国内外噪声暴露标准分析

0 引言 工业噪声又称为生产性噪声,是涉及面最广泛、对工作人员影响最严重的噪声,目前已成为当今社会最主要污染因素之一.工业噪声相当广泛,A声级大多数都在90dB以上,长时间职业性暴露会造成工人听力损失,还会对神经系统、心血管系统、消化系统、精神心理及其他系统有不良影响.     

噪声个体防护的研究与试验

噪声是当今世界最为普遍存在的问题。它对人的危害是多方面的,后果是严重的。职业噪声引起的听力损失是累积暴露的结果。一旦产生听力损失,很难得到治愈。特别是当有的噪声频率与人某些器官的固有频率相接近日,即发生共振现象,使人心血管系统和神经系统受到影响。噪声不仅危害工人的     

石化聚酯装置生产性噪声职业暴露调查及风险评估

目的通过对生产性噪声职业暴露进行定量风险评估,探讨其在职业病危害评价工作中的主要内容和步骤,从而提高职业病危害评价水平。方法以某石油化工聚酯装置的短丝及聚酯生产车间为对象,通过对其生产工艺过程噪声职业暴露调查,分析劳动者职业暴露的特点、检测工作环境的噪声强度并对频谱特性进行分析,对个人使用的防噪耳塞防护效果进行分析,通过装置的噪声检测结果与国际标准化组织1971年发布的0a—45a间连续性噪声A声级与听力损害的危险率的关系表相结合,对聚酯装置噪声所致听力损害进行风险评价。结果牵伸工、卷绕工和切粒岗存在噪声暴露时间长、暴露强度高的特点;聚酯装置主要岗位噪声暴露强度为85.5dB(A)—99.7dB(A);卷绕机频谱带较窄;切粒工及卷绕工护耳器保护不足;卷绕工发生听力损害的危险率最高。结论对高噪声作业进行职业暴露评估是研究劳动者听力保护管理的重要方法,其中关键的步骤就是要进行定量风险评估。通过开展生产性噪声职业暴露的调查与风险评估,可进一步探讨噪声危害的客观规律,从风险管理的角度提出切实可行的噪声危害控制措施,保护劳动者的健康。说明噪声的职业暴露及风险评估在今后的建设项目职业病危害评价工作中有一定的实际意义。     

认真贯彻执行《女职工劳动保护规定》——纺织女工的职业危害

在纺织工业中,女工约占工人总数的70～80%。纺织女工在生产过程中遇到的职业危害,有高温、高湿、粉尘、噪声和不良照明等,其中最主要的是噪声。 工人长期接触强烈噪声,首先会使听觉器官受损伤。依照噪声的强度和接触时间的长短,听力损伤可由听力下降逐渐发展为噪声性耳聋。此外,还可出现头痛、头晕、耳鸣、心悸、睡眠障碍等神经衰弱症状,有人出现心率加快、血压波动、胃肠功能紊乱、食欲不振等神经系统、心血管系统及消化系统的症状。 近年来,我国学者就噪声对女职工健康的影响做了大量调查研究,发现噪声对月经机能有不良影响,主要表现为月…     

电子工业脉冲噪声对工人健康影响的调查研究

对电子行业接触脉冲噪声的冲压工进行了调查，其脉冲噪声水平波动在１０２～１１２ｄＢ（八）之间（峰值），对作业工人听力已产生不同程度的损伤，心电图在中高工龄组有改变。还分析了脉冲噪声引起听力损失与暴露时间有密切关系。提出了进一步加强安全监督管理的对策。     

北京某食品厂噪声对作业工人血压、心电图影响的现况调查

目的了解某食品厂噪声对作业工人血压、心电图的影响,更好地加强管理,保护作业工人身心健康,为积极预防各类疾病的发生提供参考依据。方法对食品厂接触噪声的作业场所测定噪声强度,同时对该厂作业人员进行职业健康体检。选取接触噪声岗位的作业人员92名设为接触组,将同厂从事其他非噪声作业人员65名设为对照组。体检项目包括血压和心电图。结果噪声强度符合国家工作场所有害因素职业接触限值;接触组高血压和心电图异常检出率与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义(Р0.05)。接触组高血压检出率在15～19a工龄段较高;心电图异常检出率在10～14a工龄段较高。结论该厂噪声强度符合国家工作场所有害因素(物理因素)接触限值,该厂噪声对作业人员血压及心电图未产生明显影响。     

某石化企业作业现场噪声危害调查及分析

某石化企业员工听力损伤人数呈逐年上升趋势,2017年员工听力异常率达37.8%。本文采用现场职业卫生学调查、工作场所噪声检测、作业人员噪声等效连续A声级评价及职业健康检查相结合的方法,对该企业选取239个噪声监测点进行分析,发现该企业工作场所噪声强度为55.8～104.1 dB (A),其中有129个噪声监测点大于85 dB(A);33个主要噪声岗位每周40 h的等效声级为73.6～88.5 dB(A),有9个岗位为Ⅰ级噪声作业,24个岗位为0级噪声作业。     

噪声对作业人员的听力危害调查

通过对某发电厂噪声作业环境及接噪工人听力损伤情况的调查,表明噪声强度越大,听损率越高;接噪工龄越长,听损率越高;同工龄段高频听损比语频听损率高。指出保护作业人员听力的关键在于加强噪声治理,同时不应忽视个人防护。     

海洋石油钻井平台生产性噪声慢性暴露对血清皮质醇水平的影响

采用自身对照试验,利用个体噪声剂量系统检测海洋石油钻井平台作业人员在作业期间生产性噪声个体暴露水平(40 h等效声级),采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测噪声暴露作业前后血清皮质醇水平,并分析血清皮质醇水平变化与噪声暴露水平和暴露时间的关系。结果表明:噪声暴露作业后,全部作业人员血清皮质醇水平明显升高(p0.05,α=0.05);不同噪声暴露水平作业人员血清皮质醇水平差别没有统计学意义(p0.05);噪声暴露20 d的作业人员血清皮质醇水平明显高于噪声暴露≤20 d者(p0.05)。血清皮质醇水平变化与噪声暴露水平没有显著关联性,而与噪声暴露时间呈明显的正相关(p0.05)。研究表明,生产性噪声慢性暴露使血清皮质醇水平升高,且暴露时间是主要影响因素。     

工业企业噪声暴露研究动态

噪声是工业企业作业场所中最普遍存在的有害物理因素之一,噪声不仅影响作业工人的生产效率,而且危害工人的身体健康,工人长期接触高强度的噪声会形成永久性的并且不可恢复的听力损失。在国外,听力损失是最主要、最常见的职业病之一,而在我国已有上百万的工人患有听力损失。     

Noise and neurotoxic chemical exposure relationship to workplace traumatic injuries: A review

IntroductionMore than 5,000 fatalities and eight million injuries occurred in the workplace in 2007 at a cost of $6 billion and $186 billion, respectively. Neurotoxic chemicals are known to affect central nervous system functions among workers, which include balance and hearing disorders. However, it is not known if there is an association between exposure to noise and solvents and acute injuries. Method: A thorough review was conducted of the literature on the relationship between noise or solvent exposures and hearing loss with various health outcomes. Results: The search resulted in 41 studies. Health outcomes included: hearing loss, workplace injuries, absence from work due to sickness, fatalities, hospital admissions due to workplace accidents, traffic accidents, hypertension, balance, slip, trips, or falls, cognitive measures, or disability retirement. Important covariates in these studies were age of employee, type of industry or occupation, or length of employment. Discussion: Most authors that evaluated noise exposure concluded that higher exposure to noise resulted in more of the chosen health effect but the relationship is not well understood. Studies that evaluated hearing loss found that hearing loss was related to occupational injury, disability retirement, or traffic accidents. Studies that assessed both noise exposure and hearing loss as risk factors for occupational injuries reported that hearing loss was related to occupational injuries as much or more than noise exposure. Evidence suggests that solvent exposure is likely to be related to accidents or other health consequences such balance disorders. Conclusions: Many authors reported that noise exposures and hearing loss, respectively, are likely to be related to occupational accidents. Practical applications: The potential significance of the study is that findings could be used by managers to reduce injuries and the costs associated with those injures.     

Theoretical predictions and actual hearing threshold levels in workers exposed to ultrasonic noise of impulsive character--a pilot study.

Results of standard pure-tone audiometry (PTA) were collected from 25 workers, mainly females, aged 23-58 years, exposed for 2-13 years to ultrasonic noise emitted by ultrasonic welders. Hearing tests were completed by evaluation of exposure to ultrasonic noise. The subjects' actual audiometric hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were compared with theoretical predictions calculated according to ISO 1999:1990. In 60% of cases sound pressure levels in the 10-40 kHz 1/3-octave bands at workstands exceeded Polish exposure limits for ultrasonic noise. Our comparison of predicted and measured HTLs suggests that the ISO 1999:1990 method, intended for audible noise, might also make it possible to predict reliably permanent hearing loss (in the 2000-6000 Hz frequency range) after exposure to ultrasonic noise. No significant progress of hearing impairment (assessed using PTA) in the operators of ultrasonic welders was noted. Nevertheless, further studies on the hearing status of workers exposed to ultrasonic noise are needed.     

纺织企业噪声职业危害风险评价及降噪措施

噪声是纺织业的主要职业危害之一。纺织企业生产车间的噪声不仅会影响到纺织生产的效率、工人的工作能力及安全,还会对纺织工人的健康造成危害,甚至导致职业病。以南方某纺织企业为研究对象,对其生产车间的噪声进行了调查测量,并采用职业病作业危害、职业接触风险评估二种评价方法,对该企业各生产工序的噪声职业危害进行风险评价,得出评价结论,从声源、声传播途径、个体防护及管理制度四个方面提出了降噪措施,以便更好地加强防治,预防减少噪声职业危害。     

某飞机维修公司个人听力防护用品使用情况调查分析

为了解听力防护用品使用过程中的问题,提高我国噪声暴露工人听力防护用品的使用率和有效率,选择噪声危害较大的某飞机维修公司的员工,进行听力防护用品使用情况的问卷调查。结果显示:该公司为员工提供耳塞和耳罩两种听力防护用品;员工的听力保护意识、使用情况较好,使用率达95%,但对听力防护用品相关知识的了解不够全面;能够在工作中一直坚持使用的工人较少,仅占11%,影响工人工作时间使用听力防护用品时间长短的因素主要是其舒适性。调查分析提示:在未来听力防护用品的生产过程中,需要进一步加强和改善舒适性的技术;政府、企业和个人3方面共同参与,降低职业性噪声暴露对工人听力的损伤。     

Noise Control Strategies for Occupational Safety and Better Working Environments

Hearing impairment in humans due to occupational noise exposure is one of the significant occupational diseases in many countries. The equipment to measure noise levels and daily noise exposure in existing noisy environments is readily available and can be used to assess the risk of hearing damage. This article examines the currently legislated hearing damage risk criterion and compares the two main noise level-time trade-off schemes being used. The engineering methods for controlling excessive noise levels and techniques to either bring them below the hearing damage risk threshold or to within an acceptable range for the workplace requirement are discussed, together with the expected improvements by such measures.     

我国职业噪声危害成因分析及总体控制对策

职业噪声不仅属于职业卫生问题 ,也是当今世界上主要的环境公害之一。有效控制职业噪声不仅能够保护劳动者的听力不受损害 ,使其身心安全与健康得到保障 ,同时也是消除安全隐患 ,实现安全生产的重要途径。笔者分析了我国职业噪声危害的现状 ,论述了我国职业噪声危害的严重性以及控制的重要性与迫切性。然后采用“人 -机 -环境”系统工程方法 ,分别从人的行为、物的状态以及工作环境等 3个方面 ,分析职业噪声危害的成因 ,构造了基于宏观管理维、中观人机环境维以及微观技术维等三维结构的我国职业噪声危害控制总体框架 ,并从政府、企业以及劳动者等角度 ,对职业噪声危害控制的运行机制进行了研究 ,以解决我国日益严重的职业噪声危害问题 ,不断改善我国安全生产现状并进一步提高劳动保护工作的整体水平。     

我国纺织噪声暴露现状及听力损失情况预测

通过对国内纺织业从业人员数量、工龄的统计和企业实地噪声情况的调查,借鉴ISO1999—1975（E）和其它相关方法预测我国纺织行业噪声暴露情况和从业人员的听力损失情况。经过预测,结果显示纺织从业人员暴露于85dB以下噪声的约有289．3万人,85～95dB约有381．2万人,高于95dB约有329．5万人;对于听力损失的预测,采用悲观和乐观法分别进行预测,结果表明约有100．57万人和21．61万人患有听力损失;结合实际调研情况对预测数据进行修正,结果表明目前我国纺织行业约有70．96万人患有听力损失。     

Occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand

The aim of this study was to investigate occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand. Seven hundred sawmill workers participated, of which 335 (47.9%) were male. The mean age of the sawmill workers was 33.5 years (SD 10.2), and more than 60% were <35 years old; 75.1% of the workers had less than 5 years of work experience. Only about one in four workers (25%) had been trained in use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and half of the participants never or rarely wore PPE while working. The prevalence rate of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was 22.8% (N?=?42). Male workers had significantly higher risk than female workers (odds ratio [OR]?=?2.21). Workers aged older than 25 years had significantly higher risks for NIHL (OR?=?3.51–12.42) than workers younger than 25 years. Sawing workers had higher risk for NIHL than office workers (OR?=?3.07).     

某垃圾焚烧热电联产项目职业病危害控制效果评价

对某垃圾焚烧热电联产项目职业病危害控制效果进行评价,确定其主要的职业病危害因素。根据项目职业病危害的特点,通过职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法收集数据和资料,并结合职业病防护设施、个人职业病防护水平和定量分级结果,对试运行期间作业人员的职业病危害因素接触水平及职业健康影响进行评价。该项目主要职业病危害因素有硫化氢、氨、氢氧化钠、氯化氢、氟化氢、粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、NOX、SOX、重金属（如铅、汞、镉等）、二噁英等有毒气体（或有毒粉尘）和噪声、高温等物理因素。项目除输煤系统4#皮带头作业点煤尘浓度和5#皮带头、5#皮带卸煤口、碎煤机（三楼）检测点的噪声强度不符合国家职业卫生标准外,其余均符合国家职业卫生标准。该项目职业病危害控制效果基本符合国家职业卫生标准。建议改进完善部分岗位的职业病防护设施,建立健全职业卫生管理制度,完善现场职业病危害警示标识和警示说明。