河南省农村地区癫痫防治管理项目效果分析

目的对河南省召陵区农村地区癫痫防治管理项目效果进行分析。方法对部分农村符合标准的惊厥性癫痫患者采取一定措施进行管理、随访,并用苯巴比妥进行规范化免费治疗,分析治疗管理率、退出治疗原因、治疗剂量及治疗效果。结果管理率为52.60%,退组45例,死亡4例,服药剂量以90 mg/d及120 mg/d为主,治疗显效66.01%,有效26.12%。结论农村地区癫痫防治管理项目的实施,提高了各级级卫生人员癫痫防治水平,使癫痫病患者得到规范化治疗,减轻患者的痛苦与经济负担。     

左乙拉西坦单药治疗小儿癫痫的自身对照研究

目的研究左乙拉西坦作为单药治疗不同类型癫痫患儿的临床疗效和安全性。方法采用前瞻性研究,对62例不同类型癫痫患儿进行左乙拉西坦单药治疗。左乙拉西坦起始剂量为20 mg/(kg.d),分两次服用,每两周增加10 mg/(kg.d),维持剂量30～40 mg/(kg.d)。稳定期:维持加量期12周,每个月观察1次,以治疗前3个月的发病频率为基础,完成了6个月的观察期,随访6～24个月(平均随访12.8个月),观察发作频率的变化及不良反应。结果 62例入选患儿,完全控制发作38例,占61.3%,显效8例,占12.9%;有效9例,占14.5%;无效4例,占6.5%;加重3例,占4.8%。总有效率为88.7%,两年治疗保留率为72%。左乙拉西坦治疗前后发作频率改变有统计学意义(P0.005)。结论左乙拉西坦作为单药治疗小儿各型癫痫有良好疗效及安全性。     

奥卡西平治疗儿童部分发作性癫痫80例临床分析

目的观察国产奥卡西平（OXC）治疗儿童部分发作性癫痫的疗效、安全性和耐受性。方法用国产奥卡西平单药治疗80例部分发作性癫痫患儿,分析治疗后1、2、3、6、9、12个月的疗效和不良反应。奥卡西平起始剂量5~10 mg/（kg·d）,最大剂量30~40 mg/（kg.d）,维持剂量中位值20 mg/（kg·d）,bid。结果本组总有效率为87.50%,服药12个月时累积控制率为73.75%,有5例因严重不良反应而调用其他药物,余75例均能耐受。结论国产奥卡西平为治疗儿童部分性发作性癫痫相对理想的药物选择。     

207例全面性强直阵挛发作患者抗癫痫药物治疗状况分析

目的了解邗江农村全面性强直阵挛发作(GTCS)患者抗癫痫药物治疗状况,为进一步开展农村社区癫痫防治工作提供依据.方法采用随机抽样的方法选取207例GTCS患者进行调查.结果调查的207例患者中接受正规治疗的患者仅68例(32.85%),其中单药治疗21例(30.88%),联合用药47例(69.12%);正规服药患者与未正规服药患者的疗效比较差异有显著性(P＜0.001).结论江苏邗江地区GTCS患者中正规服用抗癫痫药物者比例较小,且单药比例明显偏低,剂量偏小,存在较多的不良反应,患者依从性差,控制情况不理想,管理水平较落后,还存在较大的治疗缺口.     

托吡酯单药及添加治疗癫痫146例长期随访观察

目的:观察托吡酯(TPM)单药及合并用药治疗各种类型癫痫的临床疗效、不良反应及用药方法。方法:采用自身对照方法,对146例各种类型的癫痫患者进行TPM单药(65例),合并用药(81例)治疗。TPM从小剂量开始,起始量儿童<20kg者为6.25mg/d,≥20kg者为12.5mg/d,成人为25mg/d,根据病情及不良反应,调整用药剂量。结果:单药治疗组有效率为87.7%,合并用药组有效率为80.2%,总平均有效率为83.6%。不良反应多发生在加量期,其中单药治疗组低于合并用药组,差异有显著性。结论:TPM是一种广谱有效及安全的新型抗癫痫药,可作为一线抗癫痫药,使用过程中应注意个体化原则。     

托吡酯单药治疗癫痫的临床观察

目的 观察托吡酯(TPM)单药治疗癫痫的临床疗效和不良反应。方法 应用TPM治疗64例癫痫患者，平均日剂量为138mg，服药6～36个月，将每例患者治疗最后3个月的发作次数与基础期比较，并观察记录其不良反应。结果本组总有效率为78．1％，其中控制率为42．2％。不良反应的发生率为70．3％，中枢神经系统的不良反应占57．1％，多数较轻微且持续时间较短。l0例(15．6％)因治疗无效、不良反应或经济等原因终止治疗。结论 TPM长期单药治疗癫痫疗效明显，耐受性好，较为安全。     

托吡酯治疗癫痫的临床疗效及安全性的观察

目的　观察及评价托吡酯对各型癫痫的临床疗效及安全性。方法　对 1998年 12月至2 0 0 0年 12月在我院确诊的 14 2例癫痫患者中的 93例采用托吡酯添加治疗、4 9例单药治疗 ,经 8周加量期和 12周稳定期观察后进行评价。结果　添加治疗组及单药治疗组总有效率分别为 79%和84 % ,完全控制率分别为 2 8%和 4 1%。成人有效剂量为 10 0～ 2 0 0mg/d ,儿童 3～ 5mg·kg-1·d-1。不良反应较轻 ,耐受性良好。结论　托吡酯是一种广谱、有效及安全的新型抗癫痫药 ,可作为一线抗癫痫药添加或单独使用。     

我国农村社区癫痫有效控制方案的推广性试验

目的 探索适用于我国农村地区癫痫患的有效治疗方法,并进一步验证其推广应用价值。方法 在山西晋城泽州县及河南焦作市武陟县两个农村社区人群中选定全身强直－阵挛型发作的活动性癫痫患376人（山西185例,河南191例）。由经过短期培训的乡村医生按照规定方案使用苯巴比妥单药治疗、管理病人,并观察疗效、患的依从性及药物不良反应。结果 治疗观察1年的效果表明,服药7－12个月期间与入组前半年的情况比较,有45．9％的患未再发作,发作频度减少＞75％占15％,两项合计显效率为60．9％。在规定剂量内无明显副作用。结论 本研究再次证明,该方案适合在我国广大农村地区进一步推广应用,可使约半数癫痫患受益。     

氯氮平与癫痫发作

氯氮平治疗对目前通用的精神药物不能耐受的难治性精神分裂症有效,且极少引起锥体外系副作用及迟发性运动障碍。但据报道,该药除能引起1%～2%的粒细胞缺乏症外,还能引起较其它抗精神药物较高的癫痫发作,且与服药剂量有关,当服药量为600～900mg/日时,癫痫发病率为5%;服药量300～599mg/日时,发病率为3%～4%;服药量低于300mg/日时,发病率为1%～2%。本文报道了4例服用氯氮平治疗量或低于治疗量引起癫痫发作的病例,并介绍解     

拉莫三嗪与奥卡西平单药治疗成人新诊断局灶性癫痫的长期疗效及安全性比较

目的 比较拉莫三嗪(LTG)和奥卡西平(OXC)单药治疗成人新诊断局灶性癫痫的长期疗效、耐受性和安全性。方法 收集本院癫痫专病门诊新诊断的局灶性癫痫,随机分成OXC组和LTG组,根据临床情况调整剂量,OXC最大剂量1200 mg/d,LTG最大剂量300 mg/d,至少随访3年,评估二种药物单药治疗成人新诊断局灶性癫痫无发作率、保留率及不良反应。结果 2009年6月-2016年6月符合入组标准146例,其中OXC组74例,LTG组72例,2组1年无发作率分别为35.1%和51.3%(χ2=3.9,P=0.047),3年无发作率分别为21.6%和40.2%(χ2=5.96,P=0.015),LTG组总体无发作率高于OXC组(P<0.05); OXC组和LTG组1年保留率分别为59.5%和69.4%(χ2=1.59,P=0.208),3年保留率分别为44.6%和51.4%(χ2=0.68,P=0.411),LTG组总体保留率亦高于OXC组,但无明显差异(P>0.05)。OXC组和LTG组最常见的不良反应均为皮疹(6.8% vs. 8.3%)。结论 LTG单药治疗新诊断成人局灶性癫痫的长期无发作率高于OXC,两者不良反应较轻,有较好的安全性。     

Efficacy assessment of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a large community-based intervention trial in rural China

BACKGROUND: Many people with epilepsy need not experience further seizures if the diagnosis and treatment are correct. Most epilepsy patients have convulsions, which are usually fairly easy to diagnose. This study tested a model for treatment of people with convulsive forms of epilepsy at primary health-care level in rural areas of China. METHODS: Patients with convulsive epilepsy were identified at primary care level and provided with phenobarbital monotherapy. Local physicians, who were provided with special training, carried out screening, treatment, and follow-up. A local neurologist confirmed the diagnoses. Efficacy was assessed from the percentage reduction in seizure frequency from baseline and the retention of patients on treatment. FINDINGS: The study enrolled 2455 patients. In 68% of patients who completed 12 months' treatment, seizure frequency was decreased by at least 50%, and a third of patients were seizure free. 72% of patients who completed 24 months' treatment had reduction of seizure frequency of at least 50% and a quarter of patients remained seizure free. Probability of retention was 0.84 at 1 year, and 0.76 at 2 years. Medication was well tolerated and reported adverse events were mild; only 32 patients (1%) discontinued medication because of side-effects. INTERPRETATION: This pragmatic study confirmed that this simple protocol was suitable for the treatment of convulsive forms of epilepsy in rural areas of China. Physicians with basic training could treat epilepsy patients with phenobarbital, with beneficial effects for most patients with convulsive seizures. Few cognitive or behavioural adverse events were noted, but formal psychometric testing was not done.     

Current status of epilepsy treatment and efficacy of standard phenobarbital therapy in rural areas of Northern China

Purpose: To investigate the current status of epilepsy treatment and the efficacy and adverse effects of phenobarbital therapy in rural areas of Northern China. Methods: A total of 2192 patients diagnosed with convulsive epilepsy were recruited from seven different rural regions in Jilin Province, China to investigate the current status of epilepsy treatment, and 1379 of them were enrolled in a standard phenobarbital therapy trial. Patients were selected according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, and medical records for all patients were collected and analyzed before the standard treatment was started. Patients were followed up monthly, and efficacy in 1218 patients was analyzed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. Results: More patients had the initial seizure in juveniles than in adults, and 40.72% of the 2192 patients were not receiving any treatment before the treatment trial. The efficacy of phenobarbital increased and adverse effects decreased within the treatment period. Among the 349 patients who were followed up for 12 months from the beginning of the phenobarbital treatment, seizures were decreased by more than 75% in 71.3% of patients using a low-to-medium dose of phenobarbital. Major adverse effects of phenobarbital included mild exhaustion, drowsiness, dizziness and headache. Conclusions: Standardized long-term and regular administration of phenobarbital at a low-to-medium dose can be used as an effective, economic and safe treatment against epilepsy in rural areas.     

Long‐term outcome of phenobarbital treatment for epilepsy in rural China: A prospective cohort study

Purpose: To evaluate the long‐term outcome of phenobarbital treatment for convulsive epilepsy in rural China, and to explore factors associated with overall seizure outcomes. Methods: We carried out follow‐up assessments of people who took part in an epilepsy community management program conducted in rural counties of six provinces in China. People with convulsive epilepsy who were previously untreated (or on irregular treatment) were commenced on regular treatment with phenobarbital. Information was collected using a standardized questionnaire by face‐to‐face interviews of the individuals (and their families where necessary). Information collected included treatment status, medication change, seizure frequency, and mortality. Key Findings: Among the 2,455 people who participated in the original program, outcomes were successfully ascertained during the follow‐up assessment in 1986. Among them, 206 had died. Information on treatment response was obtained in 1,780 (56% male; mean age 33.9 years, range 3–84; mean duration of follow‐up 6.4 years). Among them, 939 (53%) were still taking phenobarbital. The most common reasons for stopping phenobarbital were seizure freedom or substantial seizure reduction, socioeconomic reasons, and personal preference. Four hundred fifty‐three individuals (25%) became seizure‐free for at least 1 year while taking phenobarbital, 88% of whom did so at daily doses of 120 mg or below. Four hundred six (23%) reported adverse events, which led to withdrawal of phenobarbital in <1%. The most common adverse effects were malaise/somnolence (7.4%), dizziness (3%), and lethargy (2.6%). At the follow‐up assessment, 688 (39%) individuals had been seizure free for at least the previous year. People with persistent seizures had significantly longer duration of epilepsy and higher number of seizures in the 12 months before treatment. People who were taking AED treatment irregularly at recruitment were less likely to become seizure‐free. Significance: We observed long‐term benefits of regular treatment with phenobarbital for convulsive epilepsy in rural China. One hundred years after the discovery of its antiepileptic effect, phenobarbital is still playing an important role in the management of epilepsy.     

Oxcarbazepine reduces seizure frequency in a high proportion of patients with both newly diagnosed and refractory partial seizures in clinical practice.

The antiepileptic efficacy and tolerability of oxcarbazepine, used both as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy, were observed for 1 year in 202 adult patients, aged 17-83 years, with newly diagnosed or refractory partial epilepsy in clinical practice in Italy. At first observation, the seizure free rate was 72.2% in newly diagnosed patients given monotherapy, 40% in patients in whom oxcarbazepine replaced another monotherapy and 10.3% in patients given oxcarbazepine as adjunctive therapy. At least 50% reduction in seizure frequency was achieved in 90.7, 72 and 57%, respectively. Efficacy increased with the duration of treatment (p < 0.0001). In the 160 completers the seizure free rate was 61.3% with monotherapy and 28% with adjunctive therapy. 16.3% of patients reported adverse effects, mainly sedation and sleepiness; 5% discontinued oxcarbazepine because of adverse events. OXC is an effective and well-tolerated antiepileptic agent for the long-term treatment of partial epilepsy in adults.     

The operational model of a network for managing patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China

ObjectiveTo establish an operational model of a network for managing patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural areas of West China.MethodsThe network is under unified leadership of the public health administration departments, who liaised with medical institutions and disease control and prevention organizations to foster local communities to participate. Patients with convulsive epilepsy were treated with phenobarbital. Trained local primary health care physicians carried out screening, treatment, and follow-up. Political, financial, and technological support was incrementally provided through the network. Efficacy was assessed as the percentage reduction in seizure frequency and the retention of patients on treatment.ResultsTwo thousand five hundred fourteen patients with active convulsive epilepsy were enrolled. After more than 1 year of treatment, 78.4% of the patients had a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency and 43.3% remained seizure free. Probability of retention was 85.8% at 750 days. Nearly 20% patients withdrew from the project, and most of them migrated out of the study areas. Some regular training and educational programs were also carried out.ConclusionThis pragmatic procedure suggests that the network could be suitable for managing convulsive epilepsy in resource-poor regions. Such a network could depend on existing primary health services to ensure its sustainability.     

Valproate and Lamotrigine in Pediatric Patients With Refractory Epilepsy: After the First Year

The combination of lamotrigine and valproate/divalproex sodium has been shown to be effective in the treatment of refractory epilepsy. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacologic properties of using this combination in a pediatric population refractory to antiepileptic drugs, with an extended follow-up. We studied a group of 51 patients, ranging from 4 to 16 years of age. Sixteen patients (31.4%) had generalized epilepsy and 35 (69.6%) had focal epilepsy. The combination was effective in 39 patients (76.5%) in the first year of follow-up and in 36 patients (70.6%) in the second year, with a reduction in drop attacks observed in 22 (88.5%). Adverse effects included rash, leading to discontinuation in four patients (7.8%). Slower introduction of lamotrigine minimizes adverse effects, thereby improving quality of life and adherence to treatment. In addition, therapeutic efficacy is maintained with lower doses of lamotrigine, even after the first year of treatment.     

左乙拉西坦单药治疗80例成人癫癎的疗效及安全性

目的：评价左乙拉西坦单药治疗各种类型成人癫癎的疗效和安全性.方法：80例各类型新诊断的成人癫癎患者,口服左乙拉西坦治疗,随访1年,观察治疗后患者癫癎发作次数变化及不良反应发生率.结果：左乙拉西坦单药治疗成人癫癎的总有效率为75.0%;对部分性发作可能更为有效,有效率为77.08 %;不良反应发生率为16.3%.因疗效不佳退出为18.75%.结论：在单药治疗成人癫癎中,左乙拉西坦是一种安全有效的抗癫药物,且对部分性和全面性癫癎发作均有效.     

Epilepsy and antiepileptic drug therapy in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

PURPOSE: To survey the characteristics of epilepsy in patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) and determine the antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment most suitable for these patients. METHODS: The study included 60 patients with JNCL; their mean age was 16.5 years (range 5-33). The age at onset of epilepsy, type of seizures, effect of the first AED on seizures, and the current seizure frequency and AED therapy were studied. The side effects of the AEDs were also clarified. RESULTS: Fifty of the 60 patients had epilepsy. Patients' first epileptic seizure occurred at a mean age of 10.0 years (range 5-16), the most common type being generalized seizures. As the first AED tried, valproate (VPA) and lamotrigine (LTG) appeared equally effective, with 80% of the patients responding to these AEDs. During the study year, the median seizure frequency was four seizures a year (range 0-120), and 72% of the patients had good or satisfactory seizure control (0-6 seizures a year). In the different AED therapy groups, the proportion of patients with good or satisfactory seizure control ranged from 25% to 100%. LTG in monotherapy or in combination with clonazepam (CZP) was superior to other AEDs or combinations, but VPA also seemed effective. Adverse effects leading to the discontinuation of an AED were observed in 25% of the patients, most frequently in patients receiving phenobarbital (PB). No patient receiving LTG had to discontinue the drug due to adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Epilepsy in JNCL can usually be successfully treated with the current AEDs. In Finnish patients with JNCL, treatment is based on LTG, or, secondarily, VPA. In combination therapy, CZP seems a valuable add-on AED.     

Active convulsive epilepsy in a rural district of Kenya: a study of prevalence and possible risk factors

BACKGROUND: Few large-scale studies of epilepsy have been done in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of, treatment gap in, and possible risk factors for active convulsive epilepsy in Kenyan people aged 6 years or older living in a rural area. METHODS: We undertook a three-phase screening survey of 151,408 individuals followed by a nested community case-control study. Treatment gap was defined as the proportion of cases of active convulsive epilepsy without detectable amounts of antiepileptic drugs in blood. FINDINGS: Overall prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy was 2.9 per 1000 (95% CI 2.6-3.2); after adjustment for non-response and sensitivity, prevalence was 4.5 per 1000 (4.1-4.9). Substantial heterogeneity was noted in prevalence, with evidence of clustering. Treatment gap was 70.3% (65.9-74.5), with weak evidence of a difference by sex and area. Adjusted odds of active convulsive epilepsy for all individuals were increased with a family history of non-febrile convulsions (odds ratio 3.3, 95% CI 2.4-4.7; p<0.0001), family history of febrile convulsions (14.6, 6.3-34.1; p<0.0001), history of both seizure types (7.3, 3.3-16.4; p<0.0001), and previous head injury (4.1, 2.1-8.1; p<0.0001). Findings of multivariable analyses in children showed that adverse perinatal events (5.7, 2.6-12.7; p<0.0001) and the child's mother being a widow (5.1, 2.4-11.0; p<0.0001) raised the odds of active convulsive epilepsy. INTERPRETATION: Substantial heterogeneity exists in prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in this rural area in Kenya. Assessment of prevalence, treatment use, and demographic variation in screening response helped to identify groups for targeted interventions. Adverse perinatal events, febrile illness, and head injury are potentially preventable associated factors for epilepsy in this region.     

Antiepileptic treatment against clustered seizures in benign partial epilepsy in infancy

We performed detailed review of clinical course of clustered seizures in patients with benign partial epilepsy in infancy in order to determine the optimal treatment during the acute period. We retrospectively investigated the details of antiepileptic treatment for clustered seizures in 20 patients with benign partial epilepsy in infancy. The temporal course of seizures and the use of antiepileptic drugs were investigated in each patient. Drugs were judged as effective when seizure cessation was achieved after administration of the drug. As the first drug, diazepam/bromazepam was effective in 14% and phenobarbital in 60%. As the second drug, diazepam/bromazepam was effective in 13% and phenobarbital in 40%. As the third drug, phenobarbital was effective in 56%. The efficacy rate of the first dose of phenobarbital was relatively higher than that of diazepam/bromazepam. Persistence of seizures after treatment was relatively shorter and the number of seizures after treatment was relatively smaller in patients treated with PB as the first 2 drugs. In conclusion, the efficacy of diazepam/bromazepam or phenobarbital was insufficient for the cessation of clustered seizures in benign partial epilepsy in infancy.