明，R-134a在螺旋管内的凝结换热系数比直管的大4％。13．8％。     

制冷剂在微细肋管内凝结和沸腾换热性能及其阻力性能的准则关联式

本文报导了R22、R12制冷质在微细肋管内凝结换热和沸腾换热的实验结果。实验管长3m。IACE管的平均凝结换热系数为光管的1.7～2.0倍;平均沸腾换热系数为光管的2.5-3.0倍;凝结换热时的阻力系数为光管的1.6～1.9倍,沸腾换热时的阻力系数为光管的1.3～1.7倍。本文给出计算IACE管管内凝结换热时的局部以及平均换热系数、阻力系数和管内沸腾换热时的局部以及平均换热系数,阻力系数的无因次准则关联式,可供冷凝器和蒸发器设计者实际应用。     

冷藏车层叠式蒸发器应用R404A与R22和R134a的比较

采用分布参数法对层叠式蒸发器建立数学模型，并对蒸发器采用R404A，R22和R134a时的换热和流动性能进行模拟比较。结果表明，在空调工况范围内，新型中低温混合制冷剂R404A具有R134a换热性能好和R22压降小的特点，能够很好地适用于冷藏车系统空调侧层叠式蒸发器。     

水平管内气液两相流型及换热的研究进展

通过系统介绍水平管内凝结的气液两相流型,以及不同坐标形式的流型图,得出水平管内环状流、波状流和雾状流之间转换的判据。另外,列举了水平光滑管和内螺纹管内凝结换热的经验型关联式,为计算管内凝结换热提供依据。并提出了下一步研究工作的建议。     

常用制冷工质热力性质计算数据库的开发

建立了包括湿空气、R22、R21、R12、Rll、R134a、NH3、H2O的热力性质计算数据库系统，其中热力性质计算包括温度、压力、密度、比焓、比熵、比容、汽化潜热。对R11、R12、R21、NH3、R134a的热力性质计算公式进行了修正，计算结果与文献中的数据进行比较，结果显示：数据库中除R134a和湿空气外，其他丁质的计算误差均小于0．8％，此外R22的热力性质计算程序已在制冷循环仿真模型中得到应用。     

双毛细管卧式冷藏冷冻箱制冷循环的有效能分析

针对采用传统蒸气压缩制冷循环的冷藏冷冻箱的冷藏室换热温差大、有效能损失大的缺陷，提出了一种新的串联式双毛细管冷藏冷冻箱制冷循环。该循环系统是在常规的制冷循环的冷藏蒸发器和冷冻蒸发器之间增加一个毛细管，以提高冷藏蒸发温度，从而减少传热温差，进而降低冷藏室的有效能损失。利用PR方程计算制冷剂的热力学性质，编写了蒸气压缩制冷循环的有效能分析程序，分别对传统和新提出的冷藏冷冻箱制冷循环进行了计算。结果表明：传统冷藏冷冻箱制冷循环在制冷剂为R12、R134a时，有效能效率分别为21．20％、20．57％；双毛细管冷藏冷冻箱制冷循环在制冷剂为R12、R134a时，有效能效率分别为23．97％、23．44％；同比提高13．07％和13．95％。     

Development and validation of a micro-fin tubes evaporator model using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids

This paper presents a model of shell and tube evaporator with micro-fin tubes using R1234yf and R134a. The model developed for this evaporator uses the ε-NTU method to predict the evaporating pressure, the refrigerant outlet enthalpy and the outlet temperature of the secondary fluid. The model accuracy is evaluated using different two-phase flow boiling correlations for micro-fin tubes and comparing predicted and experimental data. The experimental tests were carried out for a wide range of operating conditions using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids. The predicted parameter with maximum deviations, between the predicted and experimental data, is the evaporating pressure. The correlation of Akhavan– Behabadi et al. was used to predict flow boiling heat transfer, with an error on cooling capacity prediction below 5%. Simulations, carried out with this validated model, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of R1234yf has a maximum decrease of 10% compared with R134a.     

Condensation heat transfer of a pure fluid and binary mixture outside a bundle of smooth horizontal tubes. Comparison of experimental results and a classical model

The condensation of pure HFC134a and different zeotropic mixtures with pure HFC134a and HFC23 on the outside of a bundle of smooth tubes was studied. The local heat transfer coefficient for each row was experimentally determined using a test section composed by a 13×3 staggered bundle of smooth copper tubes, measuring cooling water temperature in the inlet and the outlet of each tube, and measuring the vapour temperature along the bundle. All data were taken at the inlet vapour temperature of 40°C with a wall subcooling ranging from 4 to 26 K. The heat flux was varied from 5 to 30 kW/m² and the cooling water flow rate from 120 to 300 l/h for each tube. The visualisation of the HFC134a condensate flow by means of transparent glass tubes reveals specific flow patterns and explains the difference between the measured values of the heat transfer coefficient and the calculated values from Nusselt's theory. On the other hand, the experimental heat transfer data with the binary mixtures HFC23-HFC134a show the important effects of temperature glide and the strong decrease of the heat transfer coefficient in comparison with the pure HFC134a data. The measured values with the different zeotropic mixtures were compared with the data calculated with the classical condensation model based on the equilibrium model. An improvement of this model is proposed.     

圆柱型翅片管换热器变工况传热性能模拟与分析

基于分排参数模型,本文建立了圆柱型翅片管换热器的性能仿真计算模型,对换热器的传热性能进行计算,并进行实验验证。结果表明:换热量的平均相对误差最大,为6.31%;出风干球温度的平均相对误差最小,为0.61%。计算所得各性能参数与实验值吻合良好。根据仿真模型,对不同制冷工况下的换热器进行计算,研究了循环风量、水质量流量、进风干球温度以及进水温度的变化对换热性能的影响。分析换热器的变工况特性可预测其非设计工况下的换热性能,并为换热器的运行工况调节提供依据。     

小通道钎焊板式冷凝器性能仿真与实验研究

本文针对当量直径为1.5 mm的小通道钎焊板式冷凝器的换热和压降特性进行了仿真和实验研究。采用有限体积法建立了一维稳态分布参数模型,对R134a和R1234yf两种制冷剂在板间冷凝换热的性能进行仿真模拟,并对模型进行了实验验证。实验结果表明:本文所建立的仿真模型精度较高,换热性能平均误差为4%,压降平均误差为16%,可用于分析换热器的整体性能。最后用此模型仿真对比了R134a和R1234yf在小通道钎焊板式换热器内的冷凝换热特性,结果显示,在相同工况下,用R1234yf替代R134a,传热系数平均下降9%,压降平均下降8%。     

出水方式对水冷芯片散热器换热性能影响

本文采用数值模拟的方法研究了4种不同出流方式的散热器在不同冷却水流量下的换热效果,散热器冷却水进口均为中间喷射式。A、B型散热器均设置一个出口,分别位于散热器的一角及一边的中心;C、D型散热器均设置4个出口,分别位于散热器的四角及四边的中心。对比验证数值模拟结果与实验结果,得到数值模拟相对误差不高于7%。分析散热器的传热系数、速度分布、压力损失、综合系数,结果表明:4出口散热器传热系数不及单出口换热器,但流动阻力较小,散热器综合系数较高,C、D型散热器综合系数较A、B型散热器提高了50%以上,且具有更好的均温性,因此喷射流4出口散热器具有较好的换热和流动效果。     

In-tube condensation of mixture of R134a and ester oil: empirical correlations

This paper presents a comparative study of the condensation heat transfer coefficients in a smooth tube when operating with pure refrigerant R134a and its mixture with lubricant Castrol “icematic sw”. The lubricant is synthetic polyol ester based oil commonly used in lubricating the compressors. Two concentrations of R134a-oil mixtures of 2% and 5% oil (by mass) were analysed for a range of saturation temperatures of refrigerant R134a between 35 °C and 45 °C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant and the mixtures was carefully maintained at 1 g/s, with a vapour quality varying between 1.0 and 0. The effects of vapour quality, flow rate, saturation temperature and temperature difference between saturation and tube wall on the heat transfer coefficient are investigated by analysing the experimental data. The experimental results were then compared with predictions from earlier models [Int J Heat Mass Transfer (1979), 185; 6th Int Heat Transfer Congress 3 (1974) 309; Int J Refrig 18 (1995) 524; Trans ASME 120 (1998) 193]. Finally two new empirical models were developed to predict the two-phase condensation heat transfer coefficient for pure refrigerant R134a and a mixture of refrigerant R134a with Castrol “icematic sw”.     

HFO1234ze(E) vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE): Comparison with HFC134a and HFO1234yf

This paper investigates the effects of heat flux, saturation temperature, and outlet conditions on HFO1234ze(E) boiling inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE). The effect of the heat flux on the heat transfer coefficients was remarkable. Similar consideration applies for outlet condition effects whereas the impact of saturation temperature was found to be lower. The frictional pressure drop shows a linear dependence on the refrigerant kinetic energy per unit volume. The two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were compared with a new model for refrigerant boiling inside BPHE (Longo et al., 2015): the mean absolute percentage deviation between calculated and experimental data is 7.2%. The present data points were compared with those of HFC134a and HFO1234yf previously measured inside the same BPHE under the same operating conditions: HFO1234ze(E) exhibits heat transfer coefficients very similar to HFC134a and HFO1234yf and frictional pressure drops slightly higher than HFC134a and HFO1234yf.     

Experimental measurements for condensation of downward-flowing R123/R134a in a staggered bundle of horizontal low-finned tubes with four fin geometriesMesures expérimentales de la condensation lors de l'éoulement vertical d'un mélange de R123 et de R134a sur un faisceau de tubes en quinconce munis de quatre types d'ailettes

Experiments were conducted to obtain row-by-row heat and mass transfer data during condensation of downward-flowing zeotropic mixture R123/R134a in a staggered bundle of horizontal low-finned tubes. The vapor temperature and the mass fraction of R134a at the tube bundle inlet were about 50°C and 14%, respectively. The refrigerant mass velocity ranged from 9 to 34 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, and the condensation temperature difference from 1.9 to 12 K. Four kinds of low-finned tubes with different fin geometry were tested. The highest heat transfer coefficient was obtained with a tube which showed the highest performance for R123. However, the diference among the tubes was much smaller for the mixture than for R123. The heat transfer coefficient and the vapor-phase mass transfer coefficient decreased significantly with decreasing mass velocity. The mass transfer coefficient increased with condensation temperature difference, which was due to the effect of suction associated with condensation. On the basis of the analogy between heat and mass transfer, a dimensionless correlation of the mass transfer coefficient was developed for each tube.     

R404A和R410A应用于平行流冷凝器的模拟分析比较

采用分布参数法对平行流冷凝器建立数学模型，对目前广泛使用的制冷剂R134a和低温制冷剂R404A和R410A在平行流冷凝器中的换热和流动性能进行模拟计算和分析比较。分别在相同和不同工况下。比较3种制冷剂的换热系数及压降等换热和流动性能参数。结果表明，在采用平行流冷凝器的汽车空调工况范围内，R410AR404A的流动和传热性能均优于R134a，更适宜用于汽车空调用平行流冷凝器。     

微通道平行流冷凝器两相流传热和压降的修正方法

本文通过建立以R134a为制冷剂的微通道平行流冷凝器的分布参数模型,使用交复检验非线性法对微通道冷凝器两相区的传热和压降关联式进行修正,并与无修正的仿真模拟结果、传统简单多项式拟合修正法的结果进行了比较。结果表明,运用交复检验非线性法修正的效果要优于无修正及传统简单多项式拟合法,使用前者修正后可将换热量误差减少64. 5%,均方误差控制在3%以内;制冷剂侧压降误差减少82. 05%,均方误差控制在10%以内,该方法为换热量和制冷剂侧压降的修正提供了一种预测精度更高的思路和方法。