直肠癌患者远端直肠系膜癌胚抗原检测及临床意义

目的从肿瘤免疫学角度探讨全直肠系膜切除术 (totalmesorectalexcision ,TME)治疗直肠癌的科学性。方法应用微粒子酶联免疫荧光检测法 ,对 2 6例直肠癌患者手术切除的直肠系膜的远端部分 (距癌灶下缘 3cm以下 )进行癌胚抗原 (carcinoembryonicantigen ,CEA)含量检测 ,同时测定其癌组织和正常结肠系膜的CEA含量。结果正常结肠系膜CEA含量为 (1 6± 1 0 )ng/g,2 5例患者 (96 2 % )的癌组织CEA呈高表达 (>10 0 0ng/g) ,该组的远端直肠系膜的CEA含量为 (6 2 5± 85 2 )ng/g,与正常结肠系膜相比差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 0 5 )。结论直肠癌患者远端直肠系膜的CEA含量明显高于正常 ,提示有远端直肠系膜播散的可能。因此中、下段直肠癌患者外科治疗时常规行TME是必要的     

低位直肠癌直肠系膜、盆腔侧方淋巴结转移规律分析

目的研究低位直肠癌直肠系膜、盆腔侧方淋巴结转移和微转移规律。方法联合运用大组织切片与组织芯片技术,研究67例全直肠系膜切除（total mesorectal excision,TME）、盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫手术标本。结果直肠系膜淋巴结癌转移30例,微转移10例,29.6%转移淋巴结位于直肠系膜外带。肿瘤远端、肿瘤旁和肿瘤近端直肠系膜内淋巴结转移的检出例数分别为4、32和19例,与肿瘤分化程度相关。9例标本存在环周切缘癌浸润（circumferential resection margin involvement,CRMI）,2例见微转移。盆腔侧方淋巴结癌转移、微转移分别为12例和10例,与肿瘤分化程度、浸润深度相关。结论按照TME原则手术,完整切除包裹在盆腔筋膜内的直肠系膜,可提高局部肿瘤廓清率,降低CRMI发生率。低位直肠癌盆腔侧方淋巴结转移较常见,应合理制定手术范围。     

中低位直肠癌逆向转移的研究

目的探讨中低位直肠癌实施直肠全系膜切除术（TME）时，肿瘤平面以下系膜与肠管切除的范围。方法将60例经标准TME切除的中低位直肠癌肿瘤标本，以5mm间距由肿瘤下缘横断面连续取材至下切缘．大组织切片常规苏木精-伊红染色观察转移灶，并进行统计分析。结果有15例（25．0％）患者出现肠系膜逆向转移，转移距离0．5～4．0（2．47±1．06）cm；肠系膜逆向转移与Dukes分期（P〈0．01）、肠旁淋巴结转移（P〈0．01）和组织分化程度（P〈0．05）相关。11例（18．3％）患者为肠壁内逆向浸润，转移距离0．5～4．0（1．64±1．16）cm。肠壁内逆向浸润与组织分化程度相关（P〈0．05）。结论中低位直肠癌实施保肛手术时，宜切除4．0cm远端系膜和2．5cm肠管；肿瘤病理分期晚、有肠旁淋巴结转移和分化程度不良时，最好切除5cm远端系膜和肠管。     

RT-PCR检测直肠癌在直肠系膜的播散范围及临床意义

目的　以CEAmRNA为标记物 ,应用RT PCR技术检测直肠癌在直肠系膜的播散范围 ,以探讨直肠癌根治术直肠系膜的合理切除范围。方法　 4 0例直肠癌全系膜切除的手术标本 ,取不同距离的直肠系膜以CEAmRNA为标记物 ,应用RT PCR技术检测其有无癌转移。结果　在 4 0例病例中发现直肠系膜有癌播散者 9例 (2 2 .5 % ) ,播散最远距离在肿瘤下缘下 4cm。直肠癌在直肠系膜的播散与Dukes分期、肿瘤浸润肠壁深度、肿瘤分化程度及肿瘤分型相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与肿瘤大小及CEA水平无明显相关性 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　直肠癌根治术中距肿瘤下缘 5cm范围是直肠系膜的安全切缘。     

直肠癌直肠系膜播散的临床病理观察

目的探讨直肠癌根治术直肠系膜的合理切除范围。方法采用连续病理切片方法观察40例直肠癌的手术标本。结果40例直肠癌中发现直肠系膜有癌播散6例(15%),播散方式有肿瘤直接浸润、在系膜中形成孤立癌灶、血管和(或)淋巴管的转移。播散范围均在肿瘤下缘4cm之内。直肠癌直肠系膜播散与肿瘤分型、分化程度、肠壁浸润深度相关,与肿瘤大小及癌胚抗原(CEA)水平无相关。结论直肠癌根治术中直肠系膜的远端切缘应超过肿瘤下缘4cm。     

直肠全系膜切除术(TME)治疗中低位直肠癌76例分析

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除术(TME)治疗中低位置肠癌的效果。方法回顾分析76例中低位直肠癌行TME患者的临床资料。结果切缘距肿瘤下缘2 cm者30例,3 cm者25例,4 cm者19例,4.5 cm者3例。均用双吻合器吻合。术后发生吻合口瘘4例,吻合口不同程度狭窄8例。排便功能术后4个月逐渐趋于正常。局部复发率7.8%,5年存活率为68%。结论 TME应作为治疗中低位直肠癌的首选术式。     

全直肠系膜切除术加改良Bacon手术治疗超低位直肠癌的临床研究

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除术(TME)加改良Bacon手术治疗超低位直肠癌的手术适应证和手术操作方法。方法对76例确诊为直肠癌的癌灶下缘距肛门缘4~8 cm的患者,采用自制肛门牵开器经腹腔和肛门途径行TME加改良Bacon手术。结果全组手术均成功,无手术死亡,无吻合口瘘,2例发生吻合口狭窄。术后随访76例1~5年,术后3~5个月开始恢复排便自控功能,为3~6次/d;6个月以后肛门排便功能基本恢复正常,为1~3次/d。其中5例于术后1~2年吻合口区域局部癌复发(6.58%);1,3,5年生存率分别为100%,80.83%和68.37%。结论TME加改良Bacon手术是一种治疗无远处转移的Dukes A~C期超低位直肠癌的安全有效的方法。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌(附74例报道)

目的 探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术(TME)治疗中低位直肠癌的可行性及临床疗效.方法 选取2005年3月至2008年7月期间我院行腹腔镜TME的中低位直肠癌患者,收集其临床病理资料进行分析.结果 74例中低位直肠癌患者接受腹腔镜TME,无中转开腹手术,无手术死亡病例.手术时间平均为187 min,术中失血量平均为90 ml,术后住院时间平均为10 d,肠道功能恢复时间平均为46 h.远端切缘距肿瘤距离平均为3.1 cm,清除淋巴结数平均为19.7枚.肿瘤下缘距肛缘6 cm以上患者保肛率为97%(29/30).随访时间2～44个月(平均25个月),术后并发症发生率为9.5%.无戳孔肿瘤细胞种植或远处转移发生;1例盆腔复发,带瘤生存;无死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜TME能够达到和符合TME的原则,治疗中低位直肠癌是可行的.     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除并保肛手术60例分析

目的:探讨中低位直肠癌切除并保肛手术的技巧与效果。方法:对肿瘤下缘距肛缘5～8cm范围的直肠癌患者60例,均采取直肠系膜全切除(TME)并保肛、随访。结果:60例患者术后控便、排尿及感觉、辨别均良好,男性性功能无障碍。发生吻合口瘘3例(5％),吻合口狭窄2例(3.33％),2年内局部复发1例(1.67％),远处转移3例(5％)。结论:中低位直肠癌直肠系膜全切除并保肛手术具有良好的近期疗效。     

经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的直肠癌根治术疗效评价

目的评价经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床疗效。方法总结31例低位直肠癌患者直肠全系膜切除术（TME）加经肛门内外括约肌同切除术的临床资料。结果31例患者肿瘤下缘距齿状线2cm以内，有18例进展期直肠癌患者术前先进行放、化疗。腹部手术施行全直肠系膜切除，向下切断骶骨直肠韧带和部分肛提肌达肛门外括约肌环上缘，沿外括约肌环和肠壁（内括约肌）之间再向下分离1—2cm。肛门手术组在癌灶下缘2cm之齿状线下方垂直于肛管长轴切开内括约肌全层，然后沿肛门内、外括约肌环间隙向上游离，与腹部手术组会师。将近端结肠或结肠储袋与肛管或肛管．齿状线行端端吻合。全组无手术死亡；术后肛门功能恢复较好。平均随访12个月，29例患者无复发和转移；1例出现复发和转移，另1例癌胚抗原19．9，但未发现转移灶。结论经肛门内外括约肌同切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术可以达到良好的根治性，并保留较好的肛门功能，是一种可选择的根治性保肛手术方法。     

全直肠系膜切除术安全远切端距离的临床研究

目的 探讨全直肠系膜切除术(TME)原则下直肠癌低位前切除术的安全远切端距离.方法 回顾性分析5年间412例TME原则下直肠癌低位前切除术患者的临床资料,比较不同远切端距离(DML)分组间并发症发生率、远处转移率、复发率和生存率的差异.结果 DML＜2 cm组,2～3 cm(含2 cm和3 cm)组,＞3 cm组患者术后并发症发生率和远处转移率差异均无统计学意义(P=0.494和P=0.906).DML＜2 cm组局部复发率(19.30%)显著高于DML2～3 cm组(8.37%,P=0.015)和DML＞3 cm组(7.69%,P=0.029),后两组局部复发率差异无统计学意义(P=0.833).DML＜2 cm组,2～3 cm组,＞3 cm组3年生存率依次为69.4%,86.5%,89.9%;5年生存率依次为63.0%,70.7%,71.1%.DML＜2 cm组总生存率显著低于2～3 cm组和＞3 cm组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.030和P=0.040).DML2～3 cm组和＞3 cm组总生存率之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.707).结论 遵循TME原则下的直肠癌低位前切除术,＜2 cm的远切端距离是不足够的;对于分化较好的直肠腺癌,≥2 cm是可接受的远切端安全距离.     

溶脂法研究直肠癌在直肠远端系膜内的播散

目的 研究直肠癌在直肠远端系膜内播散的规律.方法 收集直肠癌根治手术标本60例,整体平铺用溶脂法处理后,绘制淋巴结分布图,逐个定位、计数淋巴结及癌转移结节,显微镜下观察其转移规律.结果 直肠癌在直肠远端系膜的播散方式主要为淋巴结转移和癌转移结节形成,远端系膜总播散率为13%（8/60）,淋巴结播散率为10%（6/60）,癌结节播散率为7%（4/60）,播散最远距离为4.5 cm.肿瘤大体类型、组织学类型和浸润深度是影响直肠癌远端系膜淋巴结播散的因素.肿瘤部位及Dukes分期是影响直肠癌远端系膜癌转移结节播散的因素.结论 利用溶脂法能全面客观地观察直肠远端系膜内癌组织的播散规律.直肠癌手术远端系膜切除距肿瘤下缘不应少于4.5 cm或行全系膜切除.     

Total mesorectal excision and low rectal anastomosis for the treatment of rectal cancer and prevention of pelvic recurrences

HYPOTHESIS: Total mesorectal excision lowers the rate of pelvic recurrence and positively affects the survival after surgical treatment of rectal cancer. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-three consecutive patients were admitted with curative intent to surgery at the First Department of Surgery of the University of Rome "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy, with diagnoses of rectal carcinoma. The mean follow-up was 68.9 months; follow-up was complete for all patients who entered the trial. INTERVENTIONS: Low anterior resection and total mesorectal excision were performed in all cases, regardless of the location of the rectal cancer. A straight mechanical colorectal anastomosis was performed on a rectal stump, never exceeding 5 cm. No kind of adjuvant therapy was given. Mesorectum and open rectum were studied by serial transverse section at 5-mm intervals. A search for depth of penetration and distal intramural extension of the tumor was made. Lymph nodes were detected by clearing method, and nodal metastases (NM) and nonnodal metastases (NNM) were recorded as situated proximally, distally, or at the level of the tumor. RESULTS: There was no postoperative mortality. Clinical and radiologic leaks occurred in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. Mean disease-free survival was 65.9 months. Pelvic recurrence occurred in 5 patients (9%). Overall 5-year survival rate was 75%. Involvement of mesorectum by NM and NNM was detected in 27 and 24 cases, respectively. Both NM and NNM were found to be distal in 33% and 40% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Microscopic spread to the distal mesorectum may exceed the intramural spread of rectal cancer. Failure to perform total mesorectal excision leaves a potentially residual disease in the distal mesorectum, thus predisposing the patient to pelvic recurrence.     

应用流式细胞技术及病理检测对直肠癌手术切除范围的再探讨

目的探讨直肠癌根治术合理的手术范围。方法应用病理检测和流式细胞技术，对30例直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术标本进行分析，观察直肠癌组织和癌远端3cm和5cm、正常肠管组织和癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜及正常结肠系膜组织的DNA倍体、DNA指数（DI）、增殖指数（PI）和增殖期细胞百分比（SPF）值的变化，并与病理检测相对照。结果病理检测结果显示：直肠癌远端3cm和5cm肠管中均未检测到癌浸润．而癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜癌转移率分别为26．7％和6．7％。流式细胞技术检测结果显示：癌组织的DI、P1和SPF值显著高于癌远端3cm和5cm及正常肠管组织，癌远端3cm肠管组织也显著高于癌远端5cm及正常肠管组织，而癌远端5cm肠管与正常肠管比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。癌组织细胞异倍体率与癌远端3cm肠管比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；而显著高于癌远端5cm及正常肠管组织。癌组织的DI和异倍体率与癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜组织相比，差异无统计学意义．但显著高于正常系膜，而癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜组织的DI和异倍体率亦显著高于正常系膜。癌组织P1和SPF则显著高于癌旁3cm和5cm及正常系膜。结论病理学分析结果显示．直肠癌远端3cm肠管组织为安全组织；而流式细胞学分析结果显示．直肠癌远端3cm肠管组织和癌旁5cm直肠系膜为不安全组织；手术切除范围应达癌远端系膜5cm以上。     

The oncological safety of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with sphincter preservation for rectal carcinoma

Background Although experience of laparoscopic treatment of rectal carcinoma has been reported, there is no evidence of its oncological safety because most procedures included partial mesorectal excision or abdominoperineal excision and quality of surgery is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the oncological results of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with sphincter preservation for rectal carcinoma.Methods From 2000 to 2003, 144 patients underwent laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis for mid and low rectal adenocarcinoma. There were 88 men and 56 women, with a median age of 65 years. The tumor was located at 5.5 cm (range 1–12) from the anal verge and was classified uT1T2 in 25 cases and uT3 in 119 cases. One hundred twenty patients received preoperative radiotherapy.Results Postoperative mortality and morbidity were 1% and 34% respectively. Conversion was 14% (n = 20). Macroscopic assessment of the specimen (n = 92) showed an intact mesorectum in 88% of the cases. The distal margin and the circumferential margin were safe in 98% and 94% of the cases, respectively. A complete microscopic excision, i.e., R0 resection, was achieved in 134 cases (93%). Pathological data were similar to those of an open match group. With a median follow-up of 18 months, there was no port-site recurrence and two patients had local recurrence (1.4%). The 3-year overall and disease- free survival rates were 89% and 77%, respectively.Conclusions A high quality of surgical excision can be achieved by the laparoscopic dissection, suggesting that this approach in treatment of rectal carcinoma is oncologically safe.     

Strategies in the management of mid and distal rectal cancer with total mesorectal excision

In the last two decades, dramatic improvement in outcome has been made in the management of rectal cancer. This has been brought about mainly by advancements in surgical technique for radical resection. With the recognition of the importance of the circumferential margin and presence of spread in the lymphovascular tissues in the mesorectum, total mesorectal excision is now commonly recognized as the optimal surgical technique for cancer of the mid and distal rectum. Not only have local control and disease-specific survival improved with the practice of total mesorectal excision, but various bodily functions have also been preserved following surgery for rectal cancer. New issues have arisen with the practice of total mesorectal excision and the strategies for management of rectal cancer require re-evaluation. In this article, the rationale and the outcomes of total mesorectal excision are reviewed. Issues such as the high anastomotic leakage rate following sphincter-preserving surgery, the poor results of abdominoperineal resection, the role of adjuvant therapy and bowel function disturbances will be addressed. Lastly, the status of the laparoscopic approach to rectal cancer with the principle of total mesorectal excision are discussed.     

Rectal carcinoma. Optimizing therapy by partial or total mesorectum removal]

The role of total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer treatment is one of the most exciting findings in surgical oncology of the recent years. The patient's prognosis largely depends on the surgical quality of rectal resection. The excision of the cancer bearing rectum has to follow very precisely along the mesorectal fascia by sharp dissection without damaging the mesorectum itself. This technique reduces the local recurrence rate to below 10% and allows long-term survival in two thirds of all patients. Rectal cancers of the middle and lower third of the rectum need to be treated by total mesorectal excision down to the muscular pelvic floor, the ones of the upper third and the sigmoideo-rectal junction are appropriately treated by partial mesorectal excision down to 5 cm below the tumor. No additional survival benefit may be expected when pelvic lymphadenectomy has been performed. The direct tumor spread along the bowel wall and the lymphatic tumor spread in a caudal direction are uncommon and late findings in rectal cancer disease. Low and ultralow rectal carcinomas may therefore be treated by a sphincter preserving procedure respecting a safety margin of at least 1 to 2 cm. Thus, continence preserving surgery may be performed in over 80% of patients suffering from rectal cancer without compromising long-term outcome.     

Patterns of neoplastic foci and lymph node micrometastasis within the mesorectum

Background and aims Local recurrence after rectal cancer surgery is conceived to result from microscopically incomplete resection. We aimed to investigate the patterns of mesorectal neoplastic foci, and examined the involvement and micrometastasis of lymph nodes.Methods Observation of large tissue slice and analysis of tissue microarray were integrated in the pathological study of 31 total mesorectal excision (TME) specimens.Results Altogether, 349 mesorectal neoplastic foci were examined from 18 specimens. Almost 33% of them were in the outer layer of mesorectum. Concerning position of primary tumor, ipsilateral neoplastic foci were significantly more than contralateral neoplastic foci. Distal mesorectal spread was found in four patients with the distance ranging from 1 to 3.5 cm. Four specimens were diagnosed to have circumferential margin involved. Nine hundred seventy-two lymph nodes were harvested with 128 involved by tumor. No significant difference in occurrence of micrometastasis was observed among tumors of different stage.Conclusions Combination of large tissue slice and tissue microarray provided a more detailed method in studying the metastasis of rectal cancer. Complete excision of the mesorectum with fascia propria circumferentially intact is essential. Circumferential margin involvement and micrometastasis suggested that tumor spread may go beyond the scope of a single TME procedure.     

Clinical significance of macroscopic completeness of mesorectal resection in rectal cancer

Aim Local recurrence after resection of rectal cancer is usually regarded as being due to a ‘failure’ of surgery. The completeness of resection of the mesorectum has been proposed as an indicator of the ‘quality’ of the resection. We determined the prognostic value of macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimens and the circumferential resection margin (CRM) after curative surgery. Method From 1999 to 2006, the macroscopic quality of the mesorectum and the CRM were prospectively assessed in 127 patients who underwent rectal cancer resection with curative intent (R0+R1). Chemoradiotherapy was administered for 61 tumours staged as locally advanced tumours (T3, T4 and N+). Univariate analysis of time to local recurrence and cancer‐free survival were tested (Kaplan–Meier) and multivariate analysis calculated with a Cox regression model. Results The mesorectum was incomplete in 34 (26.8%) patients. At a median follow up of 34 months (range, 9–96 months), in the group with an adequate mesorectal excision, the cumulative risk of local recurrence at 5 years was 10%. This was 25% if the mesorectum was incomplete (P < 0.01). Five‐year cancer‐free survival was 65% if the mesorectal excision was adequate and 47% if it was not (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified T status, the CRM and the mesorectal score as independent factors for local recurrence, and T and N status and the mesorectal score as independent factors for disease‐free survival. Conclusion The outcome of surgical treatment of rectal cancer is related to the completeness of mesorectal excision. It is a more discriminative prognostic factor than the classic tumour–node–metastasis (TNM) system.